P. M. MOHAMMAD MEERAKHAN v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, ERNAKULAM February 12, 1969 (J.C. SHAH, V. RAMASWAMI AND A. N. GROVER, JJ.) c Income-tax Act (II of 1922)-Sing/e Transaction to purchase estate– No means to buy-Purchasers found-Plots sold and one retained- whether transaction constituted trade-Value of plot retained added for estimate profit., whether correct.
The assessee entered into an agreement to purchase a land for Rs. 6 lakbs. He paid Rs. 11,000/- as advance and it was agreed that the sale deed was to be executed by a specified date either in favour of the assessee or his nominees. The assessee did not have resources to buy land even worth a lakb nor could cultivate the land himself. He divided the land into 23 plots and found purchasers for 22 of these plots. These 22 plots were conveyed to the respective purchasers and the 23rd plot was conveyed to the assessee.
The Income-tax authorities brought to tax the sum representing the assessee's profit (after including the estimated value of the plot retained by him). The assessee contended that ( !) the tran- saction did not constitute a venture in the nature of trade; and (ii) even if it did, the profits from the adventure were not be properly ascertained as the adventure would terminate after the plots retained by the assessec was also sold and therefore the profits in the adventure e<mld be detennin- · ed only at the time of the completion of the sale of the plot. Repelling these contentions, this Court,
HELD: (i) The question whether a transaction is an adventure in the nature of trade must be decided on a consideration of all the relevant factors and circumstances which are proved in the particular case. The answer to the question does not depend upon the application of any abs- tract rule or prmciple or fonnula but must depend upon the total impres- sion and effect of alJ the relevant facts and circumstances established in the particular case. [662 A]
Having regard to the total effect of al1 tho circumstances in the present case the transactions of the assessee constituted an adventure in the nature of trade and were in the course of the profit making scheme and were tax- able.
California Copper Syndicate v. Harris, [1904] S S.T.C. 159, 165-6, Martin v. Lowry, 11 Tax Cases 297, Rutledge v. Commissionerr of Inland Revenue, 14 Tax Cases 490, Commissioner of Inland Revenue v. Fraser, 24 Tax Cases 498, Leeming v. Jones, IS Tax Cases 333, Saro; Kumar Mazumdar v. Commr"ssr"oner of Income.tax, 37 l.T.R. 242, Venkataswami Naidu cl Co. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, 35 I.T.R. 594 and Raja 1. Rameshwar Rao v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Hyderabad, 42 I.T.R. 179, referred to.
(ii) The profit of the assessee was correctly estimated by treating the land retained by him as stock-in-trade and valuing it according to the nonnal accountancy practice. Under the Income-tax Act for the pur-
pose of assessment each year is a self-contained unit and in the case of a trading adventure the profits have to be computed in the manner provided by the statute. It is true that the Income-tax Act makes no express provi- sion with regard lo the value of stock. It charges for payment of tax the income, protits and gains which have to be computed in the manner pro- vided by the Income-tax Act. In the case elf a trading adventure the pro- fits have to be calculated and adjusted in the light of the provisions of the Income-tax Act permittiqg allowance pl-escribed thereby. For that purpose it was the duty of the Inel)me-tax Officer to find out whai profits the busi- ness has made according to the true accountancy practice. As a normal rule, the profit should be ascertained by valuing the stock-in-trade at the beginning and at the end of .the accounting year. (666 E-H; 668 DJ Whimsier & Co. v. Commissioner of Inland Revenue 12 Tax Cases 813, Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. Cock, Russell & Co. Ltd., 29 Tax Cases 387 and Comnzissioner of Jncome~tcx, MadTas v. A. Krishna· swami Mudaliar & Ors., 53 L.T.R. 122, referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1230 of 1967. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order, dated October 10, 1966 of the Kerala High Court in Income-tax Referred Case No. 18 of 1965.
S. T. Desai, Bhuvnesh Kumari, J.B. Dadachanji and 0. C. Mathur, for the appellant. Sukumar Mitra, R. N. Sachthey and B. D. Sharma, for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Ramaswami, J. In this case the appellant (hereinafter called the assessee) was assessed for the assessment year 1956-57 on a total income of Rs. 8,400. The Income Tax Officer later on
came to know that the assessee's income from the sale of estates had escaped assessment. The Income Tax Officer took action under section 34(1 )(a} of the Income Tax Act, 1922 (hereinafter called the Act) for the assessment year 1956-57 on 13th August, 1959.
Under an agreement dated 18th May, f955 a company called Mundakayam Valley Rubber Co. Ltd. sold and delivered an estate called Kuttikal Estate to one Mr. A. V. George. The area of
ihe estate was 477 acres and 71 cents. Mr. A. V. George had entered into the ajO'eernent in his own name and on behalf of an- other company called the Kailas Rubber Co. Ltd. It was agreed that the vendor would execute the necessary conveyance in favour of Mr. A. V. ('.eorge or his nominees. On 15th August. 1955. the assessee entered into an agreement with Mr. A. V. George whereby the assessee agreed to purchase 477.71 acrea forming part of Kuttikal Estate for Rs. 6 !akhs. An advance of Rs. 11,000 was paid by the assessee.
The balance of Rs. 5,89,000 was to be paid bv the assessee on or before 25th September; 1955. -It was al!l'eed that Mr. A. V. Geor~e ~hould execute a sale-deed himself or cause it to be executed by Kallas Rubber Co. Ltd. on c
c MEERAKHAN v. C.I.T. (Ramaswa,,ii, J.) whose behalf he was acting in favour of the assessee or his nomi- nees. The assessee subsequently divided the area of 4 77. 71 acres into 23 plots and found purchasers for 22 of these plots. The total extent of 22 plots for which he found purchasers was 373.58 acres and the total price paid by the 22 purchasers was
Rs. 5,18,500. A sale deed was executed by the Mundakayam Valley Rubber Co. Ltd. on 31st March, 1956. It covered all the 23 plots. The 22 plots for which the assessee found purchasers were conveyed to the respective purchasers and the 23rd plot was conveyed to the asse~see himself.
Mr. A. V. George and th«; Kailas Rubber Co. Ltd. were parties to this document. The plot which the assessee had retained for himself was 104.13 aci:es in extent. Its value was estimated bv the Income Tax Officer at
Rs. 2,08,000. The Income Tax Officer worked out the profit from the transaction ;if purchase and sale of land as follows : "Sale price of 373 acres Rs. 5,18,500 Value of 104 acres retained by
the assessee at Rs. 2,000 per acre . . Rs. 2,08,000 Less Cost Rs. 7,26,500 Rs. 6,00,000 Rs. 1,26,500 The Income Tax Officer held that a sum of Rs. 1,25,000 in round. figures represented the assessee's profit from an adventure in the nature of trade and included this amount in his total income under section 34 (!)(a) of the Act.
The assessee appealed to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner who rejected the appeal. The assessee took the matter in further apoeal to the Appellate Tribu- nal which also rejected the aopeal holding that the amount of Rs. 1,25,000 represented profit from an adventure in the nature of trade. At the instance of the assessee the Appellate Tribunal stated a case to the High Court on. the following question Df
Jaw:- "Whether on the facts and in the Circumstances of the case, the transactions constituted a venture in the nature of trade and the surplus of Rs. 1,25,000 was assessable to tax ?"
By its judgment dated I 0th Oct'.lber, 1966, the Hi~h Court of Kerala answered the question in the affirmative and against the assessee. Thi• ao:oeal is broueht bv special leave from the iudg- ment of the High Court of Kerala, dated 10th October, 1966 in Income Tax Reference No. 18 of 1965.
The question whether a transaction is an adventure in the nature of trade must be decided on a consideration of all the rele- vant facts and circumstances which are proved in the particular case. The answer to the question does not depend upon the appli- cation of any abstract rule or principle or formula but must depend upon the total impression and effect of all the relevant facts and circumstances established in the particular case. In
California Copper Syndicate v. Harris,(1) Lord Justice Clerk observed: "It is quite a well settl~d principle in dealing with questions of assessment of income tax that where the owner of an ordinary investment chooses to realise it,
and obtains a greater price for it .than he originally acquired it at, the enhanced price is not profit …. assessable to income tax: But it is equally well esta- blished that enhanced values obtained from realisation
or conversion of securities may be so assessable where what is done is not merely a realisation or change of investment, but an act done in what is truly the carrying on, or carrying out, of a business. . . . What is the line which separates the two classes of cases may be difficult
to define, and each case must be considered according to its facts; the question to be determined being-Is the sum of gain that has been made a mere enhancement of value by realising a security or is it a gain made in the
operation of business in carrying out a scheme for profit making ?" But in judging the character of such transactions several factors have been treated as significant in decided cases. For
instance, if a transaction related to the business which is normally carried on by the assessee, though not directly a part of it, an intention to launch upon an adventure in the nature of trade may readily be inferred. A similar inference would arise where a com- modity is purchased and sub-divided, altered, treated or repaired and sold or is converted into a different commodity and then sold. The magnitude of the transaction of purchase, the nature of the commodity, the' subsequent dealings of the assessee, the nature of the organisation employed by the assessee and the manner of disposal may be such that the transaction inay be stamped with the character of a trading nature. In Martin v. Lowry,(') the assessee purchased a large quantity of aeroplane linen and sold it in different Jots, and for the purpose of selling it started an advertising campaign, rented offices, engaged an advertising manager, a linen expert and a staff of clerks. maintained account books normally used by a trader, and passed receipts ai!ld payment (1) [1904] S S.T.C. 159, 165–66.
(2) ll Ta~ cases 297, ,/ c c MEERAKHAN v. C.l.T. (Ramaswami, J.) in connection with the linen through a separate banking account. It was held that the assessee carried on an adventure in the nature of trade and so the profit was liable to be.taxed.
The same view was taken in Rutledge v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue(') in regard to an assessee who purchased very cheaply a vast quantity of toilet paper and within a short time thereafter sold the whole consignment at a considerable profit. Similarly, in Commissioner of Inland Revenue v. Fraser(') the assessee, a woodcutter, bought for resale, whisky in bond, in three lots.
He sold it later on at considerable profit. The assessee had never dealt in whisky before, he had no special knowledge of the trade, he did not take delivery of the whisky nor did he have it blended and advertised. Even so it was held that the transaction was an adventure 1n the nature of trade. Lord President Normand observed in the course of the judgment:
"It is in general more easy to hold that a single transaction entered into by an individual in the line of his own trade (although not part and parcel of his ordinary business) is an adventure in the nature of trade
than to hold that a transaction entered into by an indi- vidual outside the line of his own trade or occupation is an adventure in the nature of trade. But what is a good deal more important is the nature of the transac-
tion with reference to the commodity dealt in. The individual who enters into a purchase of an article or commodity may have in view the resale of it at a profit, and yet it may be that that is not the only pur-
pose for which he purchased the article of the commo- dity, nor the only purpose to which he might turn it if favourable opportunity of sale does not occur. In some of the cases the purchase of a picture has been given
as an illustration. An amateur may purchase a picture with a view to its resale at a profit, and yet he may recognise at the time or afterwards that the possession of the pic~ure will give him aesthetic enjoyment if he is
unable ultimately, or at his chosen time, to realise it at a profit. A man may purchase stocks and shares with a view to selling ~em at an early date at a profit, bnt, if he does so, he rs purchasing something which is itself
an investment, a potential source of revenue to him while he holds it. A man may purchase land with a view to realising .it at a pro~t, but it also .may yield him an in- come .while he contrnues to hold rt. If he continues to
hold rt, there may be also a certain pride of possession ~ut the. purchaser of a large quantity of a commodity like whisky, greatly in excess of what could be used b) (!) 14 Tax C3ses 490.
(2) 24 Tax Cases 498. himself, his family and friends, a commodity which yields no pride of possession, which cannot be turned to account except by a process of realisation, I can
scarcely consider to be other than an adventure in a transaction in the nature of a trade; and I can find no single fact among those stated by the Commissioners which in any way traverses that view. In my opinion,
the fact that the transaction was not in the way of business (whatever it was) of the respondent in no way alters the character which almost necessarily belongs to a transaction like this''.
These are cases of commercial commodities but a transaction of purchase of land cannot be assumed without more to be an adven- ture in the nature of trade. In Leeming v. Jones,(') a syndicate was formed to acquire an option over a rubber estate with a view to resell it at a profit, and finding the estate too small the syndicate acquired another estate and sold the two estates on profit. It was held that the transaction was not in the nature of trade and the profit was not liable to be assessed to tax.
The same view was expressed in Saroj Kumar Mazumdar v. Commissioner of Tncome Tax(") in which the assessee who carried 011 business of engineer- ing works purchased land, which was under requisition by the Government, negotiated a sale before the la11d was de-reg•1isitioned and sold it after . the land was released.
But the circumstances of a particular case mav lead to the conclPsion that the purchase or resale of land is in the nature of trade. Tri Venkataswomi NaiO.u & Co. v. Commissior>er of Income Tax,(') the appelhnt firm which acted as managing agents purchased. for a total wnsidera- tion of R~. 8.713. four contiguous plots of land adjacent to the olace where the mills of the company mana.~ed by it were situatea. The first purchase was made in October. 1941 and S1'.bsequent nurchases were made in November, 1941, June 1942 am:l Novem- ber, 1942. As long as the appellant was in possession of the land it made no effort to cultivate it or erect arv suoerstruc"1re dn it but allowed the land to remain unutilise'1 excent for the rent received from the house which existed on nne of the plots. The apnellant sold the land to the comnanv ma'1aged bv it in two Jots in Sentember and November, 1947, for a total consideration of Rs. ~2.600. The question was whether the sum of R0 .. 43,887 heinl! the e'.'Ccess realised by the appellant bv the two sales over its nurchase nrice. was. assessable· to incowe:tax. The Apoelhte Tribunal reiected the contention of the anrellant that th~ oro.,er- ties were bought as an investment and that the olots were• acauired for bnildin 11 tenements for the labourers or the mills bu• came to the conclusion that the transaction was an adventure in the nature (1) 15 Tax Cases 333.
(2) 37 I,T.R. 242, (3) 35 I.T.R. 594. c c MEERAKHAN v. ·c.1.r. (Ramaswami, J.) b65 of trade. On a reference, the High Court _expressed the same view. It was held by this Court in appeal that tl)e Appellate Tribunal· was right in inferring that the appellant knew that it would be able to sell the lands to the managea company whenever it thought it profitable so to do, that the appellant purchased the four plots of land with the sole intention of selling them to the mills at a profit and thaHhe High Court was right in holding that. the t~an sact10n was an adventure in the nature of trade. Agam m Raia J. Rameshwar Rao v. Commissioner of income-tax Hyderabad, (1) the assessee purchased 217 acres of land from the pattadars and on a portion ol the land the assessee constructed a Ganj and shops. The rest of the land he laid out as plots which he sold for a sum of Rs. 75,820. In· computing the assessable income the Income Tax Officer added a sum of Rs. 75,~20 as receipt from business. The decision of the Income Tax Officer was affirmed by the Appellate Commissioner and the Tribunal in appeal.
The High Court held on a reference by the Appellate Tribunal that there was evidence upon which the Appellate Tribunal could have come to the conclusion that the sum of Rs. 75,820 was the assessee's income from business. It was held by this Court on appeal that when a person acquired land with a view to selling it later after developing it, he ·was carrying on an activity resulting in profit, and the activity can only be described as a business venture. Where the person goes further and divides the land ii;ito plots, develops the area to make it more attractive and sells the land not as a single unit and as he bought it, but in parcels, he is dealing with land as his stock-in-trade. The decision of the High Court was accordingly affirmed and the appeal to this Court was dismissed. As we have already .said it is not possible to evolve any single legal test or formula which can be applied in determining whether a transaction is an adventure in the nature of trade or not. The answer to the question must necessarily depend in each case 01l the total impression and effect of all the relevant factors and circumstances proved therein and which determine the character of the transaction. What then are the material facts found in the present case ?
It is clear from the recital of the agreement dated 15th October, 1955 that the intention of the assessee in purchasing the est.ate was to resell it at a profit. An advance of Rs. 11,000 was paid by the assessee on that date, the balance of Rs. 5,89,000 was to be paid on or before 25th September, 1955.
It was one of the terms of th~ agr~em.ent that Mr. A. V. George was to execute the sale deed e!lher m tavour of the assessee or his nominees. It was also found that the assessee did not have the resources to buy any estate worth a lakh of rupees when he entered into the agr~~~~t_!_or __ the _p_u_r~ll.'.1se of Kuttiknl Estate for an amount of llH~ I.T.R. 179.
Rs. 6 lakhs. In the intervening period between 15th August, 1955 and 31st March, 1956 the assessee divided the estate into 23 plots and arranged for the sale of 22 plots to different pur- chasers.
The division of the land into 23 plots and the sale to the various purchasers indicate that there was scheming and organisation on . the part of the assessee. It was found tnat the
assessee did not have the means and resources to cultivate the Jano himself and !hat he had arranged for the sale of 22 plots to diffe- rent purchasers. Having regard to the total· effect of all these cir- cumstances we are of the opinion that the High Court was right in its conclusion that the transactions of the assessee constituted an adventure in the natW:e of trade and were in the course of a profit making scheme and the question was rightly answered by the High Court against the assessee.
It was then contended on behalf of the appellant that even assuming that there was an adventure in the nature of trade, the profits from such an adventure have not been properly ascertained in the present case. It was said that the Income-tax authorities were wrong in holding that the value of the 23rd plot retained by the assessee represented the profit made in the
transaction. The argument was that the adventure would terminate after the portion retained by the appellant was also sold and therefor~ the profits in the adventure could be determined only at the time of the completion of the sale of the entire estate. In our opinion, there is no justification for this argument. It is not a correct pro- position to say that the profits of the assessee cannot be ascer- tained even on the assumption that the transaction of the adventure of trade was not completed. Under the Income Tax Act for the purpose of assessment each year is a self-contained unit and in the case of a trading advi:nture the profits have to be computed iri the manner provided by the statute. It is true that the Income Tax Act makes no express provision with regard to the value of stock. It charges for payment of tax the income profits and gains which have to be computed in the manner provided by the Income Tax Act. In the case of a· trading adventure the profits have to be calculated and adjusted in the light of the provisions of the Income Tax Act permitting allowances prescribed thereby. For that pur- pose it was the duty of the Income Tax Officer to find out what profit the business has made according to the true accountancy practice.
As a normal rule, the profit shoula be ascertained by valuing the stock-in-trade at the beginning and at the end of the accounting year, In Whimsier & Co. v. Commissioner of lnland Revenue(') Lord President Clyde observed at page 823 :
"In computing the balance of profits aRd gains for the purposes of income-tax …. two general and funda- mental common places have already to be kept in mind. (I) 12 Tax Cases 813,
c c MEERAKHAN v. C.l.T, (Ramaswami, J.) In the first place, the J?rofits of any p~cular year or accounting period must be taken to ~onsISt of the dif- ference between the receipts from the trade or business
during such year or accounting perioo and the expendi- ture laid out to earn those receipt. In the second place, the account o( profit and loss to be __ made up for the purpose of ascertaining that difference must be framed
consistently with the ordinary principles of commercial accounting, so far as applicable, and in conformity wit? the rules of the Income Tax Act, or of that Act as modi- fied by the provisions and schedules of the Acts regulat-
ing excess profits duty, as the case may be. For example, the ordinary principles of commercial account- ing require that in the profit, and ioss account of a merchant's ur manufacturer's businllSS the values of the
stock-in-trade at the beginning and at the end of the period covered by the account should be entered at cost or market price, whichever is the lower; although there is nothing about this in the taxing statutes".
In Commissioners of lnland Revenue v. Cock, Russell & Co. Ltd.(') Croom-Johnson, J. in dealing with valuation of stock-in- trade for purposes of taxation stated as follows :- "There is no word in .the statutes or rules which
deals with this. question of valuin_g stock-in-trade. There is nothing in the relevant legislation which indicates that in computing the profits and gains of a commercial con- cern the stock-in-trade at the start of the accounting
period should be taken in and that the amount of the stock-in-trade at the end of the period should also be taken in. It would be fantastic not to do it : it would be utterly impossible accurately to assess profits and
gains merely on a statement of receipts and payments or on the basis of turnover. It has Jong been recognised that the right method of assessing profits and gains is to take into account the value of the stock-in-trade at the
beginning and the value of the stock-in-trade at the end as two of the items in the computation. I need not cite authority for the general proposition which is admitted at the Bar, that for the purposes of ascertaining profits
and gains the ordinary principles of commercial account- ing should be applied, so long as they do not conflict with any express provision of the relevant statutes." In Commissioner of lncome-tax, Madras v.
Krishnaswami Mudaliar and Ors. (2) it was observed by this Court that which- e.ver method of book keeping was adopted in the case of a trading (I) 29 Tax Cases 387 (2) 53 1.T.R. 122.
venture for computing the true profits of the year the stock-in- trade must be taken into account. At page 132 of the report Shah, J. speaking for the Court stated the principle as follows :- "These observations do not affect the true character
of the profit of a business. Adjustments may have to be made in the principle having regard to the special cha- racter of the assets, the nature of the business and the appropriate allowances permitted, in order to arrive at
the taxable profits. They do not support the proposi- tion that, in the case of a trading venture, you can arrive at the true profits of a year by ignoring altogether the valuation of the stock-in-trade at the end of the year, while. debiting its value at the commencement of the
year as an outgoing; for determination of the profits by ignoring the valuation of the stock at the end of the year and debiting the value of the assets at the com- mencement of the year would not give a true picture of
the profit for the year of account". In view of this principle we are of the opinion that the Incomc- tax authorities have correctly estimated the profit of the assessee by treating the land as stock-in-trade and valuing it according to the normal accountancy practice.
For the reasons expressed we hold that the decision of the lligh Court of Kerala, dated 10th October, 1966, is corre"t and this appeal must be dismissed with costs. Y.P. Appeal dismissed.
c