MANOHAR NATH KAUL v. STATE OF JAMMU & KASHMIR' April 19, 1983 [0.A. DESAI AND RANGANATH MISRA, JJ.] Crin1inal Procedure Code-s. 197 (1)- Public Servant charged wlth the offence of cheating-When sanction for prosecution necessary? Section 197 (1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that when a public servant is accused of any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duties no court shall take cognizance of such offence without the previous sanction of the appropriate govern_ment.
The appellant. who was Regional Offi~er of the Directorate of Field Publicity of the Governn1ent of India, travelled by air by obtafning air tickets in lieu of exchange orders. Under the rules, the cost of the~e tickets was requir~d to be ex.::luded from the T.A. bills. On the allegation that the appel- lant submitted T.A. bills including the cost of these tickets and received pay- ment for the same, a prosecttion report was submitted against him for the offence of cheatirig under s. 420, l.P.C.
The~ appellant pleaded that in the absence of sanction under s. 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure the prosecution was not maintainable. Trial Court rejected the contention. High Coutt upheld the order in revision.
On appeal the appellant contended that the furnishing of the bills and the drawing of the allowance were integrally connected with his status of being a public servant and must, therefore, be taken to be covered by sub-s. (1) of s. 197.
Dislnissing the appeal, c HELD : The appellant was not entitled to claim'~ the protection of S. 197 (!). [799 a, 800 A] The umbrella of protection under s. 197(1) is av~ilable to a public servant in respect of offences alleged to have been committed while acting or purpor-"l- ting to act in the discharge of his official duty. A public servant can only be said to act or to purport to act in the discharge of his official ·duty, if his act is such as to lie within the scope of his official duty. The test may well be whe- ther the public servant, if challenged, can reasonably, claim that, what he does, he does in virtue of his office, [793 G, 797 B-D)
c [1983) 2 s.c.R. If the acts complained of are so integra11y connected with the duties attaching to the office as to be inseparable from them, then sanction under s.197(1) would be necessary; but if there was no necessary connection between them and the-performance of those duties, the official status furnishing only the occasion or opportunity for the acts, then no sanction would be required. [795 B-C]
Where a public servant co~n1its the offence of cheating or abets another to cheat, the offence committed by him is not one while he is acting or pur .. porting to act in the discharge· of his official_ duty, as such offence has no necessary connection behveen it and the performance of the duties of a public servant. [799 F]
Srivastava v. Misra, [1970] 2 S.C.C. 56; An1rik Singh v. State of Pepsu, [1955] I S.C.R. 1302; K. Satwant Singh v. The State of Punjab, [1960] 2 S.C.R. 89; Baijnath Gupta & Ors. v. The State of Madhya Pradesh, [1966] I S.C.R. 210; Hori Ram Singh v. EmperJr, [1939] F.C.R. 159; Bakhshish Singh Dhaliwal v. State of Punjab, [1967] I S.C.R. 211; Hariha1 Prasad etc. v. State of Bihar, [1972] 3 S.C.C. 89; B. Saha & Ors. v. M.S. Kochar, [1980] I S.C.R. Ill, referred to.
In the instant case, drawing of T .A. bills cannot be said to have been directly and reasonab1Iy c;nnected with appellant's duty as Regional Officer of the DireCtorate and the official status furnished the opportunity for doing the acts whic.:h co-i:istitute ingredients of the offence. [799 _I-I] CRIMINAL APPELLATE JuR1so1cnoN : Criminal Appeal No.
677 of 1680. Appeal by Special leave from the Judgment and ·Order dated the 7th August, 1980 of the Jammu & Kashmir High Court in Criminal Revision No. 6 of 1979. · T.C. Mehta and Meera Agarwal for the Appellant.
Alta/ Ahmed for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was·delivered by RANGANATH MISRA, J. Jn this appeal by special leave, the short question for consideration is, if sanction under section· 197, Code of Criminal Procedure ('Code' for short) is necessary for the prosecution of the apJ?ellant for an offence of cheating punishable under section 420 of the Indian Penal Code .
. Appellant was Regional Officer of the Directorate of Field Publi· 'city of the Government oflndia in 1972. He travelled by air from Srinagar to Delhi to and fro on one ·occasion and from Srinagar to Jammu to and fro on two other occasions by obtaining air tickets in :.M.11. KAUL v. J. AND K. (Ranganath Misra, J.).
19~' lieu of exchauge orders. The cost of the tickets obtained by the appel '-'~r~ !ant was.debitable to the account of the Directorate and under the rules the appellant was required to exclude the same from the bills for travelling allowance. On the allegation that the appellant submitted bills including the air fare and received payment for the same, a prosecution report was submitted against him for the. offence of cheating under s. 420, I.P.C. in the Court of the ·Chief Judicial Magistrate of Srinagar. The appellant took the plea that in the absence of sanction under s. 197 of the Code, the prosecution was not maintainable. The trying Magistrate rejected the contention and the High Court upheld the order in a revision at the instance of the appellant.
Section 197 (1) of the Code provides : "When any person who is or was a Judge or Magistrate or a public servant not removable from his office save by or with the sanction of the Government is
accused of any offence alleged to have been committed by ·him while aclirtg or purporting to act in the dischai·ge qf his official duty, no Court shall take cognizance of such offence except with the previous sanction_ –
(a) in the case of a person who is employed or, as the case may be, was at the time of commission of the alleged offence employed, in connection with the affairs of the Union, of the Centra 1 Government . "
Undoubtedly, the. section is designed to facilitate an effective and unhampered performance of official duty by public servants by making provision for scrutiny into ·allegations against them by superior authorities and prior sanction for prosecution as a condition precedent to the cognizance of cases against them by courts so that protection may be available from frivolous, vexatious or false prose· cutions for offences alleged to have been committed by them while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of their official duty. As pointed out b;t tbis Court in Srivastava v. Misra,(') the umbrella of protection is available in respect of offences alleged to have b~en committed while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of official duty. It is the contention of the appellant that qua public officer· the appellant submitted. the impugned bills and has drawn the travelling (!) [1970] 2 s.c.c. 56,
c c 1!>4 StlPREMB COURT REPORTS 1198~) 2 s.c.11.. allowance. According to him, the furnishing of the bills and the drawing of the allowance are integrally connected with his status of -. 1 .–,___~
being a public servant and must, therefore, be taken to be covered by the two phrases occurring in sub·s. (!) ofs. 197 of the Code. We are of the view that the submission advanced on behalf of the appellant is totally without any basis and has to ·be rejected. The state of the Jaw as laid down by this Court in several precedents may usefully be referred to in support of this conclusion. In Amrik Singh v. State of Pepsu,(') the accused was a sub-Divisional Officer in the Public Works Department of Pepsu. It was a part of his duties to disburse the wages to workmen employed in certain works at a place called Karhali. The procedure usually followed was that he drew the amount required from the Treasury and disbursed the amount to the employees against their signatures or thumb impressions in the monthly acquittan.ce roll. Payment was shown to have been made to one Parma for the month of April 1951. The Sub-Divisional Officer was prosecuted on the allegation that Parma was non-existent · and the thumb impression in the acquittance roll was of the accused himself; This had been done with a view to misappropriating the wages said to have been paid to the workman. Before a three Judge Bench of thi·s Court on behalf of the appellant the conviction was challenged for want of sanction under s. 197 (I) of the Code in res~ pect of the offences punishable under ss .. 409 and 465 of the Penal Code. Referring to _certain decided cases, Venkatarama Ayyar, J. spoke for the Court thus :
"The result of th~ authorities may thus be summed up : It is not every offence committed by a public servant that requires sanction for prosecution under section 197 (I) of the Code of Criminal Procedure; nor even every
act done by him while he is actually engaged in the per· formance of his official duties;_ hut if the act complained of is directly 6oncerned with his official duties so· that, if questioned, it could be claimed to have been done by
virtue of the office, then sanction would be necess!'ry; and that would be so, irrespective of whether it was, in fact, a proper discharge of his duties, because that would really
be a matter of defence on the merits, which would have to be investigated at the.trial, and could not arise at the (1) (1955] 1 S.C.R. 1302, M.N. KAUL Ji. i. AND K. (11.anganath Misra, J.)
7'>S. stage of the grant of sanction, which must precede the institution of the prosecution". It was further said : "Iu our judgment, even when the charge is one of misapropriation by a public servant, whether sanction is
required under section 197 (1) will depend upon the facts of each case. If the acts complained of are so integrally connected with the duties attaching to the office as to be inseparable from them, then sanction under
section 197 (!) would be necessary; but if there was no necessary connection between them and the perfor- mance of those duties, the official status furnishing only the occasion or opportunity for the acts, then no sanction would be required".
c The conviction was set aside in that case on a finding that the preparation of the acquittance · roll and the disbursement of the money were integrally connected with the official duties of the Sub- Divisional Officer, and . without sanction the prosecution was not maintainable.
The question of sanction arose again in the case of K. Satwant Singh v. The State of Punjab,(1) and on this occasion before a Consti- tution Bench. Connected with the rehabilitation programme in Burma after the Japanes invasion during the Secpnd World War, certain works were undertaken –
some to be executed by the Army and others were entrusted to contractors. The appellant was one of such contractors and claimed payment for work done and on his ·request payments were made through cheques which were encashed
at Lahore. The Government of Burma looked into the claim~ again on account of suspicion and discovered that some of the claims were false and. payment therefor was not due. The contractor was there• fore, charged for an offence under s. 420, I.P.C. and some of the officers connected with the payments were charged under s. 420/109, I.P.C. Imam, J. spoke for the Constitution Bench thus:
" Henderson was charged with intentionally aiding the appellant in the Commission of an offence punishable (I) [1960) 2 s.c.R. 89. c 7!)6 tI98~l 2 s.c.R. under s. 420 ofthe Indian Penal Code by falsely stating
as a fact, in his reports that the appellant's claims were true and that statement had been made knowing all the while that the claims in question were false and fraudu- lent and that he had accordingly committed an offence
under s. 420/109, Indian Penal Code. It appears to us to be clear that some offences canno' by their very nature be regarded as having been committed by public servants while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of their official duty. For instance, acceptance of a bribe, an
offence punishable under s. 161 of the Indian Penal Code, is one of them a11d offence of cheating or abetment there- of is another. We have no hesitation in saying)hat where a public servant commits the offence of cheating or abets
· another so to cheat, the offence committed by him is not one while he is acting or purporting ·to act in the dis- charge of his official duiy, as such offences have no necessary connection between them and the performance
of the duties of a public servant the official status furnish- ing only the occasion or opportunity for the commission of the offences (vide Amrik Singlz's case). The act of cheat- ing or abetment thereof has. no reasonable connection
with the discharge of official duty.' The act must bear such relation to the duty that the public servant could lay a reasonable but not a pret.ended or fanciful claim, that he did it in the course of the performance of his duty".
(underlining is ours) The Court held that the protection under s. 197 of the Code was not available. The authority in Satwant Singh's case has never been challenged in this Court and as.the offence of cheating was involved therein, the ratio of the aforesaid case which is binding on us would have been ordinarily sufficient for the disposal of this appeal. We would, how-. ever, like to refer to some of the later decisions of this Court so that· a full view of the judicial opinion on the question may be available. In ·naijnath Gupta & Ors .. v. The State of Madhya Pradesh,(') the ~~ Chief Accountant-cum-Office Superintendent in an Electric Supply-' /, .. ,.,.,.,
(1) (1966] I S.C.R. 210. M.N. KAUL v, ). AND K. (Ranganath Misra, J.) . 797; Undertaking rnn by the Government of erstwhile State of Madhya Bharat was prosecuted for offences punishable under ss. 477A and 409, I.P.C. It was contended before this Court that the offences had been committed in the discharge of official duty and in the absence of prior sanction the conviction was not maintainable. The majority quoted with approval the following observations of Lord Simonds in Hori Ram Singh v. Emperor :(1)
"A public serV'ant can only be said to act or to purport to act in the discharge of his official duty, if his act is such as to lie within the scope of his official duty. Thus, a judge neither acts n_or purports to act ·as a judge in receiving a bribe, though the judgment which he deli-
vers may be such an act; nor does a Government. medicaf officer act or purport to act as a public servant in picking the pocket of a patient ·whom he ·is examining though the examination itself may be such an act. The test may
well be whether the public servant, if challenged, can reasonably claim that, what he does in. virtue of his office The Court proceeded to say : "It is not every offence committed by public servant
that requires sanction for prosecution under s. 197 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code; nor even every act done by him while he is actually engaged in the performance of his official duties; but if the act complained of is. directly. concerned with his official duties so that, if questio;,ed, it 'could be claimed to havebeen done by virtue of the
office, then sanction would be necessary. It is the quality of the act that is important and if it falls within the scope and range of his official duties the protection contempla- ted by s. 197 of· the Criminal Procedure Code will be
attracted. An offence may be entirely unconnected with the official duty. Where it is unconnected with the official duty there can be no protection. It is only when it is either within the scope of the official duty·or in excess of it that the protection is claimable." • ,.
(I) [19391 F.C.R. 159. c c (1983) 2 S.C.R. The facts of Bakhshish Singh Dhaliwal v. State of Punjab,(1) were similar to Satwant Singh' s case. Bakhshish Singh was also a contrac• tor engaged in the rehabilitation work in Burma after the Second World War and on a similar set of allegations as in that case he was prosecuted along with public officers for the offence of cheating. The ratio in Satwan( Singh' s case was quoted with full approval arid sanction was held to be wholly unnecessary.
It was held that the act·. of abetting the prinicipal offenders could not possibly be held to b.ave been. done in the discharge of official duties as public servants. The question of sanction arose again for consideration in the case of ' 1 Hairhar Prasad etc. v. State ofBihar,(') in the backdrop of prosecution of six public servants for offences punishable under ss. 120A, 120B and 409 of the Indian Penal Code. The Court reiterated the dictum in Amrik Singh's case (supra) where it had been said :
"It is not every offence committed by a public servant that requires sanction for prosecution under s. 197 (I) , Criminal Procedure Code ; nor even every act done by him while he is actually engaged in the performance of his official duties; but if the act complained of is directly
concerned with his official duties so that, if questioned, it would be claimed to have been done by virtue ofth_e office, then sanction would be necessary". Testing the facts. on the basis of this dictum the Court came to the conclu§ion that want of sanction was no bar to the prosecution. in B. Saha & Ors. v. M.S. Kochar,(') a three Judge Bench dealt with the same submission advanced on behalf of certain officers of the Customs Department convicted for offences punishable under ss. 120B, 166 and 409 of the Penal Code. Sarkaria, J. speaking for the . Court observed :
"In sum, the sine qua non for the applicability of this section is that the offence charged, be it one of com- mission or' omission, must be one which has been com- mittted by the pubic servant either in his official capacity or under colour of the office held by him"
· (1) [1967! I S.C.R. 211. (2)_ [19721 3 s.c.c. 89. (3) (1980j 1 S.C.R. 111. M.N. KAUL v. J_. AND K. (Ranganath Misra, J.) The rule in Amrtk Singh's case was quoted with approval.
It was observed : "The words 'any offence alleged to have betn committed by him while a.cling or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty' employed in section 197 (I) of the Code, are capable of a narrow as well as a wide
interpretation. fr these words are construed too narrowly, the se.ction will be rendered altogether sterile, for, 'it is no part of an official duty to commit an offence, and never can be'. In the wider sense, these words will take
under their umbrella every act constituting an offence, committed in the course of the same transaction in which the ~fficial duty is performed or purports to be performed. The right approach to the import of these words lies
betweeen these two extremes. While on the one hand, it is not every offence committed by a public servant while engaged in the performance of his official duty, which is entitled to the protection of section 197(1), an act
. constituting an offence, directly and reasonably connected . with his official duty will require sanction for prosecution under the said provision". We are of the' definikview that the rule quoted above from Amrik Singh's case correctly lays down the legal proposition as to inovocability of the protection under s. 197 (!) of the Code. The observations oflmam, J. in Satwant Singh's case that there could be no hesitation in s~ying that where a public servant commits the offence of cheating or abets another so to cheat, the offence commit- ted by him is not one while he is acting or purporting to act in the dischrage of his official duty, as such offence has no necessary connection between it and the performance of the duties of a public servant, the official status furnishing only the occasion or opportunity for the commission of the offences, is also the correct exposition· of the law. It has not been contended before us that official duty of the appellant was to draw travelling allowance bills though his status as a public servant authorised him ·to draw such bills. Drawing of T.A. bills cannot be said to have been directly and reasonably connected with apellant's duty as Regional Officer of the
Directorate and the official status furnished the opportunity for doing the• acts which constitute in!lredients of (he offence. tte was, therefore, not entitled c .H . 800 (1983) 2 S.C.R.
to claim the protection of s. 197 (!) of the Code. The prosecution is · not vitiated for want of sanction. The appeal has, therefore, to be dismissed: . -i· '- The prosecution was laid about 8 years back and on the plea of want of.sanction the matter has been· dragged on for such a Jong time at different stages. We, therefore, direct that the trial court shall proceed to conclude the trial expeditiously in accordance with law. H.S.K.
Appeal dismissed.