M"1ch 7. [1952] PANNALAL AND ANOTHER f), MST. NARAIN! AND OTHERS. (SAIYID FAZL Au, MuKHERJEA and VrvIAN BosE, JJ.] Hindu law-Debts-Pre-partition debts of father-Sons' !iabi/J'ty -Pious liability of son-Nature and extent, and tnode of enforce- ment-Decree against estate of father in sons' hands as legal repre- sentatives-Whether executable against property allotted to sons o-n partition-Civil Proccdur< Code (Act V of 1908), ss. 47, 52, 53. B, acting as
n1anager of a joint Hindu fan1ily, consisting of himself and his sons executed a mortgage deed in favour of the plaintiff, hypothecating certain movables to secure a loon. Sub- sequently the sons
obtained a partition decree against their father and the joint family properties were divi9ed by metes and bounds and separate possession was taken by the father and the sons. Later on, the plaintiff filed a suit against B praying for a decree against the mortgaged
property as well as against the joint family. The sons applied for being impleaded as defend- ants stating that the mortgaged properties were allotted to them by the partition decree and B was not the manager
of a joint Hindu family. In reply the plaintiff gave up the claim for a mortgage decree stating that she would be satisfied with a money decree against B and the plaint was amended accordingly. B died and his sons were brought on the record as his legal representatives. The sons pleaded, inte1· alia, that the debt was illegal and itnmoral as it related to speculative transactions by the father.
The parties arrived at a. comprotnise and on the basis thereof a simple money decree was passed in favour of the plaint- iff against the estate of B in the hands of his legal representatives. The judgment-debtors (sons)
disputed their liability three grounds, viz., (i) that under the terms of the cotnpromise decree, the decree-holder could proceed only against the properties of B in the hands of his legal
representatives and no property belonging to the sons could be made liable for the decree; (ii) that, as the decree waS obtained after partition of the joint family properties between the father and his sons, the properties of the sons obtained in partition
were not liable under Hindu law for the debt of the father, (iii) that in any event if there was any pious obligation on the part of the sons to pay the father's debt incurred before partition such obligation could be enforced against the sons only in ·a properly constituted suit and not by way of execution of a
decree obtained in a suit which was brought against the father alone during his lifetime and to which the sons were made parties as legal representatives after the father's death:
S.C.R. Held, (repelling the contentions), ( l) that as the decree fulfilled the conditions of sec. 52(1) of the Civil Procedure Code it attracted all the incidents which attach by law to a decree of that character and therefore the
decree-holder was entitled to call in aid the provisions of sec. 53 of the Code and if any pro- perty in the hands of the sons was liable under the Hindu law to pay the father's debt, such property would be liable in execu- tion of the decree by virtue of the provision of sec. 53 of the Civil Procedure Code; (2) that a son is liable even after partition for the pre-partition debts of his father, which
are not immoral or illegal and for the payment of which no arrangement was made at the time of the partition; (3) that a decree passed against the separated sons as legal representatives of the deceased father in respect
of a debt incurred before partition can be executed against the shares obtained by such sons at the parti- tion and this can be done in execution proceedings and it is not necessary to bring a separate suit for the purpose.
[Case was remanded to the execution court to determine the question whether the debt was immoral or illegal and whether any arrangement was made at the time of partition for the pay- ment of the debt.]
Bankey Lal v. Durga Prasad (I.L.R. 53 All. 868 F.B.) approved. The view of the majority in Atul Krishna v. Lala Nandanji (I.L.R. 14 Pat. 732) disapproved. (Case law discussed). CIVIL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 57 of 1951. Appeal from a judgment dated 18th May, 1948, of the High Court of East Punjab at Sjmla (Khosfa and Teja Singh JJ.) in Letters Patent Appeal
No. 189 of 1946 arising out 0£ the judgment dated 11th February, 1946, of the Senior Subordinate Judge, Ambala. The facts are set out in the judgment. Gopinath Kunzru (B. C. Misra, with him) for the
appellants. Rang Behari Lal (N. C. Sen, with him) for the res- pondents. 1952. March 7. The judgment of the Court was delivered by MuKHERJEA J.-This appeal is on behalf of the judgment-debtor tn a proceeding for execution of a
money decree and it is directed against the judgment of a Letters Patent Bench of the Punjab High Court dated 18th of May, 1949, by which the learned Judges Pannalal and Anothlll'
v. Mst. Naraini and Others. Panna/a/ ttnd Another V4;' Mst. Naraini and Others. Mukhcrjea /. 54{) [1952] affirmed, in appeal, a decision of a single Judge of that court dated 29th October, 1946. The original order
against which the appeal was taken to the High Court was made by the Senior Subordinate Judge, Ambala, in Execution Case No. 18 of 1945 dismissing the ob- jections preferred by the appellants under section 47
of the Civil Procedure Code. To appreciate the contentions that have been raised in this appeal, it would be necessary to give a short narrative of the material events in their chronological
order. On September 30, 1925, Baldev Das, the father of the appellants, who was, at that time the ffia!lager of a joint Hindu family, consisting of him- self and his sons, executed a mortgage bond in favour
of Mst. Naraini, the original respondent No. l, and another person named Talok Chand, by which certain movable properties belonging to the joint family were hypothecated to secure a loan of Rs. 16,000.
On April 16, 1928, the appellants along with a minor bro- ther of theirs named Sumer Chand filed a suit-being Suit No. 23 of 1928-in the Court of the Subordinate Judge of Shahjahanpur against their
father Baldev Das for partition of the joint family properties\ The suit culminat:ed in a final decree for partition on 20th July, 1928, and the joint family properties were divid-
ed by metes and bounds and separate possession was taken by the father and the sons. On 29th Sep- tember, 1934, Mst. Naraini filed a suit in the Court of the Senior Subordinate Judge,
Ambala, against Baldev Das for recovery of a sum of R&. 12,500 only on the basis of ·the mortgage bond referred to above. It was stated in the plaint that the money was borrowed by
the defendant as manager of a joint Hindu family and the plaintilf prayed for a decree against the mortgaged propert)i as well as against the joint family. On 18th December, 1934,
the appellants made an application before the Subordinate Judge under Order I, Rule 10, and Order XXXIV, Rule 1, Civil Procedure Code, pray- ing that they might be added as parties defendants
to the suit and the points in ~sue arising therein might be decided in their presence. It was asserted in the S.C.R. petition that Baldev Das was not the manager of a joint family and that the family properties had been
partitioned by a decree of the court, as a result of which the properties alleged tlo Pe the subject-matter of the mortgage were allotted to the share of the peti- tioners. In reply to this petition, the plaintiff's coun-
sel stated in court on 7th February, 1935, that his client would give up the claim for a mortgage decree against the properties m suit and would be satisfied only with a money decree against Baldev Das perso-
nally. The plaint was amended accordingly, deleting all refetence to the joint family and abandoning the claim against the mortgaged property. Upon this the appellants withdrew their application for being
made parties to the suit and reserved their right to take proper legal action if and when necessary. On AprN 17, 1935, Baldev Das died and on 2nd September following the appellants as well as their mother, who
figures as respondent No. 5 m this appeal, were brought on the record as legal representatives of Bal- dev Das. On October 9, 1935, the appellants filed a written statement m which a number of pleas were
taken in answer to the plaintiff's claim and it was asserted m paragraph 10 of the written statement that Baldev Das dealt Badri or speculative transac- uons, and if any money was due to the plaint·
iff at all m connection with such transactions the debt was illegal and immoral and not binding on the family property. On the same day the court recorded an order to the effect that as the plaint-
iff had given up her claim for a mortgage decree, the legal representatives of the deceased could not be allowed to raise pleas relating to the validity or other- wise of the mortgage. On 20th November, 1935, the
parties arrived at a compromise and on the basis of the same, a simple money decree was passed in favour ci the plaintiff for the full amount claimed in the suit together with half costs amounting to Rs. 425 annas
odd against the estates of Baldev Das m the hands of his legal representatives. After certain attempts at execution of this decree which did not prove successful. Pannalal and Another
v. Mst. Naraini and Others. Mukheriea /. Pannalal and Another v. Mst, Naraini and Others. Mukheriea }. [1952] the present application for execution was filed by the decree-holder on March 13, 1945, in the court of
the Senior Subordinate fudge, Ambala, and in accord- ance with the prayer contained therein, the court directed the attachment of certain immovable proper- ties consisting of a number of shops in possession of
the appellants and situated at a place called Abdulla- pur. On April 23, 1945, the appellants filed objections under section 47, Civil Procedure Code, and they op- posed the attachment of the properties substantially
on the ground that those properties did not belong to Baldev Das but were the separate and exclusive pro- perties of the objectors which they obtained on parti- tion with their father long before the decree was
passed. It was asserted that these properties could not be made liable for the satisfaction of the decretal dues which had to be realised under the terms of the decree itself from the estate left by Baldev Das.
After hearing the parties and the evidence adduced by them the Subordinate fudge came to the conclu- sion ,that there was in fact a partition between Baldev Das and his sons in the year 1928 and as a result of
the same, the properties, which were attached at the instance of the decreeholder, were allotted to the share of the sons. The decree sought to be executed was obtained after the partition, but it was in respect of
a debt which was contracted by the father prior to it. It was held m these circumstances that the separate share of the wns which they obtained on partition was liable under the Hindu law for the pre-partition
debt of their father if it was not immoral and under section 53 of the Civil Procedure Code the decree- holder was entitled to execute the decree against such properties. As no point was raised by the objectors
m their petition alleging that the debt covered by the decree was tainted wi:th immorality, the objections under section 47, Civil Procedure Code, were dismissed. The objectors thereupon took an appeal to the High
Court of East Punjab which was heard by Rahman J. sitting singly. The learned Judge dismissed the appeal and affirmed the decision of the Subordinate ' •· S.C.R. Judge. A further appeal taken to a Division Bench
under the Letters Patent was also dismissed and it is the propriety of the judgment of the Letters Patent Bench that has been challenged before us m this appeal. Mr. Kunzru appearmg for the appellants put for-
Pannalal and Another v. Mst. Naraini and Others. ward a three-fold contention in support of the appeal. Mttkherjea /. He contended m the first place that under the terms of the compromise decree the decreeholder could pro-
ceed only against the properties of Baldev Das in the hands of his legal representatives and no property belonging to the appellants could be made liable for the satisfaction of the decree. The second contention
put forward is that as the decree in the present case was obtained after particion of the joint fami:ly pro- perty between the father and his sons, the separate property of the sons obtained on partition was not
liable under Hindu law for the debt of the father. It is urged that of all that i!n any event if there was any pious obligation on the part of the sons to pay the father's debt incurred before partition, sudh obli~
gation could be enforced against the sons, only m a properly constituted suit and not by way of execution of a decree obtained m a suit which was brought against the father alone during hi1> lifetime and to
which the sons were made parties only as legal repre- sentatives after the father's death. As regards the first point, the determination of the question raised by Mr. Kunzru depends upon the
construction to be put upon the terms of the compro- miise decree. The operative portion of the decree as drawn up by the court S,tands as follows: "It IS ordered that the parties
having compro- mised, a decree in accordance with the terms of the compronnse be and the same Is hereby passed m favour of the plaintiff against the estate of Baldev Das deceased in po~isession of his ite~l 1repre~ntarives.
It is also ordered that'. the defendants do also pay Rs. 425-7-0, half costs of the suit." Pannalal •nd Another v; Mst. N 11r<lini and Others. Muk_herjea /. [1952] There was no petition of compromise filed by the
parties and made part of the decree, but there are on the record two sitatements, one made by Pannalal, the appellant No. 1, on behalf of himself and his mother, and the other by Lala Haraprasad, the special agent
of the plaintifl, setting out terms of the compromise. The terms are worded much in the same manner as in the decree itself and are to the effect that a decree for the amount in suit together with half costs would be
awarded against the property of Baldev Das deceased. It is argued by Mr. Kunzru that the expression "estate of Baldev Das deceased" occurring in the decree must mean and refer to the property belonging to Baldev
Das at the date of his death and could not include any property which the sons obtained on partition with their father during the father's lifetime and in respect of which the latter possessed no interest at the
time of his death. Stress is laid by the learned coun- sel in this connection on the fact that when the appellants were brought on the record as legal repre- sentatives of their deceased father in the mortgage
suit, they specifically asserted in their written state- ment that there was a partition between them and thel.r father long before the date of the suit as a result of which the h ypothecated properties were allotted to
them. Upon that the plaintiff definitely abandoned her claim to a mortgage decree or to any relief against the joint family and agreed finally to have a money decree executable against the personal assets of Baldev
Das in the hands of his heirs. In these circumstances, it is urged that if it was the intention of the parties that the decreeholder would be entitled to proceed against the separate property of the sons nothing could
have been easier than to insert a provision to that effect in the compromise decree. There is undoubtedly apparent force in this contention but there is another aspect of the question which requires consideration.
The terms of the decree that was passed in this suit, though based on the consent of the parties, are precise- ly the same as are contemplated by section 52 (1) of the Civil Procedure Code. It was a decree for money
S.C.R. passed against the legal representatives of a deceased debtor and it provided expressly that the decretal amount was to be realised out of the estate of the deceased in the hands of the legal representatives. It
is argued on behalf of the respondent, and we think rightly, that as the decree fulfils the conditions of section 52(1) of the Civil Procedure Code, it would attract all the incidents which attach by law to a
decree of that character. Consequently the decree- holder would be entitled to call in aid the provision of section 53 of the Code; and if any property in the hands of the sons other than what they received by inheri-
tance from their father, is liable under the Hindu law to pay the father's debts, such property could be reached by the decreeholder in execution of the decree by virtue of the provision of section 53 of the Civil Procedure
Code. Whether the property which the sons obtained on partition during the lifetime of the father is liable for a debt covered by a decree passed after partition and whether section 53 has at all any application to
a case of this character are questioru which we have to determine m c'onnection with the second and the third points raised by appellants. Section 53, Civil Procedure Code, it is admitted, being only a rule of
procedure, cannot create or take away any substantive right. It is only when the liability of the sons to pay the debts of their father in certain circumstances exists under the Hindu law, is the operation of the section
attracted and not otherwise. The only other question that can possibly arise by reason of the decree beiQg_ a compromise decree is, whether the parties iihemselves have, by agreement,
excluded the operation of section 53, Ciivil Procedure Code. It is certainly possible for the parties to agree among themselves that the decree should be executed only against a particular property
and no other, but when any statutory right is sought to be contracted out, it is necessary that express words of exclusion must be used. Exclusion cannot be in- ferred merely from the fact that the compromise made
no reference to such right. As nothing was said in the compromise decree in the Dresent case about the PannalaZ and Another v. Mst. Naraini and Otllers. MukJ1eriea /. Panna/al and Another
v. M st. N araini and Others. [1952] right of the decreeholder to avail herself of other pro- visions of the Code which might be available to her in law, we cannot say that the plaintiff has by agreement
expressly given up thO;Se rights. The first point, there- fore, by itself is of no assistance to the appellants. We now come to the other two points raised by Mr. Mukhcrica /. Kunzru and as they are inter-connected they can con-
veniently be taken up together. These points involve consideration of the somewhat vexed questlion relating to the liabifoy of a son under the Hindu law other than that of the Daybhag school to pay the debts of
his father, provided they are not tainted with im- morality. In the opinion of the Hindu Smriti writers, debt is not merely a legal obligation, but non-payment of debt is a sin, the consequences of which follow the
debtor even after his death. A text (1), which is attric buted to Brihaspathi, lays down: "He who having received a sum lent or the like does not repay it to the owner, will be born hereafter in the
creditor's house a slave, a servant, a woman or a quadruped." There are other text-' which say that a person in debt goes to hell. Hindu law-givers therefore impos- ed a pious duty on the descendants of a man including
his son, grandson and great grandson to pay off the debts of their ancestor and relieve him of the after- death torments con$equent on non-payment. In the original texts a difference has been made in regard to
the obligation resting upon sons, grandsons and great grandsons in this respect. The son is bound to dis- charge the ancestral debt as if it was his own, together with interest and irrespective of any assets that he
might have · received. The liability of the grandson is much the same except that he has not to pay any interest; but in regard to the great grandson the liabi~ lity arises only if he received assets from his ancestor.
It is now settled by judicial decisions that there is no difference as between son, grandson and great grandson so far as the obligation to pay the debts of the ances- tor· js, concerned; but none of them has any personal
(1) Vide Co\ebrooke's Digest I, 228. . . . • .. S.C.R. liability m the matter irrespect~ve of receiving any assets (1). The position, therefore, is that the son is not personally liable for the debt of his father even if
the debt was not incurred for an immoral purpose and the obligation is limited to the assets received by him in his share of the joint family property or to his interest in such property and it does not attach to his
self-acquisitions. The duty being religious or moral, it ceases to exist if the debt is tainted with immorality or vice. Acmrding to the text writers, this obligati'on arises normally on the death of the father ; but even
during the farher's lifetime the son is obliged to pay his fat!her's debts in certain exceptional cilrcumstances, e.g., when the father is afflicted with disease or has become insane or too old or has been away from his
country .for a long time or has suffered civil death by becoming an anchorite (2). It can now be taken to be fairly well settled that the pious liability of the son to pay the debt.~ of his father exists whether the father
is alive, or dead (3). Thus i.t is open to the father, during his lifetime, to effect a transfer of any joint family property including the interests of his sons in the same to pay off an antecedent deb~ not incurred
for family necessity or benefit, provided it is not taint- ed with immorality. It is equally open to the creditor to obtain a decree against the father and in execution of the same put up to sale not merely the father's but
also the son's interest in the joint estate. The creditor can make the sons parties to such suit and obtain an adjudication from the court that the debt was a pro- per debt payable by the sons. But even if the sons
are not made parties, they cannot resist the sale unless they succeed in establishing that the debts were con- tracted for immoral purposes. These propositions can be said to be well recognised and reasonably beyond
thr region of controversy( 4). All of them, however, (1) Vi de Masitul!ah v. Damodar Prasad, 53 I.A. 204. (2J Vi de Mayne's Hindu Law, 11th edition, p. 408. (3) Vide Bnj Narain v. Mang/a Prasad, 51I.A.129.
(4) Vide Girdltarec? Lall v. Kantoo Lall, 1 I.A. 321 : Maddan Tltakoor v. Kmitoo Lall, I I.A. 333; Suraj Bumi v. Sheo Prasad, 6 I.A. 88, Brij Narain v. Mang/a Prasad, 51 I. A. 129.
Pannalal and Another v. Mst. Naraini and Others .• Mukher;ea /, PannaJal an.d Another v. Mst. Naraini and Others. Muk_herjea /. [1952] have reference to the period when the estate remains
jomt and there is existence of coparcenership between the father and the son. There is no question that so long as the family remains undivided the father is entitled to alienate, for satisfying his own per-
sonal debts not tainted with immorality, the whole of the ancestral estate. A creditor ils also entitled to proceed against the entire estate for recovery of a debt taken by the father. The position is somewhat al-
tered when there is a disruption of the joint family by a partition between the father and the sons. The ques- tion then arises, whether the sons remain liable for the debt of the father even after the family is divided; and
can the creditor proceed against the shares that the sons obtain on partition for realization of his dues either by way of a suit or in execution of a decree obtained against the father alone? It must be admitted
that the law on the subject as developed by judicial decisions has not been always consistent or uniform and the pronouncements of some of the Judges betray a lack of agreement in thefu- approach to the various
questions involved in working out the law. As regards debts contracted by the father after partition, there $. no dispute that the sons are not liable for such debts. The share which the father receives on
partition and which after his death comes to his sons, may certaJcly, at the hands of the 1atQer, be available to the creditors of the father, but the shares allotted on partition to the sons can never be made liable for
the post-partition debts of the father (1). The question that ~ material for our present purpose is, whether the sons can be made liable for an unsecured debt of the father incurred before partition, in respect to which
the creditor filed his suit and obtained decree after the partition took place. On this point admittedly there is ditvergence of judicial opinion, though the majority of decided cases are in favour of the view that the
separated share of a son remains liable even after partition for the pre-partition debts of the father which II) Vide Mayne's Hindu Law, I !th Edition, 430. .. . S.C.R. are not illegal or immoral(1).
The reasons given in sup- port of this view by different Judges are not the same and .on the other side there are pronouncements of certain learned Judges, though few in number, expres~
sing the view that once a partition takes place, the obligation of the sons to discharge the debts of their father comes to an end (2). The minority view proceeds upon the footing that
the pious obligation of ·the son is only to his father and corresponding to this obligation of the son the father has a right to alienate the entire joint property including the son's interest therein for satisfaction of
an antecedent debt not contracted for immoral pur- poses. What the creditor can do is to avail himself of this right of the father and work it out either by suit or execution proceedings ; in other words, the remedy
of a father's simple contract creditor during the father's lifetime rests entirely on the right of the father him- self to alienate the entire family property for satisfac- tion of his personal debts. The father loses this right
as soon as partition takes place and after that, the cre- ditor cannot occupy a better position or be alJowed to assert rights which the father himself could not possess . The reasoning in support of the other view which
has been accepted in the majority of the decided cases is thus expressed by Waller J. in his judgment in the Madras Full Bench case(3) : "On prindple, I can see no reason why a partition
should exempt a son's share from liability for a pre- partition debt for which it was liable before partition. The creditor advances money to the father on the credit of the joint family property. Why should he be de-
prived of all but a fraction of his security by a trans– action to which he was not a party and of which he (I) Vide Subramanya v. Sabapathi. 51 Mad. 361 (F. B.);Annabatv. Saivappa, 52 Born. 376; Jawahar Singh v. Parduman, I 4 Lah. 399· Atul Krishna v.
Lala Nandanji, 14 Pat. 732 (F.B.);· BankeyLalv. Dttrga Pra;ad, 53 All 868 (F.B.); Raghunandan v. Matiram,6 Luck. 497 (F.B.). (2) Vide Krishnaswamiv. RamasW01f1i, 22 Mad 519, V. P. Venkanna
v. V. S. Deefc.;hatu/u 41 Mad 136 V1dealso the dissemient judgment of Ayyanga J. in Sabramanya v. Sabapathi, 51 Mad. 361 (F.B.). (3) Vide Suhramanya v. Savapu1h1; 51 Mad. 361at369 (F.B).
6-6 SC India/71 Pannalal and Another v. Mst. Narainz and Others. Mukherjea /. Pannalal and Another v. Mst. Naraini and Others. Mukherjea f. SUi>REME COURT REPORTS [1952] Was not aware ? and what becomes of the son's pious
obligation? It was binding as regards the particular debt before partition ; does it cease to apply to that debt simply because there has been a partition?" The first part of the observation of the learned Judge
does not impress us very much. An unsecured creditor, who has lent money to the father, does not acquire any lien or .charge over the family property, and no question of his security being diminished, at all arises. In spite
of his having borrowed money the father remains entitled· to alienate the property and a mere expectation of the creditor however reasonable it may be, cannot :be guaranteed by law so long as he does not take steps
necessary in law to give him adequate protection. ·The_ extent of the pious obligation referred to in the latter part of the observation of the learned Judge certainly requires careful consideration. We do nat
·think that it is quite correct to say that the creditor'! claim is based entirely upon the father's power of dealing with the son's interest in the joint . estate. The father's right of alienating the family property for
payment of his just debts may be one of the con- sequences of the pious obligation which the Hindu law imposes upon the sons or one of the·_means of enforcing it, but it is certainly not the measure of the entire
obligation. As we have said already, according to the strict Hindu theory, the obligat1Qn of 'the sons to pay the father's debts normally arises when the father is dead, drsabled or unheard of for a long time. No ques-
tion of alienation of the family property by the father arises in these events, although it is precisely under these circumstances that the son is obliged to discharge the debts of his father. As was
said by Sulaiman A. C. J. in the case of Bankey Lal v. Durga Prasad(') : "The Hindu law texts based the liability on the pious · obligation itself and not on the father's power to <sell the son's share."
It is thus necessary to see what exactly is the extent of the obligation which is recognised by the Hindu (I) (1931)"53 All. 868 at 876 (F.B.). 'j.. S.C.R. texts writers in regard to the payment by the son of
the pre-partition debts of his father. Almost all the relevant texts on this point are to be found collected in the ju,dgments of Sulaiman A C.J. and Mukherji J. in the Allahabad Full Bench case referred to above.
A text of Narada recites (1) : "What is left after the discharge of the father's ooligation and #ter the paymerit of the 'f:ilther's debts shall be divided by the brothers so that the father
may not remain a debtor." Katyan also says (2) : "The sons shall pay off the debts and the gifts promised by the father and divide the remaining among themselves." There is a further passage in Manu (3 ) :
"After due division of the paternal estate if any debt or estate of the father be found out let the brothers equally divide the same among themselves." According to Yagnavalka (4) :
"The sons should divide the wealth and the debts equally." It is true that the partition contemplated in these passages is one after the death. of_ the father, but when- ever the partition might take place, the view of the
Hindu law gives undoubtedly is that the binding debts on the family property would have to be satisfied or provided for before the coparceners can divide the pro- perty. In Sat Narat~n v. Das(5), the Judicial Committee
pointed out thait when the family ;esta.te iis divided, .it is necessary to take account of both the assets and the debts for which the undivided estatl\'. is liable. It was argued in that case on behalf of the appellants that
the pious obligation of the sons was an obligation not to object to the alienation of the joint estate by the (I) Narada, 13,32. (2) Hindu Law in its Sources by Dr. Ganga Nath Jha, Vol. l, p. 202 quotation No. 21 l.
(3) Chap. 9. v. 218. (4) J.C. Ghosh's Hindu Law, Vol. II, page 342. (5) (1936) 63 I A. 384. Pannalal and Another v. Mst. Naraini and Others. Mukherjea J. Pannalal and Another v. Mst. Naraini
Rnd Others. Mukherjea /. [1952] father for his · antecedent debt unless they were immoral or illegal, but these debts were not a liability on the joint estate for which provision was required
to be made before partition. This contention did not find favour with the Judicj,,J Committee and in their opinion, as they expressed in the judgment, the right thing to do was to make provision for discharge of
such liability when there was partition of the joint estate. If there is no such prov1S1on, "the debts are to be paid severally by all the sons according to their shares of inheritance," as enjoined by Vishnu('). In
our opinion, this. is the proper view to take regarding the liability of the sons under Hindu law for the pre- partition debts of the father. The sons are liable to pay these debts . even after partition unle.<;s there was
an arrangement for payment of these debts at the time when the partition took place. This is substanti- ally the view taken by the Allahabad High Court m the Full Bench case referred to above and it seems to
us to be perfectly m accord with the principles of equity and justice. The question now comes as to what is meant by an arrangement for payment of debts. The expressions "bona fide"
and "mala fide" partition seem to have been frequently used m this connection in vanous . decided cases. The use of such expressions far from being useful does not unoften lead to error and con-
fusion. If by mala fide partition is meant a partition the object of which is to delay and defeat the creditors .who · have claims upon the joint family property, obviously this · would be a fraudulent transaction not
binding in law and it would be open to the creditors to avoid it by appropriate means. So also a mere colourable · partition not meant to operate between the parties can be ignored and the creditor can enforce his
remedies as if the parties still continued to be joint. But a partition need not .be mala fide in the sense that the dominant intention. of the parties was 'to defeat the claims of the creditors; if it makes no arrangement
or provision for the payment of the just debts payable (1) Vishnu, Chap. 6, verse 36. u.. S.C.R. S.59 out of the joint fami'ly property, the liability of the sons for payment of the pre-partition debts of the
Pannalal father will still remain. We desLre only to point out and Another that an arrangement for payment of debts does not , v. necessarily imply that a separate fund should be set
Mst. Naraini apart for payment of these debts before the net assets and Others. are divided, or that some additional property, must be given to the father over and above his legitimate share
sufficient to meet the demands of his credit:ors. Whether there is a proper arrangement for payment of the debts or not, would have to be dec~ded on the facts and circumstances of each individual case. We can con-
ceive of cases where the property allotted to the father in his own legitimate share was constdered more than enough for his own necessities and he undertook to pay off all his personal debts and release the sons from
their obligation in respect thereof. That may also be considered to be a proper arrangement for payment of the creditor in the circumstances of a particular case. After all the pfiimary liability to pay his debts is upon
the father himself and the sons should not be made liable if the property in the hands of the father IS more than adequate for the purpose. If the arrange- ment made at the time of partition Js reasonable and
proper, an unsecured creditor cannot have any reason to complain. The fact that he IS no party to such arrangement is, in our opinion, immaterial. Of course, if the transaction is fraudulent or is not meant to be
operative, it could be ignored or set aside ; but other- wise it is the duty of unsecured creditor to be on hi~ guard lest any family property over which he has no charge or lien is diminished for purposes of realization
of his dues. Thu~, in our opinion, a son Is liable, even after partition for the pre-partition debts of his father which are not immoral or illegal and for the payment of which no arrangement was made at the date of the
partition. The question now is, how Is this liability to be enforted by the creditor, either during the life- time of the father or after his death? It has been held 7-6 S. C, Inda/71
Mukherjea /. Pannalal and Another y; Mst. Naraini and Others. Mukherjea /. [1952] in a la;ge number of cases(' )-all of which recognise the liability of the son to pay the pre-partition debts of
the father-that a decree against the father alone obtained after partition in respect of such deht cannot be executed against the property that is allotted to the son on partition. They concur in holding that a
separate and independent suit must be instituted against the sons before their shares can be reached. The principles underlying these decisions seems to us to be quite sound. After a partition takes place, the
father can no longer represent the family and a decree obtained against him alone, cannot he hinding on the separated sons. In the second place, the power exer- cisable by the father of selling the interests of the
sons for sati,sl'action of his personal debts comes to an end with partition. As the separated share of the sons cannot be said to belong to the father nor has he any disposing power over it or its profits which he can
exercise for his benefit, the provision of section 60 of the .Civil Procedure Code would operate as a bar to the attachment and sale of any such property in execution of a decree against the father. The position has been
correctly stated by the Nagpur High Court(2) in the following passages : "To say a son is under a pious obligation to pay certain debts is one thing; to say his property can be taken in execution is another. In our view,
property can only be attached and sold in execution if it fa1ls within the kind of property that can be attached and sold. What that is, is found by looking at section 60. When one looks at section 60 one finds that the property
in question should either belong to the judgment-debtor or he should have a disposing power over it. After parti- tion, the share that goes to the son does not belong to the father and the father has no disposing power over
it. Therefore such property does not fall within section 60. . . . . . It by no means follows that a son cannot (1) Vi de KamesWaramma~v. Venkatasubba. 38 Mad. 1120; Subramanya v. Subapathi,
Mld. 36l;~Thirumal; Muthuv. Subramania, A.l.R. 1937 Mad. 458; Surajmaf v. Mottram, 1939 .Born. 658, Atul Krishna v. Lala Nandal!fi, 14 Pat. 732; Govindram v. Nathulal, I. J •. R 1938 Nag. 10. (2) Joi•aray•n v. Sona}f, A.LR. 1938 N•i· 24 at 29.
S.C..lt be made liable. He could be made Ii.able for his father's debts if he had become a surety; he can be made liable under the pious obligation rule. In neither of the cases put, could his liability take the form of
having his property seized in execution and sold with- out any prior proceedings brought against him, leaving him to raise the question whether his liability as surety or under the pious obligation rule precluded
him from claiming in execution." It is not disputed that the provision of section 53 of the Civil Procedure Code cannot be extended to a case when the father is still alive. We now come to the last and the most controversial
point in the case, namely, whether a decree passed against the separated sons as legal represen,t!ati'ves of a deceased debtor in respect of a debt incurred before partition can be executed against the shares obtained
by such sons at the partition? As has been said already, the shares of the separated sons in the family property may be made liable for pre-partition debts, provided they are not tainted with immorality and no arrange-
ment for payment of such debts was made at the time of the partition. The question, however, is whether this can be done in execution proceedings or a separate suit has to be brought for this purpose. Mr. Kunzru
argues that what could not be done during the life- time of the father in execution of a decree against him cannot possibly be done after his death simply be- cause the father died during the pendency of the suit
and the sons were made parties defendants not in their own right but as representatives of their deceased father. It is pointed out that the appellants in the present case were not allowed to raise any plea whi'ch
could not have been raised by their father and they never had any opportunity to show that they were under Hindu law not liable for these debts. It is undoubtedly true that no liability can be enforced
against the sons unless they are given an opportunity to show that they are not liable for debts under Hindu law; but this opportunity can certainly be given to Pannalal and Another
v. Mst. Naraini and Others. Muk,herjea /. Panna/al and Another v.. Mst. Naraini and Others. Mukheriea /. [195i] them in execution proceedings as well. A decree against a father alone during his lifetime cannot possibly be
executed against his sons as his legal representatives. As we have said already, the decree against the father after the partition could not he taken to be a decree against the sons and no attachment and sale of the
sons' separated shares would be permissible under section 60, Civil Procedure Code. The position, however, would be materially different if the sons are made parties to the suit as legal representatives
of their father and a decree 1s passed against them limited to the assets of the deceased defendant m their hands. A proceeding for execution of such a decree would attract the operation of section 47 of the
Civil Procedure Code under which all questions relating to execution, discharge and satisfaction of the decree between the parties to the suit in which the decree was passed or their representatives
would have to be decided m execution proceedings and not by a sepa- rate suit. Section 52(1), Civil Procedure Code, provides that when a decree 1s against the legal repreocntatives of a dead person and 1s one for re-
covery of money out of the properties of the deceased, it may be executed by attachment, and sale of any such property. Then comes section 53 which lays down that "for purposes of section 50 and section 52 pro-
perty m the hands of a son or other descendants which is liable under Hindu law for payment of the debt of · a deceased ancestor m respect of which a decree has been passed, shafl be deemed to be property
of the deceased which has come to the hands of the son or other descendant as his legal representative." It is to be noted that before the Civil Procedure Code of 1908 came into force, there was a conflict of opinion as
to whether the liability of a Hindu son to pay his father's debts could or could not be enforced in execution proceedings. Under the Hindu law an undivided son or other descendant who succeeds to the joint property
on the death of his father or other ancestor does so by right of survivorship and not as heir. In the old Code the term "legal representative" was not defined and 1 ' s.c.it the question arose as to whether the son could \,e
regarded as the legal representative of his father m regard to properties which he got by survivorship on the father's death and whether a decree against the father could be enforced in execution against the son
or a separate suit would have to be i:~tuted for that purpose. It was held by the Madras and the Allaha- bad High Courts that the liability could not be en- forced in execution proceedings, whereas the Calcutta
and the Bombay High Courts held otherwise. Section 53 m a sense gives legislative sanction to the view taken by the Calcutta and the Bombay High Courts. One reason for introducing this section may have been
or undoubtedly was to enable the decreeholder to proceed in execution against the property that vested in the son by survivorship after the death of the father against whom the decree was obtained; but the sec-
tion has been worded in such a comprehensive man- ner that it is wide enough to include all cases where a son 1~ in possession of ancestral property which is liable under the Hindu law to pay the debts of his
father; and either the decree has been made against the son as legal representative of the father or the original decree being against the father, it is put into execution against the son as his legal representative
under section 50 of the Civil Procedure Code. In both these sets of circumstances the son 1s deemed by a fiction of law to be the legal representative of the deceased debtor in respect of the property which is in
his hands and which is liable under the Hindu law to pay the debts of the father, although as a matter of fact he obtained the property not as a legal representa- tive of the father at all.
As we said have already, section 53 of the Civil Pro- cedure Code being a rule of procedure does not and can- not alter any principle of sub~tantive law and it does not enlarge or curtail in any manner the obligation which
exists under Hindu law regarding the liability of the son to pay his father's debts. It however lays down the i..,. procedure to be followed in cases coming under this section and if the son is bound under Hindu law to
Pannalal and Another v. Mst. Naraini and Oth(rs. Mulc/1erjea /. Pannalal and Another v. Mst. Naraini and Others. Mukherjea /. $64 [1952J pay the father's debts from any ancestral property in
his hands-and the section is not limited to property obtained by survivorship alone-the remedy of the decreeholder against such property lies in the execution proceedings and not by way of a separate suit. The
son would certainly be at liberty to show that the property in his hands is for certain reaii<>ns Iiot liable to pay the debts of his father and all these questions would have to be decided by the executing court
under section 47, Civil Procedure Code. This seems to us to be the true scope and the meaning of section 53, Civil Procedure Code. In our opinion the correct view on this point was taken by Wort J. in his dissenting
judgment in the Full Bench case of Atul Krishna v. Lala Nandanji (1 ) decided by the Patna High Court. The majority decision in that case upon which stress is laid by Mr .. Kunzru overlooks the point that section
47, Civil Procedure Code, could have no application when the decree against the father is sought to be executed against the sons during his lifetime and consequently the liability of the latter must have to
be established in an independent proceeding. In cases coming under sections 50 and 52 of the Civil Procedure Code on the other hand the decree would be capable of being • executed against the sons as
legal representatives of their fatl1er and it would only be a matter of procedure whether or not these questions should be allowed to be raised by the sons in execu- tion proceedings under section 47,
Civil Procedure Code. It remains only to consider what order should be passed in this case having regard to the principles of law discussed above. The High Court, in our opinion, was quite right in holding that the question of liabi-
lity of the property obtained by the appellants in their share on partition with their father, for the decretal dues is to be determined in the execution proceeding itself and not by a separate suit. It is not disputed
before us that the debt which is covered by the decree in the present case is a pre-partition debt. The sons, · (') (1935) 14 Pat. 732. S.C,R. therefore, would be liable to pay the decretal amount,
provided the debt was not immoral or illegal, and no arrangement was made for payment of this debt at the time when the partition took place. Neither of these questions has been iiwestiga~ed by the courts
below. As regards the immorality of the debts. it is. observed by the High Court that the point was not specifically · taken in the objections of the appellants under section 47, Civil Procedure Code. The validity
of the partition again was challenged in a way by the decreeholder in his reply to the objections of the appel- lants, but the courts below did not advert to the real point that requires consideration in such cases. The
partition was not held to be invalid as being a fraud on the debtor but the question was not adverted to or con- sidered whether it made any proper arrangement for payment of the just debts of the father. In our opinion,
the case should be reheard by the trial judge and both the points referred to above should be properly investigated. The appellants did raise a point regard- ing their non-liability for the decretal debt, in the suit itself when they were brought on the record as legal
representatives after the death of their father. The court, however, did not allow them to raise or substan- tiate this plea inasmuch as they were held incompe- tent to put forward any defence which the father
himself could not have taken. Having regard to the conflicting judicial decisions on the subject, the appel- lants cannot properly be blamed for not raising this point again in the execution proceedings. We think
that they should now be given an opportunity to do so. The result is that we set aside the judgments of the courts below and direct that the case should be heard de novo by the Subordinate Judge and that the
appellants should be given an opportunity to put in a fresh petition of objection under section 47 of the Civil Procedure Code raising such points as they are compe- tent to raise. The decreeholder would have the right to
reply to the same. The court shall, after hearing such evidence as the parties might choose to adduce, decide Pannalal and Another v. Mst. Naraini and Otliers. Mukher;ea /. Pllnna/al
anll Another v. Mst. N<Naini and Others. (1952) first of all whether the property attached is the ances- tral property of the appellants and is liable to pay the just debts of their father. It will consider in this con-
nection whether the debts are illegal or immoral and as such not payable by the sons. If this question is answered in favour of the appellants; obviously the execution petition will have to be dismissed. If on the
other hand it is found that the sons are liable for this debt, the other question for consideration would be whether there was any proper arrangement made at the time of the partition for payment of the debts of
the father. The court below will decide theS:e questions in the light of the principles which we have indicated above and will dispose of the case in accordance with law. In the event of the appellants being held liable
for payment of the decretal debt, it would be open to the executing court to make an order that the decree- holder should in the first instance proceed against the separate property of the father which was allotted
to him on partition and which after his death devolved upon the sons ; and only if such property is not suffi- cient for satisfaction of the decree, then the decree could be executed for the balance against the ancestral
property in the hands of the appellants. There will be no order for costs up to this stage. Further costs will follow the result. Agent for the appellants : 1'arachand Brijmohan Lal.
Agent for the respondent.9: Mohan Behari Lal.