P. N. KRISHNA IYER v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, KERALA September 3, 1968 943 • [J. C. SHAH, V. RAMASWAMI AND A. N. GROVER, JJ.] c Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, s. 3 and s. 33B-Hindu
undivided family business taken over by company~Karta appointed . Governing Director-Salary, Commissioner 'sitting fee' of Governing Director whe- ther assessable in hands of Hindu undivided family-Principles for dtcid- ing–Commissioner's powers under. s. 33B-Scope of.
The appellant, on partition of joint family property between himself and his brothers, got as his share the family's motor transport business which had been established by his efforts, along with 'the workshop, stores, agency, cinema companies etc.'
The Hindu undivided family c~nsisting of the appellant and his sons tran·sferred the motor transpo'rt busmes~ to a private limited company; the company credited the account of the
family in its books with the value of the asscls of the business taken over by it. With family money !he appellant purchased 100 shares. of the company and was appointed-according to tne terms of the Articles of ASsociation-as its Governing Director for hfe. at a salary of Rs. 3,000 per month with 15% commission on net profits. He was also in lieu of his experienc~ and his serviecs to the business, allotted 4,880 fully paid np shares of the company; the dividend from these, when declared, was
credited to the account o.f the Hindu undivided family. In proceedings for assessment the Income-tax Officer brought to tax in the assessment year 1954-55 the remuneration received by the appellant from the com~any together with the commission, sitting fee, and income from property busi- ness and other sources as the separate income of
tile appellant. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner modified the order and in carrying out his directions the Income-tax Officer included the income from property business and other sources in the income of the Hindu undivided family and made corresponding modifications in the assessment of the appellant as an individual.
But the Commissioner of Income-tax being of the opinion that the order of the Income-tax OfBcer was prejudicial to the revenue revised the said order under s. 33B of the Income-tax Act, 1922 and included the appellant's income from salar:;, commission and 'silting fee' in the total income of the Hindu undivided family.
The Trfounal reversed the order of the Commissioner. In reference the High Court upheld the order of the Commissioner. The appel1ant in his capacity as karta of the family appealed to the Supreme Court and contended : (i) that the Commissioner had no power under s. 33B to revise the order of the Income-tax Officer after it had been carried in appeal to the Appel- late Assistant Commissioner, n.o'r could he tcvbe an order made by the Income-tax Officer in pursuance of the direction by the Appellate Ass13tant Commissioner; (ii) that the salary, commission and 'sitting fee' were his individual income and not that of the Hindu Undivided Family; HELD : (i) There was no ground for holding that the Commissioner had attempted to revise the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. In computing the income of the appellant as an individual the Appellate .A·ssistant Commissioner had directed ce'rtain mod1ftcations to be rnade, and pursuant thereto the asses.sments of the appellant and of the llindu undivided family of which the appellant was the karta were rectified. q:pp •
4. …. ~ -~·· … – • 944 St;PREME conn REPORTS (1969] I S.C.R The oi:der of assessment of the Hindu undivided famil 1 was never chal- fengcd in appeal. ·1ne (~ommissioncr had DO\\'Cr to revise the order of
the Income-tax Officer which had not been appealed from. [947 D-1'1 Modification in the order of th~ Income-tax Offic~·r in ~o far as it related to the assessment of the appellant as an individual was a .:onse- quential order made in order to avoid double
as'V…~s1aent· of ~h~ ~ante income. Therefore, the fact that the asi;essn1cnt of tl!e appellant a.; an individual had become final before th~ order of the Commissioner <lid not bar the exercise of the ('ommissioncr's pO\\'Cr un<lcr :-.. 338. [947 1~-G] (ii) Income received hy a _n1ember of a i'i1ndu un<l;vi<lcd family from a firm or a l"'Ompany in which the funds of th~ llindu undividerl f1.1mi1y are invested. even thou.~h the income may be partiall) traceable to per- sonal exertion of che member. is taxable as the income of th-: Hin<lu un- divided fan1ily. if ir is earned hv detriment to the far1ily funds or \Vith the aid or assistance of rho.;;e funds; otherv.'is·~ it is taxal··lc as the mc.:nJbcr's separat~ income. [949 GJ
Case la\\" referred to. V. D. J)/uJnl1'atey v. ConuniJsioner of lncon1e-tal, 68 I.T.R. 365, M. D. Dhanwa1ey v. Conunissionrr of Jnconie-tax, 6f; I.T.R. 285 and S. RM. l'T. PL. Palainappa l'hettiar v.
Co1111nissio11~·r of Jnro111e~tax. 68 l.T.R. 221, applied. Jn the present case the shares 'vhich qualified the appellant to O~con1e a member of 1hc company v.·er~ purchased with the ·\Id ol joint farr1ily
funds. The shares \vhich \\'Cre allotted to the ..i.ppcl.ant in lieu of his services v.·ere also treated as shar·:s belonging hi lhe joint fam1iy. 1."hc entire capiral assets of the· con1pany origin;lily bl.longed to
the joint family and were nladc av;:tilablc to the comp:u1y in con~1dcrat1on of a m·:re promise to pay the amount for v.·hich the as-;ets \Vere vaiucd. The inc.umc \\'as primarily earnc<l by utilising the joint famil~· i!')~tl~ or funcls and th: n1ere fact that in the process of j?aininc: the advanta~c an clement of per- sonal service or skill or labour v.'a'> invoh·c<l the char::cter of the income v.·as on th<ll account n0t altered.
Jn C.15-.es of thi-; class the character of the receipt must he determined bv r~fcrcnc;e t·o llS source. its rel::.tion to rhc. assets of the family of v.·hich the rccivie11t \\'<l.S the men1ber and the primary object \vith v.·hich the benefit
rcc~ivc<l \vas disbu'rscd 'fhc conclu~ion of 1hc High Court that the inco1ne irun1 salary, con1n1'.ssion and 'sitting . fee' \\'ere the indi\'idu.11 income of tilt. ;1ppcllar.t \\',is not vitiated by anv error. ['J50 D-Fi
(iii) The question \\hcth-.:r the income \vas 1he in:on1c of the Hindu undivided family or the individu:-il income of the app•!Tiant \\"<ls a Jinding on a n1ixcJ ques1 ion of law an<l fact and the fin:ti :011c1usion dra\\ n from 1hc prim:iry evi<lcntiary fach 1,1,·as open to challenge be··orc the llif?h (~ourt on the plea th<tt the relevant
principle had hcen 1nisapplicd hy the Tribunal. [950 Cl CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDTCTIO~ 1966. Civil Appeal :>lo. 1997 of Appeal tw special leave from the judgment and order dated June J 6, 1965 of the Kerala High Court in Income-tax Referred Case ='10. 9 of I 964.
S. T. Desai and R. ThiaRamjan. for the appellant. c KRI~HNA IYER l'. C.l.T. (Shah, J.) 945. D. Narsaraju, T. A. Ramachandran, R. N. Sachthey and B. D. Sharma, for the respondent. The Judgment o.f the Court was delivered by
Shah, J. P. N. Krishna Iyer-hereinafter called the assessee set up in 1923 a motor transport business in the former State of Travancore. In 1945 there arose disputes between the assessee
and his brothers about the division of the estate of the joint family of which they were members. The disputes were settled by mutual agreement dated Octob.~r 23, 1951 and the motor trans- port business together with the "workshop, stores, agency, cinema companies etc." were treated as the business of the joint family, and on partition were allotted to the assessee.
An application filed by the assessee b.efore the 1st Additional Income-tax Oillcer, Trichur, for recording the partition was accepted. In the meantime on July 3, 1952, a private limited company P. S. N. Motors (Private) Ltd. was floated with the object of taking over the motor transport business
carried on by the assessee. By the Articles of Association, the assessee was to be the Governing Director of the Company for life and to draw such remuneration and exercise such powers detailed in the agreement to be entered into between him and the company in that behalf, and so Jong as he held the office of Governing Director, the gene- ral management of the company's business was to remain in his hands.
The assessee purchased 100 shares of the Company of the face value of Rs. 100 each. On August 18, 1952, th<> assessee was appointed by the Company Governing Director with an office allowance of Rs. 3,000 per mensem and a commission of 15 per cent. on the net profit. On the same day the Directors approved the purchase from the Hindu undivided family of the assessee of assets (but not the liabilities) of the transport business valued at Rs. 8,01,074/1/4. In the books of the Company credit entries were posted in the name of the Hindu undivided family. On August 18, 1952, the Directors passed certain resolutions relating to the repayment of the amount due to the Hindu un- divided family.
On September 28, 1952, the Company passed a special resolution that in consideration of the "valuable services" rendered by the assessee in the promotion of the Company and of the "large sacrifices" made by him in agreeing to place his servic.es at the disposal of the company and the benefit that the company received on account of his "long experience, goodwill and reputation in this line of business," the assessee be allotted 4880 fully paid up shares of the Company.
The Income-tax Officer brought to tax in the assessment year 1"954-55 the remuneration received by the assessee from the Company together with the commission, "sitting fee" and income SlJPRE\IE COURT REPORTS
[1969) J SC.R. from property, business and other sources as the separate income of the assessec. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner modified that order, and directed that income other than the income from salary, commission and '"sitting fee" received from the Company be included in the assessment of the Hindu undivided family. The Income-tax Officer then carried out the direction and
included the income from prop.~rty, business and other sources in the total. B income of the Hindu undivided family and made corresponding modifications in the assessment of the assessec as an individual. But the Commissioner of Income-tax being of the opinion that the order passed by the Income-tax Officer was wrong and pre- judicial to the inter_ests of revenue revised the order of the lncome- tax Officer exercising power under s. 33H of the Income-tax Act. 1922, and included the income from
sabry, commission and "sitting fee" <iggregatin!! to Rs. 43,240 in the total income of the Hindu undivided family. Jn appeal against the order, the Tribu- nal reversed the order of the Commissioner and ordered that the three items be excluded from the assessment of the Hindu un- divided family.
At the instance of the Commissioner of Income-tax, the follow- ing question was referred by the Tribunal to the High Court of Kerala: Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of
the case, the Tribunal was justified in holding that the income from salary, commission and sitting fees ob- tained by Sri P. N. Krishna Iyer from M/s P.S.N. Motors (Private) Ltd., Trichur, represented his indi-
vidual income and not the income of the Hindu un- divided family of which he is the karta '?" At the instance of the asscssee the followin)! question also was referred by the Tribunal :
c "Whether the Commissioner has jurisdiction to revise the order of the Income-tax Officer in view of the decision of the Appdlatc Assistant Commissioner in appeals for the assessment years 1954-55 to 1957-58
in the assessment of Sri P. N. Krishna Iyer in the status of an individual .,.. The High Court answered the question referred at the instance of the Commissioner in the negative and· the question referred at the instance of the assesscc in the affirmative.
The assessee has appealed to this Court with special leave granted by this Court. The question relating to jurisdiction of the Commissioner to revise the order of the Income-tax Officer presents little difficulty• Suh-section (I) of s.
33B of the Income-tax Act, 1922, provides : c KRISHNA IYER V. C.I.T. (Shah, J.) "The Commissioner may call for and examine the record of any proceeding under this Act and if he con-
siders that any order passed therein by the Income-tax Officer is erroneous in so far as it is prejudicial to the interests of the revenue, he may pass such order thereon as the circumstances of the case
justify, including an order enhancing or modifying the assessment, or cancelling the assessment and directing a fresh assessment." Counsel for the assessee urged that the Commissioner has no power under s. 33B to revise an order of the Income-tax. Officer after it had been carried in appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner, and also urged that an order passed by an In- come-tax Officer in pursuance of a direction by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner could not be revised by the Commissioner in exercise of the power under s. 33B. But in our judgment there is no ground for holding that the Commissioner has attempted to revise the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. In computing the income of the
assess.o.,e as an individual, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner had directed certain modifi- cations to be made, and pursuant thereto the assessments of the assessee and of the Hindu Undivided family of which the assessee was the karta were rectified. The order of assessment of the Hiudu Undivided family was never challenged in appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner.
The Commissioner revised the order passed by the Income-tax Officer insofar as it related to the Hindu Undivided family. It is true that in consequence of the order of the Commissioner, the salary, commission and the "sitting fee" received by the assessee had to. be excluded from the total income of the assessee. But the Commissioner had power to revise the order passed by the Income-tax Officer which had not been appealed from. Modification in the order of the Income- tax Officer insofar as it related to the assessment of the assessee was consequential upon that order : it was made to prevent double taxation of the same income. It is true that the assess- ment of the assessee as an individual had become final before the order of the Commissioner, but that did not bar the exercise of jutisdiction by the Commissioner under s. 33B (1). The ques- tion referred at the instance of the assessee was, therefore, rightly answered by the High Court.
Turning to the other question, the relevant facts which are un- disputed may be recapitulated. Rs. 10,000 paid by the assessee for purchasing 100 shares of the Company belonged to the un- divided family and were not from the personal fund of the
assessee. The Company took over the assets belonging to the familv ~nd merelv credited the family with rupees eight lakhs odd. The Company valued the services rendered by the assesseil SUPREME co1:RT REPORTS
[1969] J SC.R. in "the promotion of the Company and the very large sacrifice; he had made in agreeing to place his services at the disposal of the Company and the immense benefit that the Company received on account of his long experience, goodwill and reputation in this line of business", at rupees five lakhs and allotted to the assessec 4,880 fully paid up shares of the Company of the face value of Rs. I 00 each.
Dividends from the shares standing in ihe name :>f the assessee were credited not the personal account of the as;essee but to the account of the Hindu Undivided family. In the view of the Tribunal the income from salary, commi,,- sion and "sitting fee" earned by the assessee
was his separate income, because the transport bminess was "built up with the sole effort of the assessec··. The High Court held tha1 the business was at the partition of 1951 treated as the business of the joim
fomily of the assessee and his brothers and was allotted to th-~ asscssee as an item of the family property; that the assets of lhc business were on that account the assets of the Hindu
Un- divided family of the assessce and his sons, that those assets were made a\'ailable to the Company without receiving any cash con- siderntion. that the shares initially purchased by the assessec we.:e purchas.~d with the aid of the family funds, and that the shares allotted to the-;1ssessec were also treated as helonginR to the family and to the assessec.
Whether remuneration earned by a member of a Hindu Un- divided farnily as an officer of a company or a finn. in which the assets of the Hindu undivided familv have eiU1er been invested or the office has been acquired with· the aid of the funds of the family is the income of the family or the individual income of the member has arisen in ~~veral cases before this Court : Commis- sioner of Income-tax v. Kal11 Rab11 !,al Chand('); Piyare Lal Adishwar I.al v. Commissin11er of l11come-ta.d');
Marh11ra Prasad v. Commissionrr o.f lnconw-tax('); S. RM. CT. Pf,. l'alaniapf'a Chettiar v. Commissioner of Income-tax('); V. D. f)ftm11mter v. Commissinn<'r of Income-tax('); and M.
T>han\\'afe:r v. Cnmmiuioner o.f Income-tax('); No useful pur pose will be served by making an ana)ysis of the earlier cases. because in our view three rec.~nt judgments of this Court lay down the principles which govern this class of cases. In V. D. Dhanwater'.1· case(') V the Karta of a Hindu undivided familv contributed to the capital of a firm out of the funds of the family. Under the agreement of partnership the general management and supervision of the partnership business was to be in the hands of V. and he was to be paid a monthly remuneration out of the gross earnings of the partnership business.
V joined the partnership -·—- —- (1) )7 l.T.R.12.'. (2) 40 1.T.R.17 o (,() l.T.R. 428. (41 68 1.T.R. rn. <51 68 l.T.R. 165. (6) 68 l.T.R. 285. c KRISHNA IYER v. C.l.T. (Shah, /.)
as representing the family and he became a partner on account of the investments of the joint family assets in the capital of the partnership and that the remuneration received by V was only an increased share of the profits paid to him as
representing the family. This Court (Hegde, J. dissenting) held that the remunera- tion paid to V was directly related to the investments from the assets of the family in the partnership business and "there was real and sufficient connection between the investment from the
joint family funds and the remuneration paid to V". The salary naid to V was therefore assessable as the income of the Hindu Undivided family. In M. D. Dhanwatey's case( 1 ) the facts were parallel to the c
facts in V. D. Dhanwatey's case(") and salary receive by the karta of the Hindu Undivided famliy was treated as income of the family. n· In S. RM. CT. PL. Palaniappa Chattiar's case(') the karta
of a Hindu Undivided family acquired 90 out of 300 shares in a transport company with the funds of the family. In course of time he became the managing director of the Company. As
managing director the karta was entitled to salary and commis- sion on the net profits of the company, and was entrusted with central over the financial and administrative affairs of the com- pany. The only qualification under the articles of association for the office of a director was the holding of not less than 25 shares in his own right.
lt was held that the shares were acquired by the family not with the object that the karta should become the managing director, but in the ordinary course of investment, and there was no real connection between the investment of joint family funds in the purchase of the shares and th.e appointment of the karta as managing director of the company. The remune- ration of the managing director, it was held, was not earned on account of any detriment to the joint family assets,
and the amounts received by the karta as managing director's remunera- tion, commission and "sitting fee" were not assessable as the in- come of the Hindu Undivided family . Income received by a member of a Hindu Undivided family
from a fim1 or a company in which the funds of the Hindu un- divided family are invested, even though the income may be par- tially traceable to personal exertion of the member, is taxable as the income of the Hindu Undivided family,
if it is earned by detriment to the family funds or with the aid or assistance of those funds; otherwise it is taxable as the member's separate income. Counsel for the assessee contended that the Tribunal had
found that the business of Mis P.S.N. Motors was built up "by 0~ 68 1.T.R. 285. (2) 6P. 1.T.R. 365, (3) 68 r:1 R 211. Lt Sup. C.T./69-14 +.e+I"' (1969] ! S.C.R. the sole exertions" of the assessee and when the business was con- verted into a private limited company the shares therein were allotted to the assessce in view of "the valuable services rendered" by him in the promotion of the company and the "large sacri- fices" he had made in agreeing to place bis services at the disposal of the Company and '"the immense benefit" that the Company re- ceived "on account of his long experience, goodwill and reputa- tion in the iine of business", and, therefore, the salary, commis- sion and "sitting fee" were in consideration of the services which the asscssee rendered and were not attributable to the fact that the family had contributed to the main capital of the Company. Counsel said that this was a finding of fact which was binding upon the High Court. But this Court in
Dhanwatey'.r case (') ha> held that the question whether the income was the income of the Hindu undivided family or the individual income was a finding on a mixed question of law and fact, and the final conclusion drawn from the primary cvidentiary facts was open to challenge on the pica that the relevant principle had been mis- applied by the Tribunal.
The shar~s which qualified the asscssec to become a member of the Company were purchased with the aid of joint family funds. The shares which were allotted to the assessee in lieu of his ser- vices were also treated as shares belonging to the joint famil). TI1e entire capital assets of the Company originally belonged to the joint family and were made available to the Company in con- sideration of a mere promise to pay the amount for which the assets were valued. The income was primarily earned by utilis- ing the joint family assets or funds and the mere fact that in the process of gaining the advantage an clement of personal service or skill or labour was involved did not alter the character of the income.
In cases of this class the character of the receipt must be determined by reference to its source, ib relation to the assets of the familv of which the recipient was the member, and the
primary object with which the benefit received was disbursed. The conclusion of the High. Coun cannot be said to be vitiated by any error. The appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.
-i G.C. Appeal dismissed. (I) bS l.T.R. 36':. c