PANDIT KISH AN LAL v. GANP AT RAM KHOSLA AND ANOTHER (S. K. DAS, J. L. KAPUR, M. HIDAYATULLAH, J. c. SHAH and T. L. VENKATARAMA AIYAR, ,JJ.) Urban Tenancy-Eviction of tenant-Application-]i.,J aintain- ability-East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, r949 (East Punjab Ill of r949), s. r3-Transfer of Property Act, r882 (4 of r882), s. I08(q).
The Singer Sewing Machine Company, respondent 2 in the appeal, was the tenant in respect of a shop under the appellant and informed him that the company had closed its premises, that respondent r will conduct his business in the shop, and that he will be personally responsible for payment of rent, and in spite of the appellant's protest and without his consent delivered possession of the said shop room to respondent r. Thereupon the appellant applied to the Controller under s. 13 of the East ·Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act, 1949, for eviction of the respondents and the Controller directed the company to deliver possession to the appellant. The District Court confirmed the Controller's order but the High Court set aside the order, in a petition under Art. 227 of the Constitution, as having been made without jurisdiction, holding that the company had no interest in the tenancy after August 31, 1954, and nothing had passed to the respondent r.
Held, that the High Court was in error on both the points and its order must be set aside. One of the obligations of a tenant under s. 108(q) of Transfer of Property Act, on the determination of the tenancy, is to put the landlord in possession. If the tenant fails to do so before the expiry of the period of notice, his tenancy continues and cannot be terminated by an assignment in favour of another. W. H. King v. Republic of India, (1952] S.C.R. 419, referred to.
In the instant case, the company had not admittedly served the notice as required by law and, therefore, did not cease to be the tenant and since the respondent I was let into possession as assignee he was not a trespasser and, consequently, the proceed- ing before the Controller was maintainable against both.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 356 of 1959. Appeal by special leave fro!IY the judgment and order dated the November 18, 1957, of the Punjab April 17. I96I Pandit f{is.hnn Lal
v. Ganpat Ra1n J( hos la SUPRE¥E COURT REPORTS [1962] High Court at Chandigarh in Civil Miscellaneous Application No. 712 of 1956. B. D. Sharma, for appellant. Hardev Singh and A.G. Ratnaparkhi, for respondent
No. 1. Y. Kumar, for respondent No. 2. 1961. April 17. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Shah J. SHAH, .J.-The Singer Sewing Machine Company- hereinafter referred to as the company-was, since
the year 1934, the tenant for business purposes of a shop situate at Gurgaon in the State of Punjab and belonging to Pandit Kishan Lal-hereinafter called the appellant. One Ganpat l'tam Khosla-hereinafter
referred to as Khosla-was the Sales Manager of the company. The Legislature of the State of East Punjab enact- ed Act III of 1949 called the East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act., 1949, to restrict the increase of
rent of certain premises situated within the limits of urban areas and the eviction of tenants therefrom. The Act granted protection to tenants of premises used for residential and non-residential purposes. By
s. 2, cl. (i), the expression "tenant" was defined, in so far as the definitioa is material, as meaning any per- son by whom or on whose account rent was payable for a building or rented land and included a tenant
continuing in possession after the termination of the tenancy in his favour, but did not include a person placed in occupation of a building or rented land by its tenant, unless with the consent of the landlord …
… Bys. 13, the right of the landlord to evict a tenant even in execution of a decree was restricted and the landlord could seek to evict his tenant by an applica- tion to the Controller in certain specified circumstan-
ces set out in that section. On August 30, 1954, the company addressed a letter to the appellant intimating that it desired to close down its office in Gurgaon with effect from Septem-
of her 1, 1954. The relevant part of the letter ran as follows: "Now the Company has closed its agency busi- ness at Gurgaon and Mr. Khosla will be carrying on Sewing Machine business in Gurgaon in your shop
in his personal capacity and not as a Manager of Singer Company. In order that there may not be any misunderstanding about, the payment of rent in future, you are informed that from September,
1954 onwards Mr. Khosla will be personally respon- sible for the payment of rent of your shop." The appellant informed the company that unless vacant possession was delivered to him tenancy could
not be validly determined, and that the company will be held responsible till such delivery for liability to pay rent and that in the event of possession being transferred to any other person, legal action will be
taken against the company. But the company deli- vered possession of the shop to Khosla and allowed him to occupy the shop in his personal capacity from September 1, 1954. Thereafter, on October 31, 1954,
the appellant applied under s. 13 of the Act to the Controller for an order against Khosla and the com- pany on three grounds, (1) that the company did not require the premises any longer while the appellant
required the same for his own use, (2) that the com- pany had neglected to pay rent ~ince September 1, 1954, and (3) that the company had assigned or sub- let the shop to Khosla without the written consent of
the appellant. Khosla and the company resisted the application contending that Khosla was the tenant of the appellant and that in any event, on August 28, 1954, the company through its local Supervisor had
delivered possession of the shop to the appellant and that the latter agreed to treat Khosla as his tenant with effect from September 1, 1954. The Controller rejected the pleas raised by Khosla and the company
and ordered that possession be delivered by the com- pany to the appellant. In appeal to the District Conrt at Rohtak, the order passed by the Controller was confirmed. In a petition under Art. 227 of the
Constitution filed by Khosla in the High Court of Judicature for ?unjab at Chandigarh, the order pass- ed by the District Court was quashed. The High Court was of the view that after August 31, 1954, the
Pandit Kishan Lal v. Gan at am Khosla Shah ]. Pandit Kishan Lal v. Ganpat Rain Khosla Shah ]. [1962) company had no interest left in the tenancy and the tenancy being from month to month terminable at the
will of the appellant, such tenancy could not be the subject-matter of transfer or of sub-letting. The High Court therefore held that the order passed was with- out jurisdiction. In the course of the judgment, the
High Court observed tha.t full rent had been paid even after September 1, 1954, and therefore the ground of non-payment of rent "was not open to" the appellant. It is accepted at the bar that in mak-
ing this observation, the High Court was under a mis- apprehension. The rent accruing due was not paid to the appellant, but was deposited in court. Against the order passed by the High Court, this appeal is pre-
ferred with special leave. The Controller and the District Court found that the tenant of the shop in dispute was not Khosla but the company. These two tribunals also found that possession of the shop was handed over by the com-
pany to Khos]a without the consent of the appellant. These findings were binding upon the High Court. The only question which fell to be determined by the High Court was whether by unilateral action on
its part, the company could require the appella.nt to treat Khosla as his tenant. In our view, the High Court misconceived the nature of the tenancy. A tenancy except where it is at will, may be terminated
only on the expiry of the period of notice of a speci- fied duration under the contract, custom or statute governing the premises in question. A tenant does not absolve himself from the obligations of his tenancy
by intimating that as from a particular date he will cease to be in occupation under the landlord and that some one else w horn the landlord is not willing to accept will be the tenant. It is one of the obliga-
tions of a contract of tenancy that the tenant will, on determination of the tenancy, put the landlord in possession of the property demised (see s. 108( q) of the Transfer of Property Act).
Unless possession is deli- vered to the landlord before the expiry of the period of the requisite notice, the tenant continues to hold the premises during the period as tenant. Therefore,
by merely assigning the rights, the tenancy of the company did not come to an end. It was observed by this court in W. H. King v. Republic of India('): "There is a clear distinction between an assign-
ment of a tenancy on the one hand and a relinquish- ment or surrender on the other. In the case of an assignment, the assignor continues to be liable to the landlord for the performance of his obligations
under the tenancy and this liability is contractual, while the assignee becomes liable by reason of pri- vity of estate. The consent of the landlord to an assignment is not necessary, in the absence of a
contract or local usage to the contrary. But in the case of relinquishment it cannot be a unilateral transaction; it can only be in favour of the lessor by mutual agreement between them. Relinquish-
ment of possession must be to the lessor or one who holds his interest: and surrender or relinquishment terminates the lessee's rights and lets in the lessor." In the present case, the company did not surren-
der its rights to the appellant; it sought to transfer its rights to Khosla. The company admittedly did not serve the notice as required by law, nor did the appellant agree to accept the unilateral determination
of the tenancy by the company. The true position was therefore that the company did not immediately on the service of the notice cease to be a tenant; and Khosla, because he was let into possession became an
assignee of the rights of the company as a tenant, and he could not be regarded as a trespasser. The High Court was tharefore in our view in error in holding that the proceedings were not maintainable in the
court of the Controller for possession. Khosla being an assignee of the tenancy rights of the conipany was as much liable to be sued in the court of the Controller as the company for an order in ejectment.
We therefore allow the appeal, set aside the order passed by the High Court and restore the order passed by the District Court, Rohtak. The appellant will be entitled to his costs in this court as well as in the
High Court from Khosla. Appeal allowed. (I) [1952] S.C.R. 419. z961 Pandit Kishan Lal v. Ganpat Ram Khosla Shah ].