Virendra v. The State of ~Punjab and Another Das C, J. September6 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19581 section. It is surprising how in the same statute the two sections came to be worded differently.
For reasons stated above petition No. 95 of 1957 (Virendra v. The State of Punjab) which impugns the Notifications issued under s. 2(l)(a) must be dismissed and petition No. 96 of 1957 (K. Narendra v. The State
of Punjab) which challenges s. 3 must be allowed. In the circumstances of these cases we make no order as to the costs of these applications. Petition No. 95 of 1957 dismissed. Petition No. 96 of 1957 allowed.
MOBARIK ALI AHMED v. THE STATE OF BOMBAY (JAGANNADHADAS, JAFER GOVINDA MENON IMAM JJ.) and Criminal Law-Foreigner-Resident outside India-Offence committed in India-Conviction by Indian Court under the Indian Penal Code-Legality-Offender extradited and brought to India- Arrest for a fresh offence and conviction-Validity-Charge under s. 420 read with s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code-Conviction under s. 420 a/one-Legality-Extradition Act, 1870 (44 & 34 Viet. c. 52), s. 3 (2)-Fugitive Offenders Act, 1881 (44 & 45 Viet. c. 69), s. 8- Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860), ss. 2, 34, 420.
The appellant, a Pakistani national doing business in Karachi, was convicted of the offence of cheating under s. 420 of the Indian Penal Code. The prosecution case was that with a dishonest intention he made false representations
to the ci>mplainant at Bombay through letters, telegrams and telephone talks, that he had ready stock of rice, that he had reserved shipping space and on receipt of money he would be in a position to ship the rice forthwith, and that the complainant who was anxious to import rice urgently sent the amount to the appellant on the belief of such representations. It was contended for the appellant that the conviction was sad on the grounds inter alia {I) that he was a Pakistani national who, during the entire period of the commission of the offence, never stepped into India and was only at Karachi and that he could ·not be tried by an Indian Court nor be punishable under the Indian Penal Code, (2) that he S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPOR.'.fS was brought over from England, where he happened to be, by virtue of ex~radition .proceedings in c<;mn~ctioa wit~ another MobarikA/i Ahmid offence the tnal for which was then pendmg m the Sess10ns Court v.
at Bombay, and that he could not be validly tried and convicted The"Btate of for a different offence like the present, and (3) that the charge Bomhay being one under s. 420 read with s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code for alleged conjoint acts of himself along with three others and those three not being before the Court, and himself not having , been in Bombay at the time, the conviction was unsustainable. Held : (I) that, on the facts, all the ingredients constituting the offence of' cheating under s. 420 of the Indian Penal Code having occurred in Bombay, the offence was committed there and that, though the appellant 'was not corporeally present in India at the time of the commission of the offence, his conviction under the Indian Penal Code was valid in view of the terms of s. 2 of the Code;
(2) that, as the appellant was surrendered to the Indian authorities under the Fugitive Offenders Act, 1881, and there was no provision in that Act preventing arrest in India for the purpose of a trial in respcet of a fresh offence, his
conviction following upon his trial was valid. H. N. Rishbud v. The State of Delhi, (1955) 1 S.C.R. 1150, relied on. (3) that the conviction of the appellant of the offence of s. 420 was valid, though the charge was one under s. 420 read with s. 34. as the actual findings in the case could support a con- viction under s. 420 itself.
Willie (William Slaney) v. The State of Madhya Pradesh, (1955) 2 S.C.R. 1140, relied on. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 200of1956. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and
order dated July 20, 1954, of the Bombay High Co11rt in Criminal Appeal No. 1596 of 1953, arising out of the judgment and order dated September 23, 1953, of the Court of the Additional
Chief Presidency Magistrate, 3rd Court, Esplanade, Bombay, in Case No. 31/W of 1953. A. P. Gandhi and J.B. Dadachanji, for the appellant. H. J: Umrigar and R. H. Dhebar, for the respondent..
1957. September 6. The following Judgment of the Court was delivered by S.UPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] l\GANNADHAOAS .1.-This is an appeal by special """w;k Ali Ah11wd leave. The appellant before us was convicted by the
The I;,,,. 01 learned Presidency Magistrate, Third Court, Esplanade, nomhay Bombay, for the offence of cheating under s. 420 read with s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code on three counts of
[J;.'111111ad/!ada.•· J. cheating, vi:: .. the first relating to a sum of Rs. 81,000, the second relating to a sum of Rs. 2.30,000, and the third relatin!~ to a sum 01· Rs. 2.36.900.
He was sentenced by- the learned Magistrate to two years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. l ,000 on the first count, to twenty-two months rigorous imprison- ment and a fine of Rs. 1,000 on the second count, and
two months rigorous imprisonment on the third count. It was directed that the substantive sentences only on the second and third counts are to run concurrently. The prosecution was initiated on a private complaint
filed by one Luis Antonio Correa on June 30, I 952, against four persons of whom the appellant was designated therein as the first accused and one Sa ntram as the fourth accused and two other persons,
A. A. Rowji and S. A. Rowji, as second and third accused respectively. Bailable warrants were issued against all the four by the learned Magistrate but it appears that warrants could not be executed against
accused 2, 3 and 4. They were reported as absconding. The trial was accordingly separated as against them and proceeded only as against (the first accused) the appellant herein. The convictions and sentences have
been confirmed on appeal by the High Court at Bombay. ~he complainant is a businessman from Goa and was the director of a Ji.rm in Goa which was trading in the name of Colonial Limitada doing
business in import and export. At the relevant time there was severe scarcity of rice in Goa. The complainant was accordingly anxious to import rice urgently into Goa. He got into touch with a friend of his by name Rosario
Carvalho in Bomhay who was doing business as a commission agent. Carvalho in his turn got into touch with one Jasawalla who was also doing business of con:mission agent at Bombay in the name of Universal
Supply Corporation. This Jasawalla was previously S.C.R. in correspondence with the appellant about business in rice. The appellant was at the time in Karachi and Mobarik Ali Ahme<i was doing business in the name of Atlas Industrial and
v. The State oj Trading Corporation and also in the name of Ifthiar Bombay Ahmed & Co. The telegraphic address of the complain- , _,. , f ll .agan11ac111aCtOs ant was Colodmgco and that o the appe ant was
Ifthy. As a result of exchange of telegrams, letters and telephone messages between Jasawalla and the appellant on one side, Jasawalla and the complainant on. the other, followed up by direct contacts between
the appellant and the complainant through telephone, telegrams and letters, a contraet was brought about for purchase, by the complainant from the appellant, of 1,200 tons of rice at the rate of£ 51 per ton. to be
shipped from Karachi to Goa. The contract appears originally to have been for payment of the price in sterling at Karachi. But it is the prosecution case (which has been accepted by both the courts below)
that a subsequent arrangement was arrived at between the parties by which the payment was to be made in Bombay in Indian currency, in view of the difficulties experienced in opening a letter of credit in a Bank at
Karachi through the Portuguese Bank at Goa. It is also the prosecution case, which has been accepted, that the understanding was that 25 % of the price was to be paid as advance by the complainant to Jasawalla
as the agent of the appeJlant for this purpose and that on receiving intimation thereof the appellant was to ship the rice and that the balance of the purchase money was to be paid on presentation of the shipping
documents. It appears that at a later stage the quantity of rice to be ·supplied was raised to 2,000 tons and advance to be paid to 50 % of the total stipulated price. It is also the prosecution case that the appellant
represented at various stages by telephone talks, telegrams, and letters, to Jasawalla as well as to the complainant directly that he had adequate stock of rice and that he had reserved shipping space in certain
steamers which were about to leave for Goa and that he was in a position to ship the rice on being satisfied · that the requisite advance was paid. It is in evidence that on receiving such assurances, the complainant
[1958) 195: paid moneys as shown below to Jasawalla and obtain- Mobarik Ali Ahmeded receipts from him, purporting to be the agent of the The ~late of appellant. Bombay 1. On July 23, 1951
Rs. 81,000 lagannadhadas J. 2. On August 28, 1951 Rs. 2,30,000 3. On August 29, 19.51 Rs. 2,36,900 All these amounts are held to have been received by the appellant in due course. It is admitted, however,
that no rice was in fact shipped to the complainant and the amounts have not been returned back to the complainant. The defence of the appellant is to the effect that the amounts were not in fact paid to any
person who was his agent and not in fact received by him at all and that he was unable to supply the rice as the complainant did not comply with the terms of the contract by opening a letter of credit at Karachi
or paying him in Pakistani currency. This defence has not been accepted and the appellant has been found guilty as charged by the courts below. He was therefore convicted and sentenced as above stated.
ft is necessary to set out somewhat in detail the essential facts held to have been proved by the courts below to appreciate the legal contentions that have been urged before us. As previously stated, the cgm-
plainant got into touch with his friend Carvalho of Bombay to help him in getting rice for consumption in Goa and Carvalho in turn contracted Jasawalla for the purpose. Before that time, Jasawalla, in the course of
his usual business, had received a letter, Ex. 0, dated June 5, 1951, from the appellant offering that he would be prepared to do business in rice if a letter of credit is opened or cash payment is made in Karachi.
Carvalho came to know of this from Jasawalla and informed the complainant. Jasawalla also wrote a letter to the complainant. The complainant sent a telegram showing his willingness to open credit, if
1,200 tons of rice could be shipped to Goa. Jasawalla wrote a letter, Ex. P, dated June 6, 1951, to the appellant quoting the telegram of the complainant and asking for an offer. The appellant by his letter
dated June 10 to Jasawalla, offered to supply as S.C.R. much rice as he wanted and demanded 25 % cash payment as advance. After ~ome tripartite corres- Mobarik Ali Ahmed pondence, the appellant by his letter dated June 26,
v. agreed to accept money in Bombay at the price of The State 01 £ 51 per ton of rice. Jasawalla by 'telegram dated Bombay July 5, 1951, informed the appellant that the Goalaga11nadhadas J.
party accepted the 25 % arrangement. The appellant by a letter dated July 7, accepted the offer but wanted 50 % deposit and gave time till the 10th, suggesting that since the rice was scarce the deal must be finished
at once. Jasawalla intimated this to the complainant and asked him to start at once with money and informed him that if there was delay the party at .the other end would claim damages. The appellant did
not get any information for the next few days. He accordingly sent one Santram (accused 4 in the ·complaint) to Bombay as his agent for discussing the matter in question and authorising him to fix the deal
on the spot. Santram appears to have fixed the bargain for shipping 1,200 tons of rice on the complainant paying an advance sum of Rs. 1,50,000 at Bombay as 25 % deposit towards the price of the
said 1,200 tons of rice. On receipt of this information the appellant wrote a letter dated July 12, to Jasawalla wherein he confirmed the arrangement arrived at by Santram. Jasawalla
was thereupon taken by. Santram to accused 2 and 3. They were introduced to him as the agents of the appellant who were to receive the moneys in this transaction on appellant's behalf. At the same time the appellant
was also writing letters to Jasawalla which seem to indicate that he was trying to shift his position by asking for 50 % as advance deposit. For a few days thereafter the complainant did not turn up at Bombay
with the funds and the appellant by his telegram dated July 16, asked Jasawalla why there is no further infor- mation about the transaction. By a telegram dated July 17, he informed J asawalla that S. S. Olinda was
sailing in a few days and that it would be too late to ship the rice and that the matter should be hurried up. On July 18, the complainant sent a telegram to Jasawalla informing him that he -was coming with
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] 19s1 funds and that if the rice was not sl11pped it may be MobarikAH A/1111edshipped by SS. Olinda which was about to start on July 21. The appellant also sent a telegram to
r11~0~;r,;~ of Jasawalla on July 18, asking why the deal was not coming on and that he had already reserved space by .loga1111adhmlas J. f h 21 O J 1 19 )J the steamer o t e st. n u y
agam asawa a received a telegram from the appellant informing him definitely that space was reserved in the steamer. The complainant also sent a telegram to Jasawalla on the same day informing him that he was coming and that
at least 500 tons must be shipped at once. The complainant arrived at Bombay on July 20. The indent, Ex. A, was prepared in triplicate and signed by the complainant on the same day.
The complainant brought cheques and drafts to the tune of Rs. 81,000. It would appear that at this stage the complainant was asking that he should be allowed (for the time being) to deposit only Rs. 50,000 as deposit for a ship-
ment of 500 tons. But appellant insisted that Rs. 1,50,000 should be paid as advance for 1,200 tons. On or about July 21, the appellant sent a letter to Jasawalla with a pro-forma receipt for Rs. 1,50,000
signed by him to be made use of by Jasawalla in what- ever manner he thought proper in connection with the transaction then under way. The said receipt was shown to the complainant who was shown also the
other correspondence that was received from the appellant. Jasawalla by his letter dated July 22, to the appellant confirmed the shipment of the deal of 1,200 tons of rice and intimated that some portion of
the money was immediately ready and some portion would be brought in a day or two, totalling over Rs. 80,000 and that the balance would be paid after hearing about shipment of 1,200 tons.
This was agreed to by the appellant. On July 23, Jasawalla telephoned to the appellant that he was going to pay the money to accused 2 as directed by the appellant. In the afternoon of that very day the parties went to
the office of accused 2 and there was again a further conversation on the phone with the appellant who, on. the phone, conveyed the assurance that payment to accused 2 would be as good as payment to himself.
S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS The complainant and Carvalho were hearing both the morning and afternoon talks between the appeHant Mobarik Ali Ahmed and Jasawalla, on a second line. Thereupon the
Th s complainant paid the sum of Rs. 81,000 to Jasawalla ~o,:b~~ of who passed a receipt (Ex. B) therefor on behalf of the , d'h d Jl d h · J d ~aganna a as appe ant an t e saio amount was
passe on' to accused 2. The fact of this payment was intimated to the appellant by telephone as well as by a telegram. A letter was also written on July 24 to the appellant referring to the telephone calls and
telegram and informing him that the amount was paid. He was also asked therein to ship the rice at once promising that the balance will be paid in a week. On July 23 itself the appellant sent a telegram saying that he
had received the messages and was trying to book 1,000 tons. According to the prosecution case the appellant having received the sum of Rs. 81,000 as above, changed his front from July 24, 1951. The
facts ·held to have been proved in respect of this change of front may now be stated. On July 24, 1951, the appellant sent to Jasawalla a telegram mentioning difficulties created by the
Exchange Controller in shipping the goods. When Jasawalla conveyed his protest and insisted upon the shipping of the goods at once, the appellant sent a telegram on July 25, informing him that the difficul-
ties ·were of a minor character and that the space for shipping was already booked. Jasawalla by his telegram of the same date asked for confirmation of loading of 1,200 tons by S.S. Olinda and requested
him. that if the full quantity could not be loaded, a portion thereof might be sent immediately. The appellant by his letter dated July 26, acknowledged Jasawalla's letter dated 23rd (informing him to about
the payment of Rs. 81,000) and intimated that the rice would be shipped by the next steamer S.S. Umaria sailing for Malaya and that the said steamer can touch Goa if the quantity of rice to be shipped
is raised to 2,000 tons. By a letter dated July 26, Jasawalla protested against the new condition. The complainant sent a letter dated July 27, to Jasawalla asking whether the rice was shipped by S.S. Olinda
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] or not. On July 27, the appellant sent a telegram to .'ifobadk Ali AhmedJasawalla asking for bank-guaragtee (for payment of 11., ~tate 01 balance). Jt does not appear that any question of
Bombay bank-guarantee was raised in the correspondence .!.igmmadhadas J. between the parties, after Santram (accused 4) fixed up the deal on the footing of payment of advance of Rs. 1.50.000, in cash
at Bombay by way of 25 ~;. deposit. On receiving this letter raising the question of bank-guarantee, Jasawalla wrote back on the 27th to the appellant about the change of front and charging
him with cheating and not fulfilling his part of the contract after receiying the money. By a letter dated July 30 and also a telegram of the same date the appellant replied to Jasawalla wherein he promised
to send the rice by S.S. Umarai and also threatened to break off negotiations if the parties had no confidence in him. Jasawalla thereupon asked the appellant by telegram to fix the sailing date of S.S.
Umaria and inform him. The appellant wrote back on August l, admitting receipt of letters from Jasawalla and attempting to pacify him. Jasawalla replied thanking him and asked for a clear date of the
sailing of S.S. Umaria. By that time Jasawalla had made enquiries with Mackinons & .Mackenzie (shipping agents) and was informed that no shipping space had been reserved by the appellant and found the state-
ment of the appellant in this behalf to be false. Jasawalla sent copies of this correspondence between him and the appellant to the complainant. That correspondence indicated the appellant's position to
be that the rice would be shipped by S.S. Umaria only if the load could be increased to 2,000 tons and that the appellant stated that he got the sailing of S. S. Umarai delayed by two days for the purpose.
The complainant thereupon informed Jasawalla that he was prepared to accept the new deal for 2,000 tons. Jasawalla by his telegram dated August 2, to the appellant confirmed this new arrangement and by
another telegram dated August 3, asked the appellant to hurry up with the shipment. Thereafter the appellant raised a fresh matter. On August 6, the appellant sent a direct telegram to the complainant
S.C.R. and asked him to request the Portuguese Pro-Consul 19~ at Karachi to obtain exchange~guarantee. Between Mobarik Ali Ahmed August 7 and 12, several letters and telegrams passed
Th ~tat 1 between the complainant and Jasawalla on the one 'Iwmba~ hand and the appellant on the other. As a result of J'. dh-cl efforts made in this interval, it appears that the Pro-
aganna u us · Consul, Mr. Alphonso, was prepared to give the exchange-guarantee of the State Bank of Pakistan for payment in.sterling of the price of rice. The appellant then by his letter dated
August 13, informed Jasawalla that the State Bank was not insistirrn on exchange-guarantee but that it would be sufficient if a certificate was issued by the Portuguese authority that the rice
was required for replenishing the ration shops in Goa. A similar letter was .also written by the appellant on August 14, to the complainant. Thereupon the complainant and Jsawalla approached the concerned authority at Goa,
viz., one Mr. Campos, the Trade Agent to the Portuguese Government. Mr. Campos thereupon sent telegram on August 16, to the State Bank of Pakistan, to the Pro-Consul, Mr. Alphonso, and to the appellant certi-
fying that rice was required for replenishing the ration shops in Goa. After this there was a further change of tactics by the appellant. By a telegram dated August 20, 1951, the appellant informed the
complainant that the papers before the Government were ready and that he had done his best but that payment must be made. In reply the complainant sent a telegram to the appel- lant on the same date stating that he did not under-
stand the contents of his telegram and promised to send the balance on loading. The complainant also informed Jasawalla about these telegrams exchanged between him and the appellant. This was followed up
by some further correspondence between the parties on August 22. The appellant sent telegrams both to the complainant and to Jasawalla demanding 90 % deposit as advance and threatened to break off if it was not
complied with. Thereupon Jasawalla sent a telegram on the 22nd to the complainant to come to Bombay. He informed the appellant the same day that the M2SC/61-3 [1958] i957 complainant was coming down to Bombay to arrange
,\fobar;k AN Al111ie<1for 50 % deposit and asked the appellant to start load- v. ing. On the 24th he wrote also a letter to the appel- 111~ State of Bombay ]ant to the effect that the complainant would pay 50 %
Iii J advance minus the amount already paid and informed ""w"'"' "''"'' · him that the complainant would fly to Karachi. to supervise the loading. The appellant thereupon 5ent a telegram dated the 25th informing Jasawa!la that
everything was ready but hinted about the opening of a Jetter of credit. Again on August 27, the appellant sent a telegram to Jasawalla that stocks could not be released unless the arrangement was fulfilled, i.e., 90 %
amount was paid. The complainant came to Bombay with drafts and cheques to the tune of about Rs .. 4,75,000 and contacted Jasawalla. He contacted also the appellant on phone. He paid the sum of
Rs. 2,30,000 on August 28, 1951, to Jasawalla who passed a receipt. Ex. F, therefor, on behalf of the appellant. On August 29, the complainant paid another sum of Rs. 2,36,900 to Jasawalla who passed
a receipt, Ex. G, therefor, on behalf of the appellant. 1t is the case of the prosecution that both these were also passed on to the second accused and through him to the appellant and that the appellant acknowledged
receipt of these amounts in his correspondence and that case has been also accepted. On the 29th itself the appellant sent a telegram to Jasawalla as follows; "Part consignment received, rest tomorrow, Penta-
kota for the I st certain goods required alongside." On receiving this telegram Jasawalla informed him by a telegram dated August 31, that he was shocked that no space was reserved, though everything had been
done on his side. The appellant sent a reply by tele- gram dated September l, 1951, protesting against the language used by Jasawalla in the telegram and infor- med him that space was reserved but the Company
could not wait as the goods could not be shipped. On September 5, the appellant informed Jasawalla by a letter that space was reserved by S.S. Pentakota and that everything was ready for shipment.
Meanwhile the complainant feeling very nervous and anxious about the fulfilment of the transaction proceeded in S.C.R. person to Karachi on September 4. According to the complainant he stayed at Karachi for about two weeks.
He was shown some godowns containing rice bags Mobarik Ali Ahmed suggesting that they belonged to the appellant and The ~rare of were ready for shipment. But he was not afforded Bombay
any opportunity for verifying that the stock was Jaga111iadhada1 J. intended for shipment in respect of his . transaction. The complainant went to Karachi on a Visa for three months. But after a stay of less than two weeks he
was served with a quit-order from the Pakistan Government on September 18, and was bundled out of Karachi. It is the complainant's impression that this was manoeuvred by the appellant. On his return back,
correspondence was again resumed between the appel- lant and the complainant. By a letter dated Septem- ber 21, the appellant promised to ship the goods by S.S. Ismalia which would not be sailing in September
but would leave on October 3. On September 23, the appellant sent another letter stating that S.S. Ismalia was arriving 011 October 3 and not on September 26. On October 3, the appellant wrote another letter to the
complainant informing him that S.S. Jsmalia was not available. The complainant thereafter sent a telegram to the appellant dated September 29, calling upon him to ship the goods by S.S. Shahjehan if S.S. Ismalia was
not available. The complainant by a further letter dated October I, called upon the appellant to ship the rice at once. By a telegram dated October 2, the appellant informed the complainant that S.S. Shah-
jehan was arriving the next day and that he would wire the position. By his telegram dated the 3rd, he informed the complainant that the loading had commenced. On October 6, the complainant received
another telegram from the appellant that he would not ship per S.S. Shahjehan until demands in his letter dated September 29 are complied with. It is the complainant's case that no such letter was ever
received by him. Jasawalla also informed the appel- lant that no letter dated September 29 was received. By telegram dated October 8, 1951, Jasawalla called upon the appellant to refund the money and cancel the
contract. On October 12, the appellant sent a telegram SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958 ] ~:2 which conveyed a suggestion that he would ship rice Mobarik Ali Ahmed by S.S. Shahjehan arriving on October 19, instead of The ~tate of
Octob~.r 9. There were som_e further telegrams exchang- Bombay ed. Fmally the complamant sent a telegram on Jagannadhadas J. October 26, calling upon the appellant to ship rice immediately or refund the money.
This was followed by further exchange of correspondence which ultimately resulted in a letter by the appellant to the complainant dated November 17, denying all the allegations made
against him. The above facts were held to have been proved by the courts below on the basis of good deal of corres- pondence between the parties consisting of telegrams. and letters and supported by the oral evidence mainly
of three persons, viz., (1) the complainant, (2) Jasa- walla, and (3) an ex-employee of the appellant at Karachi by name Sequeria. All this evidence has been accepted by the courts below after full considera-
tion of the various comments and criticisms against acceptability of the same: Jn a case of this kind a question may well arise at the outset whether the evidence discloses only a breach
of civil liability or a criminal offence. That of course would depend upon whether the complainant in parting with his money to the tune of about Rs. 5~ Jakhs acted on the representations of the appellant and in belief of
the truth thereof and whether those representations, when made were in fact false to the knowledge of the appellant and whether the appellant had a dishonest intention from the outset. Both the courts below have
found these facts specifically against the appellant in categorical terms. These being questions of fact are no longer open to challenge in this Court before us in an appeal on special leave.
Learned counsel for the appellant accordingly raised before us the following contentions: I. The appellant is a Pakistani national, who, during the entire period of the commission of the
offence never stepped into India and was only at Karachi. Hence he committed no offence punishable under the Indian Penal Code and cannot be tried by an Indian Court. S.C.R. 2. The appellant was brought over from England,
19s7 where he happened to be, by virtue of extradition Mobarikiii Ahmed proceedings in connection with another offence, the The ~tate 01 trial for which was then pending in the Sessions Court
· Bombay at. Bombay an? accordingly. he could not b~ validly Jagannadhadas J. tned, and convicted for a different offence hke the present. 3. The various telegrams and letters relied upon
by the prosecution were held to have been proved on legally inadmissible material. 4. The charge being under s. 420 read with s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code for alleged conjoint acts of
the appellant along with the persons designated as accused 2, 3 and 4, in the complaint and the said three accused not being before the Court and the appellant not having been in Bombay at the time, the conviction
is unsustainable. We have heard elaborate arguments on all these matters but have felt satisfied that there is no substance in contentions 2, 3 and 4 above. Accordingly we did not call upon the counsel for the State to reply to the
same. It is, therefore, unnecessary to deal with them at any length. They will be disposed of in the first instance. To understand c,ontention 3, it is convenient to take the letters and telegrams separately. The letters which
have been relied on for the prosecution fall under the following categories. 1. Letters from the appellant either to Jasawalla or to the complainant. 2. Letters to the appellant from Jasawalla or the
complainant. Most of the letters from the appellant relied upon bear what purport to be his signatures. A few of them are admitted by the appellant. There are also a few letters without signatures. Both the complainant and
Jasawalla speak to the signatures on the other letters. The objection of the learned counsel for the appellant is that neither of them has actually seen the appellant write any of the letters nor are they shown to have
such intimate acquaintance with his correspondence, [ 1958} as to enable them to speak to the genuineness of these ,\foharik Ali Ahmed signatures. Learned trial Judge as well as the learned
v. Judges of the High Court have found that there were Th~ State of Dombay sufficient number of admitted or proved letters which might well enable Jasawalla and the complainant to
Jagannadhadas J. f identify the signatures o the appellant in the disputed letters. They also laid stress substantially on the contents of the various letters, in the context of the
other letters and telegrams to which they purport to be replies and which form the chain of correspondence as indicating the genuineness of the disputed letters. Learned counsels objected to this approach on a ques-
tion of proof. We are, however, unable to see any objection. The proof of the genuineness of a docu- ment is proof of the authorship of the document and is proof of a fact like that of any other fact. The evidence relating thereto may be direct or circumstantial. It
may consist of direct evidence of a person who saw the document being written or the signature being affixed. lt may be proof of the handwriting of the contents, or of the signature, by one of the
modes provided in ss. 45 and 47 of the Indian Evidence AcL It may also be proved by internal evidence afforded by the contents of the documents. This last mode of proof by the contents may be of considerable value
where the disputed document purports to be a link in a chain of correspondence, some links in which are proved to the satisfaction of the court. In such a situation the person who is the recipient of the docu-
ment, be it either a letter or a telegram, would be in a reasonably good position both with reference to his prior knowledge of the writing or the signature of the alleged sender. limited though it may be, as also his
knowledge of the subject matter of the chain of corres- pondence, to speak to its authorship. In an appropriate case the court may also be in a position to judge whether the document constitutes a genuine link in the
chain of correspondence and thus to determine its authorship. We are unable, therefore, to say that the approach adopted by the courts below in arriving at the conclusion that the letters are genuine is open to
. any serious legal objection. The question, if any, can S.C.R. only be as to the adequacy of the material on which the conclusion as to the genuineness of the letters is Mobartk Ali Ahm<d arrived at. That however is a matter which we cannot
v. The Stale of permit to be canvassed before us. Bombay A few of the letters said to have been received from , IL d h d b d b h. JOgannatma as t e appe ant, as state a ove, o not ear is signa-
tures. These were held to have been proved by the circumstantial evidence as pointed out and we see no objection thereto. The next objection is as regards the letters said to have been sent by Jasawalla and the complainant to
the appellant. Jasawalla and the complainant have produced copies of the originals. It has been conten- ded that these copies are inadmissible. But such a con- tention is obviously untenable. The appellant cannot
be expected to produce them, if true, since he disputes them. There is also the eividence of his ex-employee, Sequeria, that the originals were received but taken away by his son. The main contention in respect of
these letters is that there is no proof that they were received by the appellant at Karachi. It is contended that .evidence given by either Jasawalla or the com- plainant that the originals were written and post~d is
not relevant to show that the same have been received. lt is urged that the proof of mere posting of a letter is not presumptive evidence of the receipt thereof by the addressee unless there is also proof that the original
has not been returned from the Dead Letter .Office. Illustration (b) to s. 16 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, is relied on for the purpose and it is urged that a combination of the two facts is- required to raise such
a presumption. We are quite clear that the illustra- tion only means that each one of these facts is relevant. It cannot be read as indicating that without a combi- nation of these facts no presumption can arise. Indeed
that section with the illustrations thereto has nothing to do with presumptions but only with relevance. Some cases relating to this have been Cited before us. We have considered the same but it is unnecessary to
deal with them. Next taking the question relating to telegrams the main objection is as to the proof of the genuineness of [1958] the various telegrams said to have been received from
Mobarik Ali Ahmed the appellant. In this case since we are largerly v. concerned with the nature and contents of the repre- Thfi.~t!~ 01 sentations said to have been made by the accused to
the complainant or to Jasawalla, it is obvious that Jagannadhadas J. what are relevant or important are the telegraphic messages delivered to the complainant or Jasawalla provided the authorship of the original is made out.
These messages have been proved by producing the messages actually handed over to either of these persons or the transit copies of the originals recorded at the receiving end. The real objection, however, appears to
be that there is no proof as to the appellant having been the author of these messages. It is true that under s. 88 of the Evidence Act there is a presumption only that the message received by the addressee corresponds with
the message delivered for transmission at the office of origin. There is no presumption as to the person who delivered such as messa~e for transmission. But here again proof of authorship of the message need not be
direct and may be circumstantial as has been explained above in the case of letters. The contents of the message received, in the context of the chain of correspondence may well furnish proof of the author-
ship of the messages at the dispatching end. A number of other minor objections have been also raised before us connected with the proof of these telegrams. They have all been fully dealt with by dne of the learned
Judges of the High Court.. Most of these objections are unsubstantial and it is enough to say that we are in general agreement with the conclusions of the High Court in this matter.
As regards both the letters and the telegrams considerable argument was attempted before us as to the mode in which they were let in for proof in the course of the examination of the witnesses.
But in the absence of any clear indication on the record that any objection in that behalf was seriously taken, we could not permit any challenge in this behalf. We may add that as regards the main objection both
in respect of letters as well as telegrams, viz., the use of the contents of the disputed documents, for proof thereof there is this that could be said, viz., in view of the fact that quite a large number of the documentSMobarakAliAhmed are not admitted and only a few have be~n held to be
The !,·, 1 admitted or indubitably proved it may have been a s:mi:/ question open before the Court of appeal whether the " -;;;o;;;d internal evidence with reference to such a large mass
agann as • of correspondence substantial portion of which is disputed was adequate to arrive · at a satisfactory conclusion as to the genuineness of these documents. That question is not open before us. But even if we
were inclined to go into this, it was well nigh impos- sible, having regard to the fact that most of the docu- ments relied upon by the trial court as well as the appellate court have not been printed in the record
before us. However, there is no reason to think that the learned judges who have considered the matter very elaborately have not come to a satisfactory conclusion. They have acted not merely on the
internal evidence of the documents but also on the oral evidence of three main witnesses, viz., the com• plainant, Jasawalla and Sequeria, each set of evidence having been considered as affirmative of the other and
in the aggregate as proving the authorship of the disputed documents. The fourth contention raised by the appellant's counsel relates to the validity of the conviction under s. 420/34 of the Indian Penal Code. ,Learned counsel
argued that persons designated as accused 2, 3 and 4 in the complaint, were all in Bombay and the appellant in Karachi and that therefore no conjoint offence could be committed by them within the mean~
ing of s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code. He relies upon the dictum in Shreekantiah Ramayya Munipalli v. The State of Bombay (1) to the effect that it is essential that the accused should join in the "actual doing"
of the act and not merely in planning its perpetration. We do not think that that case or the dictum therein relied on, have any bearing on the facts of the present case. It is also necessary to observe that what in fact
has been found in this case is the commission of the offence by the appellant himself. Through the trial Magistrate and one of the learned Judges of the High (!) (1955) 1 S.l.R:. 1177, n88
·[1958] Court referred to the conviction as a conviction unde 1\tol>arli:Ai!A111nedS. 420/34 of the Indian Penal Code, the actual findings the ,;~te of support a convictiol)- <;>f the appellant under s. 420
Bombay itself. Such a conv1ct10n would be valid though the JaJmmadhadas J. charge is under s. 420 read with s. 34 of the Indian Penal Code, (See Willie (William) Slaney v. The State
of Madhya Pradesh ('), unless prejudice is shown to have occurred. Thus there is no substance in contentions 3 and 4. Contention No. 2 arises under the following circum- stances. It appears that the appellant was previously
undergoing trial in the Court of the Sessions Judge at Bombay for the offences of forgery and fraud and was on bail in connection with the trial. While thus on bail he fled away first to Pakistan and from there to
England. The Indian authorities made an applica- tion to the Metropolitan Magistrate, Bow Street, under the Fugitive Offienders Act, for his being arrest- ed and surrendered. That application was granted
by the Magistrate. Thereupon the appellant moved the Queens Bench Division of the High Court in England for a writ of habeas corpus challenging the validity of his arrest and surrender to the Indian
authorities. Judgement of Lord Goddard C.J. dealing with this matter is reported as Re. Government of India and Mubarak Ali Ahmed ('). The application was dismissed and the. order for surrender made under
the Fugitive Offenders Act was upheld. It appears that when he was brought back to Bombay and was in jail custody with reference to the resumed sessions trial, the complainant got to know about it and filed
his complaint on June 30, 1952. The Presidency Magistrate took it on his file and issued warrant against the accused and had him brought up before his court in due course for trial (presumably after the
sessions trial was completed). The objection raised before us is that the appellant having been surrender- ed by the order of the Metropolitan Magistrate only for the sessions trial which was pending against him
in Bombay, he could not be tried for any other offence said to have been committed by him in India. (1) [1955] 2 S.C.R. 1 qo (2) (1952) I A.U.E.R. !000 S.C.R. Learned counsel relies on s. 3(2) of the English Extradi-
ti on Act, 1870 (33 & 34 Viet. c. 52) which shows that Mobarik Ali Ahmed it is contemplated thereby that a fugitive criminal Th 8v. if' who has been surrendered under the Extradition Act
~01~'f:/ in respect of a particular offence should· not be tried b d Jagani1adl1adas J. for any other offence unttl he has een restore · or has been given an opportunity of returning. 11his
section, however, has no bearing in the present case, since, as already stated, the appellant was surrendered under the Fugitive. Offenders Act which contains no analogous provision. Section 8 of the Fugitive
Offenders Act only provides for an optional repatria- tion of the surrendered person at his request if he is acquitted of the offence for which he is surrendered. Learned counsel urges that the principle underlying
s. 3(2) of the English Extradition Act is a general one and that it should be applied by analogy also to a surrender under the Fugitive Offenders Act. We are unable to accede to that contention. 1t may also be
mentioned that even if his arrest in India for the, purpose of a trial in respect of a fresh offence is · considered not to be justified, this by itself cannot vitiate the conviction following upon his trial. This
is now well-settled by a series of cases. (See Parbhu v. Empemr C); Lumbhardar Zutshi v. The King (2); and H. N. Rishbud v. The State of Delhi (3). This conten- tion must accordingly be overruled.
We are left, therefore, with the first contention raised by the learned counsel for the appellant which is the only substantial question that has been raised before us requiring careful consideration.
The first contention is raised on the assumption that the appellant is a Pakistani national. At the outset, it may be stated th<it it is doubtful whether in fact the appellant at the time of the offence could be
considered a Pakistani national. The complainant asserted in his complaint, that he came to know the appellant to be an Indian citizen and described him as hailing from Hyderabad (Deccan) and as having
absconded to Pakistan and from there to England. In (1) A.l.R, (1944) P.C. 73, (3) (1955) 1 S,C.R. I150, 1163. (2) A.l.R. (1950) P.C. 26 a long written-statement filed after the prosecution
1fo•wik Ali Ahmct1closed its case, the appellant himself gave details of his v. previous history from the year 1928. He stated that Tiu' State of Bombay he became a Graduate with Honours from the Punjab
Jaqannad!tadas J. University in 1928, that he joined the Indian Finance Service and served in various capacities and at various places, that he ultimately resigned from the Govern-
ment service in 1943 and joined an industrial concern at Hyderabad (Deccan), that he did a lot of business there and that he entered into a large business contract with the Government of Hyderabad, which was revived
by the Military Government after the Police Action. He winds up the narration of his previous history with the following significant statement: "The contract was satisfactorily fulfilled prior to
my migration to Pakistan in July, 1950." This is a categorical statement of the appellant himself which shows that he continued to be in India till July 1950. If so, it appears prima facie that by virtue of
Art. 5 of the Constitution read with Art. 7 thereof, he was a citizen of India on the date of the Constitution and continued to be so at the date of the offence in July-August, 1951, unless he shows that under Art.9
of the Constitution, he voluntarily acquired the citizen- ship of a foreign State. Prima facie mere migration to Pakistan is not enough to show that he had lost Indian citizenship. This question has not been con-
sidered or dealt with in the courts below, probably because it was not properly raised at the early stages. Being a fundamental objection to jurisdiction this should have been raised at the trial by the appellant
(accused), at any rate, soon after the charge was framed. We might well have declined, therefore, to permit the question of jurisdiction in this specific form to be argued before us.
But the learned Judges of the High Court have entertained it and ,dealt with it on the stated assumption that the appellant is a Pakistani national. To overrule the objection at this stage
without finally deciding whether the appellant continues to be an Indian citizen (after remanding for additional finding, if need be,) would not be fair or satisfactory. In the circumstances we have felt it
S.C.R. desirable to allow arguments to proceed on the same assumption which the High Court has made. We, Mobarik Ali Ahmed therefore, proceed to deal with it. Th /· The learned Judges of the High Court decided against
Bo~/,~/1 the objection of the appellant as to the jurisdiction of J. ~ the court to try him for the alleged offence relying on aganna 10 as ·· s. 179 of the Code of Criminal Procedure which provides
as follows: "When a person is accused of the commission of . any offence by reason of anything which has been done, and of any consequence which has ensued, such offence may be inquired into or tried by a Court within
the local limits of whose jurisdiction any such thing has been done, or any such consequence has ensued." In view of the.above provision, the learned Judges say as follows: _ "Even upon the footing that the representations.
were made, or the deception was practised by the appellant, while he was in Pakistan, the consequence of the deception, namely, the delivery of the property, took place in Bombay."
They held that the appellant could, therefore, be tried in Bombay in respect of the delivery of the money in Bombay. The argument of the learned counsel for the appellant is that s. 179 of the Code
of Criminal Procedure proceeds on the assumption that the person to be tried is substantively liable for an offence under the Indian Penal Code and that s. 179 prescribes the place of trial but does not
create the liability. He urges that since the appellant is a Pakistani national who was not physically present at Bombay at any stage of the commission of the offence, the Indian Penal Code has no application to
him. He is therefore not liable for ah offence under the Penal Code and hence is not triable under s, 179 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It appears from s. 5 (1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure that the provisions_
of the said Code relating to the place of trial assume the existence of substantive liability under the Indian Penal Code or under any other law. Section 5(1) says that "all offences under the Indian Penal Code shall
be investigated, inquired into, tried and otherwise dealt [1958] with according to the provisions hereinafter contained." 1foharik Ali Ahmed Now the point raised by the learned counsel is that to v.
if hold a person in the position of appellant substantively Th~0-;,;g~~ liable for the offence charged against him in the J circumstances of this case, would be to give cxtra- iagmmadhadas
· territorial operation to the provisions of the fndian Penal Code. He contends that such extra-territorial operation can only be by reason of specific legislation in this behalf and does not arise from any general
provisions of the Jndian Penal Code. To deal with this contention, it is necessary to appreciate clearly the basic facts found in this ca>e. The offence of cheating under s. 420 of the Penal Code
as defined in s. 415 of the Code has two essential ingredients, viz.,(!) deceit, i.e. dishonest or fraudulent misrepresentation to a person, and (2) the inducing of that person thereby to deliver
property. In the present case the volume of eviderice set out above and the facts found to be true show that the appellant though at Karachi was making representations to the complainant through letters, telegrams and teleph_one
talks, sometimes directly to the complainant and some times through Jasawalia, that he had ready stock of rice, that he had reserved shipping space and that on receipt of money he would be in a position to ship the
rice forthwith. These representations were made to the complainant at Bombay, nothwithstanding that the appellant was making the representations from Karachi. The position is quite clear where the representations
were made through the trunk phone. The statement of the appellant at the Karachi-end of the telephone becomes a representation to the complainant only when it reaches cognition of the complainant at the Bombay-
end. This indeed has not been disputed. It makes no difference in principle if the representations have in some stages been conveyed by telegrams or by letters to the complainant directly or to some one of the
-appellant's agents, including Jasawalia in that cate- gory. There is also no question that it is as a result ofthese representations that the complainant parted with his money to the tune of about Rs. 5l lakhs on
three different dates. It has been found that the S.C.R. representations were made without being supported by the requisite facts and that this was so to the know- Mobarik Ali Ahmed ]edge of the appellant and that the representations
z v. were so made with an initial dishonest intention. On Tino~::~; a.I these facts it is clear that all the ingredients necessary J, for finding the offence of cheating under s. 420 read
agaunaclhadas 1· with s. 415 have occurred at Bombay. In that sense the entire offence was committed at Bombay and not merely the consequence, viz., delivery of money, which was one of the ingredients of the offence. Learned
counsel for the appellant has not seriously contested this position. But he urges that even so the appellant who was not corporeally present in India at the relevant time does not fall within the purview of the Indian
Penal Code. Now there can be no doubt that prima facie the Indian Penal Code is intended to deal with all unlawful acts and omissions defined to be offences and committed within India and to provide for the
punishment thereof of the person or persons found guilty therefor. This is implicit in the preamble and s. 2 of the Indian Penal Code. What is, therefore, to be seen is whether there is any reason to think that a
foreigner not corporeally present at the time of the commission of the offence does not fall within the range of persons punishable therefor under the Code. It appears to us that the answer must be in the negative
unless there is any recognised legal principle on which such exclusion can be founded or the language of the Code compels such a construction. It is strenuously urged that to consider a foreigner guilty under the
Penal Code for an offence committed in India though attributable to him and to punish him therefor in a case where he is not corporeall'.)' present in India for the commission of the offence, would be to give extra-
territorial operation to the Indian Penal Code and that an interpretation which brings such extra-territorial operation must be avoided. The case of the Privy Council in Macleod v. Attorney-General for New South
Wales (1) is relied upon. But this argument is based on a misconception. The fastening of criminal liability on a foreigner in respect of culpable acts or omissions (1) (1091) A.G. 455.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1958] in India which are juridically attributable to him Mubarik Ali Ahmednotwithstanding that he is corporeally present outside ~· 8v. ·' India at the time, is not to give any extra-territorial "" tale o,
h 1 · · · f fli Bombay operation to t e aw; 1or 1t 1s m respect o an o ence, dh ,; / whose locality is in India, that the liability is fastened aganna a as · on the person and the punishment is awarded by the law, if his presence in India for the trial can be s~ured. That this is part of the ordinary jurisdiction of a
Municipal Court is well recognised in the common law of England as appears from Halsbury's Laws of England (Third Edition) Vol. 10, p. 318. Paragraph 580 therein shows that the exercise of criminal jurisdiction at
common law is limited to crimes committed within the territorial limits of England and para. 581 states the jurisdiction in respect of acts outside English territory as follows: "For the purposes of criminal jurisdiction, an act
may be regarded as done within English territory, although the person who did the act may be outside the territory; for instani:e, a person who, being abroad procures an innocent agent or uses the post office to·
commit a crime in England is deemed to commit an act in England. If a person, being outside England, initiates an offence, part of the essential elements of which take effect in England, he is amenable to English
jurisdiction. It appears that even though the persons who has initiated such an offence is a foreigner he can be tried if he subsequently comes to England." Thus the exercise of criminal jurisdiction in such cases.
under the common law is exercise of municipal jurisdic- tion and much more so in a case like the present, where all the ingredients of, the offence occur within the municipal territory.
It would be desirable at this stage to notice certain well-recognised concepts of International Law bearing on such a situation. Wheaton in his book on Elements of International Law (Fourth
Edition) at p. 183, dealing with criminal jurisdiction states as follows: "By the Common Law of England, which has been adopted, in this respect, in the United States, criminal offences are considered as altogether local, and are
S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS justiciable only by the courts of that country where the offence is committed." Mobarik Ali Ahm~d At p. 182 thereof it is stated as follows: The s~~te of
"The judicial power of every independent State, Bombay extends (with the qualifications mentioned earlier) to Jagannadlzadas J. the punishment of all offences against the municipal
laws of the States, by whomsoever committed, within the territory." In Hackworth's Digest of International Law (1941 Edition), Vol. II, at p. 188 there is reference to opinions of certain eminent American Judges. It is enough to
quote the following dictum of Holmes J. noticed therein: "Acts done outside a jurisdiction, but intended to produce and producing detrimental effects within it, justify a State in punishing the cause of the harm as jf
he had been present at the effect, ifthe State should succeed in getting him within its power." In Hyde's International Law (Second Edition), Vol. I, at p. 798, the following quotation from the
judgement of the permanent Court of International Justice dated September 7, 1927, in the case relating to S. S. Lotus (1) is very instructive: "It is certain that the courts of many countries,
even of countries which have given their criminal legislation a strictly territorial character, interpret criminal law in the sense that offences, the· authors of which at the moment of commission are in the territory
of another State, are nevertheless to be regarded as having been committed in the national territory, if one of the constituent elements of the offence, and more especially'its effects, have taken pace there."
This quotation is also noticed in Openheim's Interna- tional Law (Eighth Ed.), Vol. I at p. 332 in the foot- note. In noticing the provisions of International Law in this context we are conscious that what we have to
deal with in the present case is a question merely of municipal law and not of any International La.w. But as is seen above, the principles recognised in (1) ·Publications, Permanent Court of International Justice, Series
A, No. 10, 23. M2SC/61-4 354. [1958] Internati:mal Law in this behalf are virtually Mubarik Ali Ahmed based on the recognition of those principles in the v. municipal law of various
countries and is really Th~;:,'b~/I part of the general jurisprudence relating to criminal responsibility under municipal law. No doubt .Tagannadhadas J. some of the above dicta have reference to offences. actually committed outside the State by foreigners and
treated as offences committed within the State by specific legislation. But the principle emerging there- from is clear that once it is treated as committed with- in the State the fact that he is a foreigner corporeally
present outside at the time of such commission is no objection to the exercise of municipal jurisdiction under the municipal law. This emphasises the princi- ple that exercise of criminal jurisdiction depends on
the locality of the offence and not on the nationality of the alleged offender (except in a few specified cases such as ambassadors, Princes etc.) Learned counsel for the appellant has relied on
various passages in the judgement of Cockburn C.J. in the well-known case The Queen v. Keyn (Fran- conia's case) ('). Fourteen learned Judges participated in that case and the case appears to have been argued
twice. Eight of them including Cockburn C.J. formed the majority. Undoubtedly there are various passages in the judgement of Cockburn C.J. which prima facie seem capable of being urged in favour of the appel-
lant's contention. In particular the following passage at p. 235 may be noticed: "The question is not whether the death of the deceased, which no doubt took place in a British ship,
was the act of the defendant in such ship, bu.t whether the defendant, at the time the act was done, was him- self within British jurisdiction." The learned Chief Justice, however, recognised at
p. 237 that there were certain American decisions to the contrary. Now the main debate in that case was whether the sea up to three mile limit from the shore is part of British territory or whether in respect of such
three mile limit only limited and defined extra-terri- torial British jurisdiction extended which did not (I) (<876) 2 Ex. D. 63. S.C.R. include the µarticular criminal jurisdiction under con-
· !957 sideration. In respect of this question, as a result of Mobarik Aii Ahmed the judgment, the Parliament had to enact the Terri- n sv., >f torial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 1878 (41 &42 Viet., c.73)
'~01~%:/ which in substance overruled the view of the majority J ~-:-, and of the learned Chief Justice on this point. The agl/lm,. "u. , ' • • main principle of criminal jurisdiction, however, relev-
ant for our purpose was enunciated in the minority judgement of Amphlett, J.A., at p. 1118.that "it is the locality of the offence that determines the jurisdiction" implying by contrast that it is not the nationality of
the offender. The question, however, that still remains for con- sideration is whether there is anything in the language of the sectians of the Indian Penal Code relating to the general scheme of the Code which compels the con-
struction the the various sections of the Penal Code are not intended to apply to a foreigner who ,has o committed an offence in India while not being corpo- really present therein at the time.
For this purpose we are not concerned with such of the sections of the Penal Code, if any, which indicate the actual presence of the culprit as a necessary ingredient of the offence.
Of course, for such offences a foreigner exhypothesi not present at the time in India cannnot be guilty. The only general sections of the Indian Penal Code which indicate its scheme in this behalf are ss.2, 3 and 4 and
as they stand at present they are as follows: "2. Every person shall be liable to punishment under this Code and not otherwise for every act or omission contrary to the provisions thereof, of which
he sha11 be guilty within India. 3. Any person liable, by any Indian law, to be tried for an offence committed beyond India shall be dealt with according to the provisions of this Code for
any act committed beyond India in the same manner as if such act had been committed within India. 4. The Provisions of this Code apply also to any offence committed by- (1) any citizen of India in any place without arid
beyond India; 46. [1958) (2) any person on any ship or aircraft registered Mobarik Ali Ahmeain India wherever it may be. v. The Slate of Bombay Jagannadhadas J, Explanation:-In this section the word 'offence'
includes every act committed outside India which, if committed in India, would be punishable under this Code." Sections 3 and 4 deal with offences committed beyond the territorial limits of India and s. 2 obviously and
by contrast refers to offences committed within India. It appears clear that it is s. 2 that has to be looked to determine the liability and punishment of persons who have committed offences within India. The sec-
tion asserts categorically that every person shall be liable to punishment under the Code for every act or omission contrary to the provisions of the Code and of which he shall be guilty within India. This recognises
the. general principle of criminal jurisdiction over persons with reference to the locality of the offence committed by them, being within India. The use of the phrase "every person" in s. 2 as contrasted witl;l.
the use of the phrase "any person" in s. 3 as we11 as s. 4 (2) of the Code is indicative of the idea that to the extent that the guilty for an offence committed within India can be attributed to a person, every such person
without exception is liable for punishment under the Code. Learned counsel for the appellant suggests that the phrase "within India" towards the end of s. 2 must be read with the phrase "every person" at the
commencement thereof. But this is far-fetched and untenable. The plain meaning of the phrase "every person" is that it comprehends all persons without limitation and irrespective of nationality, allegiance,
ranks, status, caste, colour or creed. This section must be understood as comprehending every person without exception barring such as may be specia11y exempt from criminal proceedings or punishment thereunder
by virtue of the Constitution (See Art. 361 (2) of the Constitution) or any statutory provisions or some well- recognised principle of international Jaw, such as foreign sovereigns, ambassadors, diplomatic agents
and so forth, accepted in the municipal law. S.C.R. Learned counsel drew our attention to a number of sections in the Penal Code, viz., ss. 108A, 177, 203, 212, MobarikAli Ahmed 216, 216A and 236. The argument based on reference
v. The. State of to these sections is that wherever the legislature in Bombay farming the Penal Code wanted to legislate about any- " ad! d thing that has reference to something done outside agann • '" as J. India it has specifically said so and that therefore it
may be expected · that if it was intended that the Penal Code would refer to a person actually present outside India at the time of the commission of the offence, it would have specifically said so. We are
unable to. accept this argument. These sections have reference to particular difficulties which arose with reference to what may be called, a related offence being committed in India in the context of the princi-
pal offence itself having been committed outside India-that is for instance, abetment, giving false in- formation and harbouring within India in respect of offences outside India. Questions arose in such cases
as to whether any criminal liability would arise with reference to the related offence, the principal offence itself not being punishable in India and .these sections were intended to rectify the lacunae. On the
other hand, a reference to s. 3 of the Code clearly indicates that it is implicit therein that a foreigner who commits an offence within India is guilty can be punished as such without any limitation as to his corporeal
presence in India at the time. For if it were not so, the legal fiction implicit in the phrase "as if such act had been committed within India" in s. 3 would not have been limited to the supposition that such act had been
committed within India, but would have extended also to a fiction as to his physical presence at the time in India. In the argument before us, there has been some debate as to what exactly is the implication of the
clause "of which he shall be guilty within India" in s. 2 of the Code. It is unnecessary to come to any definite conclusion in respect thereto. But it is clear that it does not support the contention of the appeal-
lant's counsel. We have, therefore, no doubt that-on a plain reading of s. 2 of the Penal Code, the Code does [1958] apply to a foreigner who has committed an offence Mobarik Ali Ahm,dWithin India notwithstanding that he was corporeally v.
present outside. The State of Bombay It has next been urged before us that the exercise of Jagannadilada.• J. jurisdiction over a foreigner by municipal courts depends on the theory of temporary allegiance to the
State by reason of his entry into the State, which carries with it the protection of its laws and therefore his submission thereto. Dicta from some of the decided cases have been cited before us. It is unnecessary to
deal with any of those cases. On an examination of those cases it will be found that allegiance, temporary or otherwise, has not been laid down anywhere as a limiting principle in respect of criminal jurisdiction,
which is primarily concerned with questions of security of the State and of the citizens of the State. A number of early cases of the High Courts in India have been brought to our notice as bearing on the ques-
tion now under consideration. (See Reg. v. Elmstone, Whitll'ell ('); Reg. v. Pirtai ('); Mussummat Kishen Kour v. Tire Crown ('); and Gokaldas Amarsee v. Emperor ('). As against them may be noticed the
case in Emperor v. Chhotalal Babar ('). It is unneces- sary to consider them at any length. Undoubtedly some of them seem to support the view pressed before us on behalf of the appellant that criminal jurisdiction
cannot extend to foreigners outside the State. These, however, are decisions rendered at a time when the competence of the Indian Legislature was considered somewhat limited, under the influence of the decisions
like those in Macleod's case (') in spite of the decision in Queen v. Burah ('). However that may be these con- cepts are no longer tenabl~ after lndia became a Dominion by the Indian Independence Act of 1947
and after it became an independent free sovereign republic under the present Constitution. It is enough to refer to the case of Croft v. Dunphy (') and to the decision of Spens, C.J., in Governor-General v. Raleigh
(1) (1870) 7 Born. H.C.R. 89 (Cr. Ca.) (2) (1873) 10 Born. H.C.R. 356. (3) (1878) 13 P.R. 49 (Criminal Judgement). (4) (1934) 35 CL L.J. 585. (5) (1912) I.L.R. :;6 Dom. 524. (6) (1891) ,\.C . . 1:,5.
(7) (1878) 3 A.C. 88q, (8) ( 1 9'.13) .\. C. • :,G. S~C.R. Investment ('). In the latter case Spens, C.J., indicates that there has been considerable change in the concept Mobarik Ali Ahmed of the doctrine of extra-territorial
legislation, sub- Th ;· !l sequent to Macleod's case (2) and the criticism of ~0~i':,. Macleod's case (2) in certain Canadian decisions and of .1, di' d the Privy Council itself has been adverted to.
aganna a as • Learned counsel invited our attention to a passage from the report of the Indian Law Commissioners quoted at p. 274 of Ratanlal's Law of Crimes (Eighteenth Ed.). It is enough to say that though
this quotation may be valuable as a matter of history, it cannot be a legitimate guide for the construction of the section. That construction must be based on the meaning of the words used, to be gathered according to
the ordinary rules of interpretation and in consonance with the generally accepted principles of exercise of of criminal jurisdiction. It is not necessary and indeed not permissible to construe the Indian Penal
Code at the present day in accordance with the notibns of criminal jurisdiction prevailing at the time when the Code was enacted. The notions relating to this matter have very considerably changed between then
and now during nearly a century that has· elapsed. It is legitimate to construe the Code with reference to the modern needs, wherever this is permissible, unless there is anything in the Code or in any particular
section to indicate the contrary. After giving our careful consideration to the ques- tions raised before us, we are clearly of the opinion that even on the assumption that the appellant has
ceased to be an Indian citizen and was a Pakistani national at the time of the commission of the offence, he must be held guilty and punished under the Indian Penal Code notwithstanding his not being corporeally
present in India at the time. We have been asked to consider the question of sentence, As has been stated at the outset the substan- tive sentences of imprisonment are two years under
the first count and twenty-two months under the second. The sentences were concurrent on the se·cond (1) A.LR. (1944) F.C. 51, 60, 61. (2) (1891) A.C- 455· [1958[ and third counts. As a result, the total imprisonment
Moborik Ali Ahmed Which has been awarded against the appellant would v. be a period of three years and ten months. We are Thi,!'t,~y 01 not prepared to say that the discretion of the trial
court in awarding that sentence has been wrongly Jogonnadhodas J. exercised. September 10 The appeal is accordingly dismissed. Appeal dismissed. KANAI LAL SUR v. PARAMNIDHI SADHUKHAN
(BHAGWATI, S.K. DAS and GAJENDRAGADKAR JJ.) Thika tenant-Decree for ejectment-Execution application- If lies in civil Coirt-Welfare legis/ation-lnterpretation-Ca/c11tta Thika Senancy Act, 1949 (W. B. Tl of 1949), s. 5(1).
Respondent" obtained a decree for ejectment against the appellant, a thika tenant, and filed an application for execution of the decree before the civil Court, Appellant resisted the
application on the ground that inview of s. 5(1) of the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act, 1949. the civil Court had no jurisdiction to entertain the application. Section 5(1) provides that a landlord wishing to eject a thika tenant on the grounds specified in s. 3 shall apply to the Controller in that behalf.
Held, that s. 5(1) did not apply to a case where the landlord had already obtained a decree for ejectment against his thika tenant and consequently the civil Court had jurisdiction
to entertain the execution application. The operative provisions of welfare legislation should receive a beneficent construction from the Courts. But the words used in a statute must be interpreted in their plain grammatical meaning and it is only when such words are capable of two
constructions that the question of adopting the construction which is more consistent with the policy of the Act arises. · Heydo11's case, (1984) 3 Co. Rep. 8, referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION:
Civil Appeal No. 291 of 1955. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated March 29 1955, of the Calcutta High Court in appeal from Appellate Order No. 134 of 1954, affirming the appeal against the judgement and order