ssa MANGALA KUNHIMINA UMMA & ORS. v. PUTHIVAVEOTIIL PARU AMMA & ORS. January 28, 1971 [G. K. MITTER AND A. N. RAY, JJ,J Kera/a L<11d Reforms Act 1964, s. 2(22)-'Kanam'-Definition of~ Document purporting to be ka11am whether lease or mortgage-Tests- Description in- docu1nent not sufficient guide.
The document Ex. B-6 in so far as it related to the suit lands purported to be a kanam executed in favour of the predecessor-in-interest of the present appellants by the predecessors-in-interest of the present respon- <lents.
The document had a counter-part Ex. A-J,. The suit was filed for the redemption of the kanam on payment of the mortgage debt. The appellants contended in defence that Ex. B-6 was not a mortgage deed but a lease and, therefore, there was no right to redeem. One of the incidents of the kanam as defined in s. 2(22) of the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1964 was the "payment of michavaram or customary dues on renewal on the expiry of any specified period".
Against the decision of the Kerala High Court in favour of the plaintiffs-respondents, the present appeal was filed by special leave. The only question for consideration was whether the
appellants were protected against eviction by reason of their contention that Ex. B-6 created a tenancy. The decision of this question depended upon the further consideration whether the provision in Ex. B-6 for pay- ment of .laild revenue for properties by the appellants amounted in law to a stipulation as rent or michavaran to the landowner.
HELD : (I ) The mere description of the deed as kanam will not be decisive of the essence of the transaction. The description of the deed by itself, isolated from the terms and provisions may be misleading ;,r a mis- nomer.
The circumstances and the conduct of the parties are· always a very useful guide in ascertaining the true character of the transaction. [587 B-C; El ( 2) The first and foremost element to be four,J for a lease is whether there is lhe intrinsic intention in the "'ritten document for enjoyment of the property by the transferee in lieu of rent or perquisites. Secondly the term of renewal of the enjoyment would indicate the features of a lease. Thirdly it has to be. found out whether there is any provision for payment of customa.ry dl\es. [587 H; 588 Al
The · dom.inant feature of the mortgage transaction on the other hand will be ascertainment of the ratio of the value of land to the amount. advanced, It the ratio of the amount advanced bears a substantial pro- portion to the value of the property transferred it would be a strong piece of intention and circumstance to indicate loan -and a mortgage. The provi- sion entitling the transferee t0 ask for a return of money by sale of tlte property would be a very important feature to indicate that the transa.c~ion is a loan and a mortgage and not a lease. The absence of such a prov1s1on, however would not totally repel the transaction to be a mortgage. The
execution of counter~part is sometimes a common feature in the case of possessory mortgage though the existence of a counter•part by itself will ·not be conclusive of the question. [588 B-Dl
c c MANGALA KUNHIMINA UMMA V. PUTHIVAVEOTTIL PARU AMMA (Ray, J.) (3) The High Court correctly held that a mere direction to pay the revenue of the property by the grantee particularly when no payment is stipulated to be made to the grantor or when the payment is not directed to be made out of anything which is due or payable to the grantor, cannot be considered as a payment or rent or michavaran to the grantor. [588 G] ( 4) In the present case the features which favoured the constructio11, of the transaction to be a molrtgage and not a lease were; fir>l there was no provision for renewal; secondly there was no provision for payment of customary dues; thirdly the property was to be enjoyed by the defendants by way of interest on their advance after payment of land tax to the State; fourthly the payment of land tax was not a deduction from rent or per· quisites; fifthly there was a provision for surrendering the property with a registered release at the cost of the transferee on the_r.eceipt of the consi· deration of kanam and the balance amount; sixthly when the consideration was paid back the counter-pattam deeds and prior deeds would be returned; and finally there was liability to pay interest on the advance and possession and enjoyment of the property was in lieu of interest. The proportion of the amount advanced under Ex. B-6 to the value of the property was also substantial [589 E-0; A-Cl
Parameswaran Embranthiri v. Narasimha Nambudri, [1962] K.L.T. 404, Sankunni Variar & Ors. v. Neelakandlum Nambudripad & Ors., I.L.R. (1944] Mad. 254. Cherumanalil Lakshmi & Ors. \', Mulivil Kunninamkandy Narayani & Ors., (1%7] S..C. R. 314, Kunhiparan v. V. Naicken & Ors., (1967] K.L. T.
and Kunhirama Nambiar v. Pairu KutrU<>, [1969] K.L.T. 62, referred to. Hussain Thangal v. Ali, [1961] K.L. T. 1033, approved. Pote/ Bhuder Mayji etc. v. lat Mamdaji Ka/aji (deceased) throogh L. Rs. Jat Singh Khan Mamdaji etc. [1969] 3 S.C. R. 690, applied. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 980 of
1967. Appeal by special leave from the decree dated the March 29, 1967 of the Kerala High Court in Second Appeal Suit No. 374 of 1965. T. Narayanan Nambyar and A. V. V. Nair, for the appellants. K. T. Harindranath and A. S. Nambyar, for respondents Nos. 1 to 4 and 6(1) and 6(2).
The Judgment of th,e Court was delivered by Ray, J.-This is an appeal by special leave against the judg- ment dated 29 March, 1967 of the High Court of Kerala confirm- ing the decree of the lower appellate Court declaring that the sum of Rs. 1000/ – is due to defendants No. 10 to 17 as legal repre- sentatives of defendant No. 2 on the mortgagi- mentioned in the plaint and that the plaintiffs having deposited .the said sum of Rs. 1000/- on the file of the Court of the Munsif, Cannanore, the defendants No. 10 to 17 do surrender Quiet and peaceable ~ession of the property described in the plaint ti<' the plaintiff No. 7 with all documl?nts relating to the property in their posses- sion and further that the defendants No. 10 to 17 do pay to the plaintiff No. 7 half of the mesne profits from 22 December, 1953 till the date of surrender of possession.
The relevant documents are Ex. B-6 and Ex. A-1. Ex. B-6 is a kanam-kuzhikanam. Ex. A-1 is its counter-part. They are both dated 1 December, 1941. The transaction thereunder is a composite one, a kanam in respect of taks 1 to 3 of-i(em 1 which constitute properties in suit and a kanam kuzhikanam in respect · B of tak 4 of item 1 and item 2 which are not the subject matter of this suit. The kanamdars are defendants No. 1 and 2. In parti- tion under Ex. 3 the rights under Ex. B-6 have been divided equal- ly between the defendants No. 1 and 2 but the properties as such are not divided. The appellants being the legal representatives of defendant No. 2 had thus an undivided moiety in the properties in suit. The original plaintiff was an assignee of the jenmi (the land owner) who granted Ex. B-6. On the death of the original plain- tiff, her initerest devolved on plaintiffs No. 2 to 6 who assigned the same to plaintiff No. 7. The suit is for redemption of the kanam on the properties in suit. Subsequent to the institution of l!he suit, defendants No. 3 to 9 being the legal representatives of defendant No. 1 and being respondents No. 7 to 13 in this appeal surrendered their moiety in the suit kanam, to plaintiffs No. 2 to 6 and there- after the suit proceeded in regard to the moiety of the kanam that belonged to defendant No. 2 and his legal representatives, namely, ·the appellants.
The only question in this appeal is whether the appellants are protected against eviction by reason of their contenl!on that Ex. P-6 created a tenancy or whether the respondents were entitled to possession of the properties, by reason of their rival co11:C:ntion that Ex. B-6 was a mortgage transaction and the respondents were entitled to redeem the mortgage on the expiry of the rtipulated period.
The Malabar Tenancy Act, 1929 was in force at the time of the institution of the suit but it is common ground that rights and liabilities of the parties are to be juc!ged under the Kerala Land 'Reforms Act, 1964 by reason of the provisions contained in section 132(1)(a) thereof.
The relevant provisions of section 2(22) of the 'Kerala Act of 1964 which defines kanam are as follows :- c "(22) 'kanam' means the transfer for consideration, in money or in kind or in both, by a landlord of an
interest in specific immovable property to another person or the latter's enjoyment, whether describ- ed in the document evidencing the transaction as kanam or kanapattam, the incidents of which
transfer Include- (a) •.••••••• •·•·• •••••••••••• (b)-•..•..••..••.•••••.••••••••••• c MANOALA KUNHIMINA UMMA V. PUTHIVAVEOTTIL PARU AMMA (Ray, J.) (c) payment of michavaram or customary dues,
or renewal on the expiry of any specified "od pen …….. . It is indisputable that a kanam within the above definition involv~s payment of michavaram or customary dues or renewal on t'.1;: expiry of any specified period.
In Ex.B-o there is no provision for renewal or for payment of customary dues. The pre-eminent question is whether there is a provision for payment of michavaram. Broadly stated, Ex.B-6 executed by defendants
No. I and 2 stipulated that they would pay the kanam of Rs. 1400 charged on taks 1 to 3 of item No. 1 in the Schedule to Ex.B-<i to the 7 persons Narayani and others and their representatives and redeem the same and hold the said taks 1 liO 3 of item No. 1 as kanam and tak 4 and item No. 2 as kanam-kuzhikanam, paying the land revenue for the properties and enjoy them for interest on the kanam, and after the term of 12 years when the kanam of Rs. 2000/- charged on taks 1 to 3 of item No. 1 was offered the defendants shaJI receive and surrender the properties with basic documents by a registered release at their costs.
No rent is stipu- lated for the property in consideration of advance of Rs. 2000/- whereof Rs. 1400/- was to be paid to the prior mortgagees on taks 1 to 3 of item No. 1. The suit properties in Ex.B-6 were to be
enjoyed by defendants No. 1 and 2 for interest on their advance after payment of the land tax to the State. It therefore falls for consideration as to whether the prevision in Ex.B-6 for payment of land revenue for the properties by the appellants amounts in law to a stipulation as rent or michavaram to the land owner.
Counsel on behalf lo)f the appellants relied on the decision of the Kerafa High Court in Parameswaran Emb- ranthiri v. Narasimba Nambudiri(1) and the earlier Bench division of the Madras High Court in Sankunni Varriar & Ors. v. Neela- kandhan Nambudripad Ors.( 2 ) in support of the proposition that payment of land revenue would amount to payment of rent up. In the Madras Bench dicision in Sankunni's case (supra) the kanam deed was for 36 years and the deed provided that the jenmi shouldieceive infer alia an annual rental of 411 paras, 4 idangalis and one nazhi of paddy and gingelly oil to the value of six rupees.
The kandamdaras were required by the deed in Sankunni's (supra) ca.<e to pay out of the gross rent to the Govern- ment what became due by way of land revenue. The actual words in the kanam deed were that the pattam (gross rent) of the property demised was 2507 paras of paddy and the kanamdars were to
~old .the properties in their possession. and e~joyment and pay to iemm a pattam (rent) of 411 paras, 4 1dangahs, 1 nazhi of paddy, of the money value of Rs. 138/- inclusive of paras vasi (allowance (1) [1962] K.L.T. 404
(2) l.L.R. [1944] Mad. 254 for ·difference of measurement) duly dried, winnowed, cleaned, conveyed to the jenmi's residence and measured out by their 1 40 nazhis para, after deduction of \he interes~ due on the mortgage amount and the assessment on t~e properties due to the Govern- ment from the said rent together With sundry payment of one para, two idanglis of gingelly oil of the value of Rs. 6, within the 30th of Makaram (10th February) of each year commencing with the year 1069 M.E. (1893-94) and duly take receipt therefor.
In Sankunni's case the land revenue was increased as a result of resettlement. The question was whether the burden of the increased revenue fall upon the jenmi. It was contended in San- kunni's (') case that inasmuch as there was reference· in the deed to gross yield of the land and the jenmi was to receive his rent after deduction of the interest due on the mortgage and the Govern- ment revenue, the in1ention was to fix the l\anamiars' liability on tbe basis of the revenue payable to the Government on the date of the kanam. If the revenue payable was to be increased it was said in that case that the jenmi was to be responsible for the pay- ment of the additional amount.
The entire ratio in Sankunni's( 1) case was first that the liabi- lity of the jenmi was for the revenue and secondly, the kanamdar was to deduct from the rent the interest on the mortgage amount and the assessment on the properties due to the Government. The decision of the learned Single Judge of the Kerala High Court in Parameswaran's(2) case was that recital in the deed that the .E
defendant was to be in possession of the properties and was to pay the revenue out of the income and appropriare the balance towards interest on the amount of the advance amounted to a stipulation for payment of revenue as michavaran or rent. In Sa11- kunni's(1) case the direction to pay revenue out of tho~ rent of the property which was due to the landlord was justifiably held to be a payment on behalf of the landlord because it was a part of the michavaram.
That reasoning could not apply to Parames- waran's(2) @Se because in that case there was neither any fixation of rent nor any Stipulation for payment of rent or michavaram to the landlord.
This Couvt in Cherumanalil Lakshmi & Ors. v. Mulivil Krtn- njnamkandy Naravani & Ors. (3 ) considered as to when a transac- tion would be kanam-kuzhikanam and when a usufractuary Illllrtga.Q;e. In each case it manifestly depends entirely on the terms of thi- trnnsaction.
In Lakshmi's case there was a demise of land with fruit bearing trees for 24 years. The transfer was for the enjoyment o( land with trees. The kanam amount was u (!) l.L.R. [1944] Mad. 254
(2) [1962] K.L.T. 404 t (3) [1967] I S.C.R. 314 MANGALA KUNHIMINA UMMA V. PUTHIVAVEOTTIL PARU ~87 AMMA (Ray, /,) Rs. 5000/- in one case and Rs. 600/· in the other. The trans- ferees were entitled to appropriate the income of the land in lieu of interest on the kanam amount and to hold the land even after the expiry of 24 years until the payment of the kanam amount and the value of the trees planted by them. It was therefore found that all the ingredients of kanam-kuzhikanam were satisfied. The test to be applied is whether the purpose of the transaction is en- joyment of the propertyby the transferee or whether it is intended to secure the repayment of debt by transfer of interest in the pro- per.y.
The mere description of the deed as kanam-kuzhikanam will not be decisive of the essence of the transaction. The description c of deed by itself isofated from the terms and provisions may be misleading oi: a misnomer.
Counsel for the respondents relied on the Bench decision of the Kerala High Court in Kunhiparan v. V. Naicken & Ors(1). in support of the propositlion that payment of perquisite would in- dicate that the relationship was that of land-lord and tenant.and· the name of the document would not be sufficient to displace the real terms. In Kunhiparan's case the transaction was described as a kudiyiruppu to have the flavour of a mortgage but the court found the transaction by the terms, provisions and intention of the parties to be a lease and not a mortgage.
The circumstances and the conduct of the parties are always a very useful guide in ascertaining the true character and content of the transaction. Counsel for the respondents relied on the Full Bench decision of the Kerala High Court in Kunhirama Nambiar · v.Pairu Kurup(') wbere the document was a kanayadharam and in spite of its nomeiiclature it was held to be a mortgage and not a kanam. The elements which are usually considered relevant to find out the intention of the parties, are first, the proportion of the am?unt advanced to. the value of the securitr; secondly, the rate of mterest payabl_5: c;in the sum advanced; thirdly, the absence· of a provision for makin_g improvements and the proportion of the rent or 'purapad'·to the income reserved for appropriation towards interest; and fourthly, the surrounding circumstances at the time of the transaction, namely, that the tarward was at the time of the exec~tio? of the doc_lllllent in !1ire need of money to discharge debts to mdicate that the transaction was intended to be a mortg- age and not a lease. It will always be a significant feature in a document as to whether the jenmoll! right of the tarwad in the properties has been secured for the kanartham by way of mortg- age.
The first and foremost element to be found for a lease is whe- ther there is the intrinsic intention in the written document for en- (1) [1967]K.L.T. 646. (2) [1969}K.L.T. 62. 8-918 Sup. C.I./71
joyment of the properfy by the transferee in lieu of rent or per- quisites. Secondly,. t~ term of renewal of the enjoyment would indicate the feature of a lease. Thirdly, it has to be found out whether there is any provision for payment of customary dues. The learned Single Judge in the decision of the Kerala High Court in Hussain Thangal v. Ali(') rightly said that the use of words like 'pattam' meaning profits would be a strong indication of the transaction to be a lease and not a mortgage.
The dominant features of a mortgage transaction on the other har:d would be the ascertainment of the ratio of the value of land to the amount advanced. If the ratio of the amount advanced bears a substantial proportion to the value of the property trans- ferred it would be a strong piece of intention and circumstance to indicate loan and a mortgage. A provision entitling the transferee to ask for a return of money by sale of the property would be a very important feature to indicate that trans_action is a loan and a mortgage and not a lease. The absence of such a prqvision, how- ever, would not totally repel the transactiop fo be a mortgage. The execution of counter part is sometime as common feature in the case of possessory ri10rtgage though the exis!ence of a counter- part by itself will not be conclusive of the question.
The deed understood in the light of the surrounding circum- stances will provide the answer in the 'acts and circumstances of each case. In the present case, emphasis was placed by counsel for the appellants on the payment of Government revenue by the transferee. This Court in Patel !Jhunder Mavji etc. v. lat Mamdaji Kalaji (deceased) through L. Rs. lat Saheb Khan Mamdaji(2) etc. said that payment of re"enue . and other dues to the State would not clothe the occupants with the right of the tenants. Ordinarily, mortgagees under section 76(c) of the Transfer of Property Act in the absence of a contract to the contrary pay out of the income of the property the Government revenue and all other charges of a public nature d_uring their possession of such land. The High Court in the present case correctly said that stipulation in the deed of payment of Government rev~nue by the transferee was -"that by virtue of the grant the liability to pay revenue is transferred to the grantee and the grantee who had accepted the grant und the liability, when he pays the revenue, pays it on his own behalf'. The High Court also correctly held that a mere direction to pay the revenue of the pronerty by the grantee, particularly when no ment is not directed to be made out of anything which is due or payable to the grantor, cannot be construed as a payment or rent or michavara)Il to the grantor.
The proportion between the amount advanced and the value of the property is one of the important tests to be taken into con- (!) [1961] K.L.T. 1033. (2) [1969J 3 S.C.R. 690, c c MANGALA KUNHIMINA UMMA V. PUTHIVAVEOTTIL PARU
AMMA (Ray, J.) sideration in deciding the nature of the transaction. Where the amount advanced bears a substantial proportion to the value of the property it is an important element indication that the intention was the creation of a mortgage and not a tenancy. In the present Caie, the amount for which the properties included in Ex.B-6 were sold to the first plaintiff under Ex.A.2 was Rs. 5000/- out of which Rs. 2500/- was to go in. discharge of the amount under Ex.B-6. The advance, therefore, bore a substantial proportion to the value of the property.
This feature when considered along with the fact that the document did not provide P.ayment of any annual purapped to the jenmi and that the annual amount was directed to be paid as reven11e of the property which came to Rs. 10-4-0, a paltry re- curring annual liabilify, would be an additional reason to support the intention of the parties that the transaction was a mortgage and not a tenancy.
It is significant that after the c;xecuti~n of Ex.B-6 defendants No. 1 and 2 entered into a partition agreement evidenced by Ex. A-3. The partition deed included transactions called
kanam other than the disputed one forming the subject matter of the suit. In almost all the properties held u.nder kanam· there was division by metes and bounds, but with regard to Ex.B-6 and the amount of Rs. 2000/- there was no division by metes and bounds. This would also point to the conclusion that the defendants No. I and 2 never treated Ex.B-6 as creating a tenancy.
In the present case the features which favour the construction. of the transaction to ~ a mortgage and not a lease are : first, that there is no provision for renewal; secondly, there is no provision for payment of customary dues; thirdly, the property was to be enjoyed by the defendants by way of interest .on their advance after payment of land tax to the State, fourthly, the payment of land tax i~ .not a deduction .from rent or _Qerquisites; fifthly, there is a prov1s1on for surrendenng the property with a registered release at the cost of the transferees oa the receipt of the consideration of ~an~ and the balance amount; sixthly, when the consideration 1s paid back the counter-pattam !feeds and prior deeds would be returned; and finally, there is liability to pay interest on the advance an~ possession and enjoyment of profits of the property is in lieu of mterest.
For these reasons we are of opinion that the High Court was correct in its conclusion as to the nature of the transaction being a mortgage and not a lease. The appeal fails and is dismissed with
costs. G.C. Appeal dismissed