May za. [1959] MAZAGAON DOCK LTD. v. THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX AND EXCESS PROFITS TAX (VENKATARAMA AIYAR, GAJENDRAGADKAR and A. K. SARKAR JJ.) Income Tax-Non-resident carrying on business with resident- N o profit accruing from dealings between them-Assessment of resi- dent-Validity-" Business", meaning of-Indian Income-tax Act, I922 (II of I922), S. 42(2).
Under s. 42(2) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, "Where a person not resident or not ordinarily· resident in the taxable territories carried on business with a person resident in the tax- able territories, and it appears to the Income-tax Officer that owing to the close connection between such persons the• course of business is so arranged that the business done by the
resident person with the person not resident or not ordinarily resident produces to the resident either no profits or less than the ordinary profits which might be expected to arise in that business, the profits derived therefrom, or which may reasonably be deemed to have been derived therefrom, shall be chargeable to income-tax in the name of the resident person who shall be deemed to be, for all the purposes of this Act, the assessee in respect of such income-tax",
The appellant, a private limited company carrying on business as marine engineers and ship repairers had its registered office in Bombay and was resident and ordinarily resident in India, but its entire share capital was beneficially owned by two non-resident companies whose business consisted in plying ships for hire. Under an agreement between them the ships plied for hire by the non-resident companies were to be repaired by the appellant company at cost, charging .no profits. The Income-tax Officer made an assessment on the appellant company under
s. 42(2) of the lndian Income-tax Act, 1922. It was contended for the appellant (r) that s. 42(2) imposed a charge only on a business carried on by a non-resident and that therefore no tax could be imposed on the business of the appellant, and (2) that it was a condition for the levy of a charge unde.r that sub-section that the non-resident must carry on business "'·ith the resident and that in the instant case it was not satisfied, as all that the non-resident companies did was only to get their ships repaired by the appellant company:
Held, ~I) that the business which is the subject-matter of taxation under s. 42(2) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, is that of the resident and not of a non-resident. The expression S.O.R.
" derived therefrom " in that sub-section refers to the business r958 of the resident. Mazagaon Dock Ltd. v. (2) that a person can be said to carry on a business with another if the dealings between them form concerted and
organised activities of a business character. The Commissioner Where, as in the instant case, the non-resident companies of Income-tax & got their ships repaired by the appellant, not as they might by Excess Profits Tax any other repairer but under a special agreement that repairs should be done by the appellant at cost, the non-resident com- panies must be held to have carried on business with the appel- lant within the meaning of s. 42(2) of the Act, even though the non-resident companies might have derived no profits from the dealings with the appellant.
Narain Swadeshi Weaving Mills v. The Commissioner of Excess Profits Tax, [1955] l S.C.R. 952 and Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. Incorporated Council of Law Reporting, (1888) 3 Tax Cas. 105, .relied on.
C1viL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 381of1956. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated February 24, 1955, of the Bombay High Court in Income-Tax Reference No. 52/X of 1954.
N. A. Palkhival,a (with him, Jamshedji B. Kanga), S. N. Andley, J. B. Dadachanji, P. L. Vohra and Rameshwar Nath, for the appellant. H. N. Sanyal, Additional Solicitor-General of India,
G. N. Joshi and R.H. Dhebar, for the respondent. 1958. May 12. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VENKATARAMA AIYAR J.-This is an appeal against the judgment of the High Court of Bombay in a
reference under s. 66(1) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, hereinafter referred to as the Act. The appellant is a private limited company incorpo- rated under the Indian Companies Act, and is carry-
ing on business as marine engineers and ship repairers. V enkatarama Aiyar ]. Its registered office is in Bombay and it is resident and ordinarily resident in India. Its entire share
capital is beneficially owned by two British companies, the P. & 0. Steam Navigation Co. Ltd., and the British. Indian Steam Navigation Co. Ltd., .whose business [1959] consists in plying ships for hire. Under an agreement
entered into with the two companies aforesaid, which Ma.zagaon will be referred to hereinafter as the non-resident com- Dock Ltd. v. panies, the appellant repairs their ships at cost, and
Th• Commissioner charges no profits. Now, the point for determination of Income-tax & is whether, on these facts, the appellant is chargeable Excess p,ofits Tax to tax under s. 42(2) of the Act. That sub-section runs as follows :
Venkalaran1a " 'Vhere a person not resident . or not ordinarily Aiyar J. resident in the taxable territories carries on business with a person resident in the taxable territories, and it
appears to the Income-tax Officer that owing to the close connection between such persons the course of business is so arranged that the business done by the resident person with the person 'not resident or not
ordinarily resident produces to the resident eitijer no profits or less than the ordinary profits which might be expected to arise in that business, the profits derived therefrom, or which may reasonably be
deemed to have been derived therefrom, shall be chargeable to income-tax in the name of the resident person who shall be deemed to be, for all the purposes of this Act, the assessee in respect of such income-
tax." The Income-tax Officer, Bombay who dealt with the matter took the view that the appellant company had so arranged its business with the non-resident companies that it did not produce any profits to it,
and that was because it was those companies that really owned its share capital, and that therefore the profits which it could ordinarily have made but for their close financial connection were liable to be
taxed under s. 42(2), and he computed the same at Rs. 6,80,000 for the account year 1943-1944, at Rs. 4,67,559 .for the account year 1944-1945 and at Rs. 4,68,963 for the account year 1945-46. On the
basis of the above findings, orders of assessment of income-tax were made for the account years 1944-1945 and 1945-1946 and of excess profits tax for the account years 1943-1944, 1944-1945 and 1945-1946. Against
• ·these fivll orders, the appellant preferred appeals to the Appellate ,Assistant Commissioner, who by his s.c:R, order dated July 3, 1952, confirmed the same. Then z958 there was a further appeal by the appellant to the
d h Mazagaon Appellate Tribunal, and the Bench which hear t e Dock 'Lt@. same having been divided in its opinion, the matters v; came up for hearing before the President, who by his The Commissio1ie• order dated March 19, 1954, held that s. 42(2) was of Income-ta':< & inapplicable and he accordingly set aside the orders of Excess Profits Tax assessment of income-tax and excess profits tax made
Venkatarama on the appellant. On the application of the Depart- Aiyar J. ment, the Tribunal referred the following question for the opinion of the High Court of Bombay : " Whether on the facts and in the circumstances
of the case any income falls to be included in the -appellant's assessment under s. 42(2)." The reference was heard by Chagla C. J. and Tendplkar J. who by their judgment dated Febru-
ary 24, 1955, held that, on the facts found, s. 42(2) was applicable and that the appellant was liable to be assessed to income-tax and excess profits tax under that section. The appellant applied under s. 66(A) for
leave to appeal against this judgment to this court, and that application was dismissed. The appellant thereafter applied for and obtained leave to appeal to this Court under Art. 136, and hence this appeal.
It must be mentioned that on December 31, 1948, an order of assessment had been made in respect of the income-tax payable by the appellant for the account year 1943-1944, and therein, the profits
chargeable under s. 42(2) had not been included. But subsequently, the Income-tax Officer took action under s. 34 of the Act, and on May 29, 1953, made an order assessing the appellant to tax for that year on the
profits deemed to have been made by it under s. 42(2), and against that order, an appeal is pending before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner .• That order is not the subject-matter of the present proceedings,
which are concerned only with the assessment of income-tax for the account years 1944-1945 and 1945-1946 and of excess profits tax for the account years 1943-1944, 1944-1945 and 1945-1946.
Now, the sole point for determination in ehis appeal • is whether on the facts found the appellant is· charge- able to tax under s. 42 (2) of the Act. MI'. Palkhivala, [1959] I958
learned counsel for the appellant, contends that it is not, and urges two grounds in support of his conten- ~::;c:;; tion: (1) that s. 42(2) imposes a charge only on a v. business carried on by a non-resident, and that there.
Th• Commissioner fore no tax cou Id be imposed under that provision on of Income-tax <>- the business of the appellant who is a resident; and Excess Profits Tax (2) that it is a condition for the levy of a charge under V•nkatarama
s. 42 (2) that the non-resident must carry on business Aiyar J. with the resident, and that in the instant case it is not satisfied. The first ground does not appear to have been put forward in the Court below, but before us it
has been presented with .great elaboration and press- ed with considerable insistence. The argument in support of it may thus be stated: S. 42 (2) imposes a charge on profits of a business, actual or notional, when
the conditions specified therein are satisfied ; bq,t the section does not, in terms, say who the person is whose business is liable to be taxed, but that that can only be the non-resident is clear from other parts of the
section. Thus, the tax is imposed under s. 42 (2) on profits " derived " from business, which must mean profits actually made therein. Ex hypothesi, the resident has so arranged his business that it produces little or
no profits to him. If it has produced some profits, then they are taxable in his hands even apart from this provision, and if he has made no profits, then the word "derived" would be inapplicable to his business.
Therefore, the profits " derived " and taxable under the section can have reference only to the business of a non-resident. Then again, the profits are chargeable under this section in the name of the resident. If the
profits chargeable under s. 42(2) accrue from a business of the resident, he would be the person who would, even apart from the section, be liable for the tax, and in that situati"n, the expression "in the name of the
resident" would be inappropriate. It would make sense if, in fact, the profits accrued in a business carried on by a person other than the resident, and the legis- lature sought to tax them in his hands. The true
intention behind the legislation, it is said, is that the • profits of the non-resident should be taxed, but that the tax should fall on the resident by reason of his S.C.R. close connection with the non-resident. Support for
r95s this contention is sought in'the provision in s. 42 (2) that the resident shall be deemed to be the assessee for 1::C~ag::; all purposes of the Act. The word " deemed " v. imports, it is argued, a legal fiction, and if it was the The Commissioner business of the resident that was intended to be taxed, of Income-tu and then he is, in fact, the assessee, and it would be Excess Profits Tax inconsistent with that position that he should be
Venkatarama . treated as an assessee by a legal fiction. It is also Aiyar J. urged that sub-ss. (1) and (3) of s. 42 deal with the profits of a non-resident and prescribe the conditions
under which and the manner in which the tax could be imposed and collected, and s. 42 (2) must, in this setting, be construed as referring to the business of the non-resident. Tlulre would have been considerable force in this
argument, had there been any ambiguity or uncer- tainty in the wording of s. 42 (2) as to whether it is the business of the resident that is sought to be taxed or that of the non-resident. But that is not so.
The language of the enactment imposing the charge is too plain to admit of any doubt. Now, s. 42 (2) is, it may be noted, in two parts. The first part commencing with the opening words " Where a person not resi-
dent" and ending with the words "which may reasonably be deemed to have been derived there- from" prescribes the conditions on which the charge arises. It does not of itself impose the charge. That
is done by the second part, which provides that "the profits derived therefrom or which may reasonably be deemed to have been derived therefrom shall be charge- able to income-tax." The word "therefrom" is very
important for the purpose of the present discussion. In the context, it can refer only to the business of the resident, and it is this business therefooo that is the subject of the charge under s. 42 (2). It was suggested
for the appellant that the word "therefrom" has reference to the arrangement between the non-resident and the resident, but apart.from the fact that such a construction would, on the grammar of it, be untenable;
it is impossible to conceive how an arrangement relat: • ing to the conduct of business can, .as ~uch·, be the [1959] subject-matter of income-tax, apart from the business in which profits or gains are made. The language of
~az;g~o~• the section is clear beyond all reasonable doubt as to ' v. ' · what it is that is sought to be taxed under this section. The Commis;foner That is only the business of the resident and not that of Income·tax & of the non-resident. In thiS view, it is only necessary Excess Profits Toxto consider whether there is anything in the wording of the other parts of s. 42 (2) relied on for the appellant, which precludes us from giving effect to the plain
import of the word "therefrom". , Venkat(fra,n'a Aiyar .. ]. It is on the expression " profits derived " in the charging part of the enactment that the appellant leans heavily in support of his position that it is the
business of the non-resident that is really intended to be taxed. But then, those words do not stand alone. They are associated with the words "or whic:O may reasonably be deemed to have been derived", and this
association has its origin in the preceding clause "produces to the resident either no profits or less than the ordinary profits which might be expected to arise in that business". This clause contemplates two
classes of cases, one where the business of the resident produces no profits and the other where it produces less than the normal profits. The charge is imposed on both these classes of cases, and the word "derived"
has reference to the latter, w bile the words " profits which may reasonably be deemed to have been derived" relate to the former. That both these clauses relate to the business of the resident is clear
from the words " to the resident " occurring therein. The word " derived" in s. 42 (2) must therefore be interpreted as referring to the business of the resident. The respondent sought further support for this con-
clusion in the words "which may reasonably be deemed to have been derived" in s. 42(2), and con- tended that those words could apply only to a business which does not yield profits, and that will fit in, in the context, only with the business of the resident and not
of the non-resident. The answer of the appellant to this contention is that the words in question should be • construed as meaning not notional profits but such proportion of th~ actual profits of the non-resident a~
S.C.R. could reasonably be apportioned to the business in r9_s8 India. Reliance was placed in support of this conten- tion on Rr. 33 and 34 of the Indian Income-tax Maz,:,gaon R 1
Dock Ltd. u es, 1922. Rule 33 provides for the determination v. of the profits of a non-resident in cases falling within The Commissioner S. 42(1), and one of the modes prescribed for such of Income-ta:< &. determination is to fix an amount which bears the E:<cess Profits Tax same proportion to the total profits of the non-resident
Venkatarama as the Indian receipts bear to the total receipts in the Aiyar J. business. Rule 34 then provides that "the profits derived from any business carried on in the manner referred to in s. 42 (2) may be determined for the
purposes of assessment to income-tax according to the preceding rule". Now, the argument of Mr. Palkhi- vala is that the interpretation put on s. 42 (2) by the rule"making authorities as manifest in R. 34 is that
the business chargeable under s. 42 (2) is that of the non-resident, and that the words "which may reason- ably be deemed to have been derived therefrom" had reference to the apportionment of the Indian, out of
the total profits. We see no force in this contention. There is nothing in R. 34 to justify the· assumption that the rule-making authorities considered either that s. 42 (2) applied to the business of a non-resident or
that the words "which may reasonably. be deemed to have been derived therefrom" meant apportionment of the Indian out of the world profits of the non-resi~ dent.· And even if those be the assumptions on which
the Rule is based, that can have no effect ·on the true interpretation of s. 42 (2). And whatever doubts one might have had as to the meaning to be given to the words "derived therefrom or which may reasonably
be deemed to have been derived therefrom" if they had to be construed in isolation, in the context of the section and read in conjunctibn with the' words " fo the resident " and " therefrom ", there cannot be any
doubt that they have reference to the business of the resident and not that of the non-resident. The word "or" in the clause would appear to be rather inappropriate, as it is susceptible of the inter-
pretation that when some profits are made ·but they • [1959] r95B are less than the normal profits, tax could only be imposed either on the one or on the other, and that Mazagaon Dock Ltd.
accordingly a tax on the actual profits earned would bar v. the imposition of tax on profits which might have been The Commission" received. Obviously, that could not have beenintend- 0! Income-tax & ed, and the word "or" would have to be read in the Excess Prnfits Tax context as meaning "and". Vide Maxwell's Inter- v,nkatamna
pretation of Statutes, Tenth Edn. pp. 238-239. But that, however, does not affect the present question -'1 tyar which is whether the word "derived" indubitably points to the business of the non-resident as the one
taxable under s. 42 (2), and for the reasons already given, the answer must be in the negative. The appellant also relied on the clauses in s. 42 (2) that 'the profits shall be chargeable to tax in the name
of the resident' and that 'he shall be deemed to be the assessee for all purposes of the Act' as indicating that it is not the business of the resident that is really sought to be taxed .. But these clauses are explainable
with reference to the fact that the profits taxed are not actual profits but what are deemed to be profits. It was argued that if it was the intention of the legis- lature that what was not profits.should be deemed to
.be profits, that should .have been independently pro- vided for before the tax is imposed, and that in the absence of such a provision, the word " deemed " must be constl'Ued as referring. not to notional profits being
treated as actual profits, but to a person who is not, in fact1 an assessee, being treated as an assessee. · We see no substance in this argument. There is no reason why an enactment should not both declare notional
profits as taxable profits and at the same time impose a charge on the resident in respect of those profits, and that, quite clearly, is what s. 42 (2) has done. It may be that its lapguage is not "felicitous. But there can,
however, be no mistaking· its sense that it is the resi- dent that is to be dealt with as assessee in respect of profits which he had not, in fact, made. Nor do we see much force in the argument that
s. 42, sub-ss. (1) and (3) relate to income of the non- resident and thats. 42(2) which is wedged in between • them_ should therefore be interpreted as having S.C.R. reference to the profits of the non-resident. If tlie
language of s. 42(2)' is clear that it is the resident who is chargeable to tax, it is of no consequence that !:~ag~~; under s. 42, sub-ss. (1) and (3) it is the non-resident v. that is taxed, It should be remembered that s. 42rhe Commissioner occurs in Ch. V headed "Liability in Special Cases·"; of Income-ta:r and and S. 42(2) is a liability which is out of the ordinary Excess Profits Tax run, and it is not inappropriate to deal with it in
Ven;:;;,ama s. 42, because while s. 42(1) seeks to bring within the Aiyar 1.- ambit of taxation the profits of a non-resident· which accrue. in India, s. 42(2) · seeks to tax the resident in
respect of profits which he would.have normally made but for his business association with a non-resident. On the other hand, on the construction contended for by the appellant s. 42(2) would become practically use-
less because a non-resident whose profits could .be taxed under s. 42(2) could also be taxed under s. 42(1), as also the resident if he were the agent. Norie of the considerations put forward by the appellant is of
sufficient· weight to displace the conclusion to be drawn from the words-" to the resident" and" therefrom" irl s. 42(2), and we must hold thrut the business which is the subject,matter of ·taxation under that provision
is that of the resident and not of a non-resident. This contention °must accordingly be found against the appellant. •. We shall next consider the second ground urged in support of the appeal that it is a condition for the levy
of a charge under s. 42(2) that a non-resident should carry on business with the resident, and that, on the facts found, that condition is not satisfied, and that · therefore the tax is unauthorised. It· is argued that
the business of the non-resident' companies is to ply ships for hire, and that the appellant has no concern with that; ·that . the ,business of the a:J:'pellant is' to repair ships and that the non-resident' companies have
no connection , with that ··business ; · and" that· all that the non-resident· Companies do is to get their ships repaired by the appellant;'. and that does not amtiurit · to carrying oh •any business with the app~llant. ·~
person who regularly purchases his goods from a parti- cular dealer does not, it is said, carry en b1;1siness with Mazagaon Dock Ltd. [1959] that dealer, and on the same analogy, in getting their
ships repaired by the appellant the non-resident com- panies cannot be said to carry on business with them in the real sense of that word. v. Th• Commissioner We are unable to agree with this contention. The
of Income-tax & word " business" is, as has often been said, one of Excess Profits Tax wide import and in fiscal statutes, it must be construed Venkataratna Aiyar J .. in a broad rather than a restricted sense. Discussing
the connotation of the word "trade '', Scott L. J. observed in Smith Barry v. Gordy (1): " The history of judicial decisions has been similar, showing a strong tendency not to restrict the
scope of Schedule D ; a tendency which was, we think, in sympathy with the general social . and economic outlook of the country. There is hardly any activity for gaining a livelihood and not covered by the .other
Schedules, which does not seem to us to be swept into the fiscal net by the Schedule D." " The word 'business' connotes", it was observed by this Court in Narain Swadeshi Weaving Mills v. The
Commissioner of Excess Profits Tax ('), "some real, sub- stantial and systematic or organised course of activity or conduct with a set purpose." Now, it may be con- ceded that when a person purchases bis requirements
from a particular dealer, be cannot without more be said to carry on business with him; But here there is much more. The non-resident companies send their ships for repair to the appellant, not as they might to
any other repairer but under a special agreement that repairs should be done at cost. And further unlike customers who purchase goods for their own consump- tion or use, the non-resident companies get their ships
repaired for use in what is admittedly their business. These are clearly trading activities, organised and con- tinuous in their character . and it will be difficult to escape the conclusion that they constitute business.
We are not even concerned in this appeal with the larger question whether the activities of the non- resident companies in connection with the repair of the ships amount to carrying on of business. \Vhat
• 'We have to decide is whether having regard to the (1) (1946) 28 Tax Cas. 250, 259. (>) [1955] I S.C.R. 952. 96~ • S.O.R. SUPREME COURT. REPORTS course of dealings between the non-resident compa-
nies and the appellant it can be sii.id of the former that Ma11agaon they carry on business with the latter within the Dock Ltd. meaning of s. 42(2). Now, it should be observed that
v. s. 42 speaks not of the non-residents carrying on busi- The Commissioner ness in the abstract but of their carrying on business 0! Income-tax 0- with the resident, and in the context, it must include Execs.< Profits Tax all activities between them having relationship to their
Venkatarama business. That is the view taken by the learned Aiyar ]. Judges in the Court below, and we are in agreement with it. In this connection, reference may be made to s. 42(1)
under which a charge is imposed on income, profits or gains accruing to a non-resident through ai:iy business connection in the taxable territories. In Commissioner of ln~ome-tax v. Currimbhoy Ebmhim & Sons (1), it was
observed by the Privy Council that business connec- tion in s. 42(1) is different from business as defined in s. 4(2) of the Act. " The phrase ' business ()onnection ', observed Sir George Rankin," is different from, though
not unrelated,to, the word 'business ' of which there is a definition in the Act". And in Anglo-French Tex- tile Co., Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras (2), this Court has observed that "when there is a con-
tinuity of business relationship between the person in British India who helps to make the profits and the person outside British India who receives or realises his profits, such relationship does constitute a business
connection". Vide also the observations in Bangalore Woollen, Cotton and Silk Mills Go. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras (3). The words "where a person not resident in the taxable territories carries on busi-
ness with a person resident" in s. 42(2) must be similarly interpreted, and a non-resident should be held to carry on business with a residept, if the deal- ings between them form concerted and organised
activities of a business character. We are accordingly of opinion that, on the facts found, the non-resident Companies must be held to have carried on business with the appellant as provided in s. 42(2).
(1) [1935] 3 I..T.R. 395. (2) [1953] S.C.R. 454. (3) [1950] 18 I.T.R. 423; 433: 4;4· [1959] rgsB It was argued that the result of this arrangement was only to reduce the repairing charges and enable
Mazagaon h h b Dock Led. t e non-resident Companies tot ere y make a saving; v. that that was not profit or gains of a business liable to The Commissioner be taxed under the Act, and the decisions in Tennant of Income-tax & v. Smith(') and In re Major John (2) were cited in sup- Excess P•ofits Tax port of this position. But, as already held by us, the Venkataram•
subject-matter of the tax under s. 42(2) is the business Aiyar J. of the resident and not that of the non-resident, and what we have to decide is not whether the non- resident Companies made profits in their dealings
with the appellant but whether what they did was business, and for that purpose it is immaterial that the business was carried on by them in such manner that no profits could accrue to them therefrom. Vide the
observations of Coleridge C. J. at p. 113 in Commis- sioners of Inland Revenue v. Incorporated Council of Law Reporting (3). The fact therefore that the non- resident Companies could derive no profits from the
dealings with the appellant· would not detract from their character as business with the appellant. This contention must, therefore, be rejected. It was finally contended that the profits chargeable
under s. 42(2) must be separately assessed and not add- ed on to the other profits or income of the appellant. This contention is based on the assumption that s. 42(2) imposes on the appellant, a vicarious liability,
the charge being in reality on the profits of the non- resident. On our finding that the charge is on the business of the appellant and not of the non-resident Companies, this contention does not survive.
In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed . (1) [1892]• 3 Tax Cas. 158. (2) (1938] 6 I.T.R. 434 . • (3) [1888] 3 Tax Cas. 105. l