PEOPLE’S UNION FOR DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS AND OTHERS versus UNION OF INDIA & OTHERS

c '456 'PEOPLE'S UNION FOR DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS AND OTHERS v. UNION OF INDIA & OTHERS September 18, 1982 [P.N. BHAGWATI AND BAHARUL ISLAM, JJ.] Public Interest Litigation, scope and need for-Violation of various labour 4 laws in relation to workmen employed in the construction work connected with the \T_

Asian Games like Constitution of India, 1950 Arts. 24, Minimum wages Act, 1948, Equal Remuneration Act. The employment of Children Acts, 1938 and 1970, Inter- state Migrant workman (Regulation of Employment and conditions of Service) Act, 1970 and contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970-Locus~standi- Maintainability of the writ and remedial relief that could be granted-Duties of Court regarding sentencing in cases of violation of Labour Laws-Constitution of · India Articles 14, 23, 24 and 32–Scope of Article 23 Meaning of''begar" Duty of State when violation of Arts. 11, 23 and 24 is complained. Petitioner No. 1,, is an organisation formed for the purpose of protecting democratic rights. It c'ommissioned three social scientists for the purpose of investigating. and inquiring into the conditions under which"the workmen engaged in the various Asiad Projects were working. Based on the report made by these three social scientists after personal investigati~n and study the 1st petitioner add- ressed a letter to Hon'ble Mr. Justice Bhagwati complaining of viola#on of …. various labourlaws by the reSpondents' and/or their agents and seeking interfe– rence by the Supreme Court to render social justice by means of appropriate directions to thC affected workmen. The' Supreme Court 'treated the letter as a writ petition on the judicial side and issued notice; to· the Union of India, Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development Authority.

The allegations in the petition were : (i) The various authorities to whom the execution of the different projects was entrusted engaged contractors for the purpo~e of car- rying out the construction work of the projects and they were registered as principal emploYers under section 7 of the Contract Labour (Regulation and~AboJition) Act; 1970. These contractors engaged workers through "Jamadars" who brought them from

different parts of India particularly the States of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa and paid to these Jamadars the minimum wage of Rs. 9.25 per day pe·r worker and not to the workmen direct. The Jamadars deducted Rupee one p~r day per worker as t~eir commis- .(ii)

PEOPLE'~ UNION v. UNION OJ! INDIA: . 457 sion with the result that there was a violation of the provisions Or … the Minimum Wages Act; Th~.,provisions of Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 were violated as' the women w~>rkcrs wei:e being paid RS. 7/- per day, the balance of the amount of the wage was being misappropriated by . the

Jamadars: (iii) There was violation of Article 24 of the Constitution and of the prov.isions of the Employment of Children Acts, 1938 and 1970 in asmuch 3.s children below 'the age of 14 years were employed by the contractors in the construction work of the various projects; (iv) There was viOlation of the· provisions of the Contract Labour (Regulations. and Abolition) Act, 1970 which resulted in depriva· tion and exploitation ~f the Workers ~nd denial of their right to proper living condition and medical and other facilities un'der the Act; and

(v) The provisions of the Inter-state Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979, though brought into force as far back as 2nd Octobe~ 1980 in the Union Territory of Delhi were not implemented by t~e Contractors.

AlloWing the petition, the Court., HBLD: 1:1. Public.interest litig'ation which is strategic arm of the legal aid movement and which is int~nded to bring justice within the reach of the poor masses: who constitute the low visibility area of humanity, is a totally different – kind of litigation from the ordinary traditional litigation which is essentially of an adversary character where there is a dispute between two li1igating parties, one making claim or seeking relief against the other and that other opposing such claim or resisting such relief.

Public interest litigation-is brought before the .court .not for the purpose of enfo~ing the right of one individual ' against another as happens in the case of ordinary litigation. but it is inten- ded to promote and indicate public intCrest which demands that violations of constitutional or legal rights of Jarge number of people who are poor, ignorant or '\.,.in a socially or ecoiiomically disadv3.ntaged Position should ~ot go unnoticed and unredressed. That would be destructive of the Rule of Law which forms one of the , essential elements of pubJiC interest i~ any democratic form of Govern- ment. [467 C-F)

l :2. The Rule of Law does not mean that the protection of the law must ,be available only to a fortunate ~few or that the law should be alJowed to be pro- stituted by the vested interests for protecting and upholding the status quo under the guise of enforcement of their civil and political rights. The poor too have civil ~nd political rights and the Rule of law is meant for them also, though today · it exists only on paper and not in reality. If the sugar barons and the alcohol kings have the Fundamental rights to carry on their busin~ss and to fatten their purses by exploiting the consuming public, ~rtainly the "chamaras" to belonging c

c 1[1983] i S.C.R. to the lowes\ strata of society have Fundamental Right to earn on honest living through their sweat and toil. ·Large oUfubers of men, women and children who constitute the bulk of an population are today living a sub human existence in conditions of object poverty; utter grinding poverty has broken their back and. sapped their moral fibre. They have no faith in the existing social and economic system. ·Nor can these poor aitd deprived sections of humanity afford to enfotce theifcivil and political rights. [467 F-H; 468 A-DJ

1 :3, The only solutiOn of t;naking civil .i~d politica_l rights meaningful to these large sections of society would be to remake the material conditions and restructure the social and economic order so that they may be able to realise the· economic, social and cultural rights. Of course, the task of restructuring the social and economic order so that the social and economic right.becOme a meaningful reality for the poor and lo.;ly sections of the community is one which legitimately be!Ongs to the legislature and the executive but mere initiation of. social and economic rescue prograffimes by the executive arid the legislature would , not"be eno~gh and.it is only through muiti~dimensional strategies including public interes't litigation that these social and economic rescue programmes can be made effective. [468 G-Hi 469 B-D]

1:4. Public interest liii~ation, is essentia!Jy a cooperative or collaborative e'ffort on the part .of the petitioner, the State or public authority and the Court to secure observance of the constitutional or legal rights, benefits and privilegea conferred upon the vulnerable sections of the community and to reach social justice -to them. The State or public authority against whom public interest litiga· tion is brought should be as much interested·in ensurirtg basic human rights, cons· titutional as well as legal, to those who are iq. a socially and econo~ically disad- vantaged position, as the petitioner who brings the public interest litigation before the court. The State or public authority which is arrayed as a respondent in public interest litigation shculd, in fact, welcome it, as it would gjve it an oppor· tunity to right a wrong or to redress an .injustice done to th~ p0or and weaker sec- tions of the community whose welfare is and must be tlie prime coOcem of the State or the public authority. [469 D-F]

1 :5. The legal ~id movement and public interest -litigation s~ek to bring justice to these .forgotten specimens of humanity who constitute the bulk of the citizens of India: and who are really and truly the "People of India wQo gave to _ ·' theffiselves this magnificient Constitution. Pendency of large afrears in the courts cannot be any reason for i;Ienying access of justice to the poor and weaker sections of the community. [470 E-F]

1 :6. The time has now come when tbe courts must become the courts for the poor and struggling masses of this country. _,.They must shed their character as upholders of the established order and the stritus quo. They must be sensitised to the need-of doing justice to the large masses of people to whom justice bas , been denied by a cruel and heartless society for, generations. Th~ realisation must come to them that social justice is the signature tune of our Constitution and . it i~ their sole'mn duty under the

C~nstinition to enforce the baSic human rights of the poor and vulnerable sections of the community and actively help in the . PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION OF INDIA (Bhagwati, J.) realisation.of the constitutional goals. This new change has to come if the judicial system is to become·an effective instrument of social justice for without' it, it cannot survive for long. FortunatE~ly thi~ change is gradually taking place and public interest litigation is playing a large part in bringin.g about this change. It is through public interest litigation that the problems of_ the poor ar~ now

coming to the forefront and the ~ntire theatre of the law is changing. It holds out great possibilities for the futQ.re. This writ peiition is on~ su~h ins ta nee of public' in~rest liti~otion .. [470 G-H; 471 A-CJ

2. It is true that construction industry does not find a· plai;e on the sche- dule to the Employment of Childfen Act, 1938 and the Prohibition enacted in section 3 sub~section ( 3) 'Of that Act against the emploYment of a child who bas not completed his fourteenth year cannot apply ·to em.ploymCnt in construction industry. But, apart hltogether frOm the requirement of Convention No. S9'of\ the International Labour Organisation and ·ratified byrlndia, Article ~4 of the Constitution provides that no child below the age of 14 shall bC employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. This is a coristitutional prohibition which, even if not followed up by appropriate lcgis- . lation, must ~p·erate prOpiro vi"gore and cori.struction work Deing ·plainly a:D.d. indlibitably a hazardous employment, it is cle8r that by reason of tbi~ Constitu- tional pfohibition, no child beJOw the age of 14 years can be allowed tO be cnga .. ged in construction ·work. Therefore, notwithstanding the absence of specifica- tion of constructio.~ industfy in the Schedµle to the Employffient of Children ~Act 1938, no child below the age of 14 years. cap be employed in construction work and the Union of lndia as also every state Governme11l must ensure that this const!tutional mandate is ll~t violated in any part of the CoUntry. [474 A-Fl, . c

3. Magistrates and Judges in the country must view violaVons of labour .I; laws with strictness and wheneVer any violations of labour laws lire established before them, they should punish the errant employers by , imposing· adequate pu~ishment'. The labour laws are en:1;cted for improving the conditions of workers and the emploYers cannot be allOwed tO buy off immunity against violations of labour laws by paying a paltry fine which they' would not mind paying, because \by violating the labour laws they would be making profit which would far exceed the amount of. the fin~. If violations of labour laws _are to be~ puni~hed with If'

meagre fines, it .. would be impossible {o enSure observance of the labour IawS and the·labdur l:iws would be reduced. to nullity. They would remain merely paper tigers without any .teeth or claws. [476 E-H]

4:1 ~ It is true that the complaint of the petitioners in the writ petition is in regard to the violations of the provisions of ·various labOur laws designed for the wdfare of workmen, and therefore from a strictly traditional point of view it wollld be only the workmen whose legal rights are· violated who would be . ..- entitled to approach the court for judicial redress .• But the traditional rule of standing which confines access to the,judiCial process only to those to whom legal iQ.Jury is caused or legal wrong is done has now been jeitisoned by the Supreme Court and the narrow ·confines within which the rule of standing was imprisoned for long years as a result af inheritance ·.bf the Anglo-sax on system of jurispru- dence. have been broken a~~ : new

~imensi9n has beCn _given to the doctrine ?f ( (1963) I s.c.R. locus standi which has revoJutionised the whole concept of access to justice in a way not known before to ~he Western System of jurisprudence. [477 F-H] c

4:2. Having regard to the peculiar socio-economic conditions prevailing in .the country where there is considerable poverty, illiteracy and ignorance obstructing and impeding accessibility to the judicial process, it would ~esult in closing the doors of justice to the poor and deprived sections oft.he communi- ty if the traditional rule of standing evolved by Anglo-Saxon jurisprudence that only a perSon wronged can sue for judicial redress were to be blindly adhered to and followed, and it is therefore necessary to evolve a new strategy by relaxing this tr!tditional rule of standing in order that justice may become easily available to the lowly and the lost. [478 A-C]

4:3. Where a person or class Of persons to whom legal injury is caused or le8:al wrong is done is by reason of pov!']'ty, disability or socially or economically disadvantaged position Dot able to approach the Court for judicial redress, any member of the public acting bonafide and not out of any extraneous motivation may move the Court for judicial redress of the legal injury or wrong sufferred by such person or class of persons and the judicial process may be set in motion by any public spirited individual or institution even by addressing a letter to the cOurt. Where judicial redress

is sought of a legal injury or legal wrong suffered by a person or class of Qersons who by reason of poverty, disability or socially o.r economically disadvantaged position are unable to approach the court and the court is moved for this purpose by a member of a public by addressing a letter drawing the attention of the court to such legal injury or legal Wrong, court would ca.st aside all technical rules of procedure and entertain the Jetter as a wfit petition on the judicial side and take ~ction upon it .. [478 C-F] Here, the workm'en whose rights are said to have been violated and to whom a Jife of basic human dignity has been denied are poor, ign~rant, illiterate humans who, by reason of their poverty and social and economic disability, arc unable· to approach tbe courts for judicial redress and hence the petitiOI]ers have, under the liberalised rule of standing, locus standi to maintain the pr~sent writ petition espousing the cause of the workmen. The petitioners are not acting ma/afidt or out of e1'traneous motives since the first petitioner is admittedly an organisation dedicated to the protecting and cnfOrcement Or Fundamenta.J Rights and making Directive Pi::inciples of State Policy enforceable and jus-ticiable. There can be no doubt that it is out of a sense of public service that the present litigation has been brought by the petitiOners and it is clearly maintainable. {478 G-H; 479 A-BJ

4:4. The UniOn,..of India, the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Dcve-. Jopment Authority cannot escape their obligation to the workmen to ensure observance of the provisions of various labour law by its contractors and for non-compliance wit!! the laws by the contractors, the workmen would clearly have a cause of actions against them as pri~cipal employers. So far as to Con- tract Labour (Regulation and Abolit_ion) Act, 1970 is conce[ned, section 20 is cJear that if any amenity required to be provided u.nder sections 16 to-18 or 1!1 for the _,

PEOPLE'S UNION V. UNION OF INDIA benefit of- the workmeri employed in an establishment is not Provided by the con- tractor, the· obligation to provide such amenity rests on the priticipal emplo- yer. [479 C-D]

Sections 17'and 18 of the Inter-state Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of _Service) Act 1979 also make ·principal employer _liable to make payment of_the wages to the wages to the migrant workmen emplo- . yed bY, the contractor as also to pay the allowances provided) .under sectiOns 14 and 15 and _to provide the facilities specified in section 16 of such migrant work- men. [479 F-G]

Article 24 of the Constitution embodies a Fundamental Right which is plainly and indubitably enforceable against every one and by reason of its compul- sive mandate, no ·one can employ a child below the age of 14 years in a hazardous . employment. Since, construction . work is a hazardous· employ- ment, no child below the· age of 14 years can be employed in constructions work and therefore, not only are the contractors under a constilutional mandate not to em Ploy any child . below the. age of 14 years, but it is also the duty of the Union of India, the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development Authority to ensure that this constitutional obligation is obeyed by the contractors to whom they have entrusted the construction work of the v3rioUs Asiad Projects. Similar- ly the respondents must ensuie compliance with by the contractors of the Provi- sions of the 'equal Remuneration Act, 1946 as they express.the principle of equality embodied in Article 14 of the Constitution. [479 G-H; 480 A-DJ No doubt, the contractors are liable to pay the minimum wage to the workmen employed by them under the Minimum Wage Act 1948 but the Union of India. the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development Authority who havo entrusted the construction work to the con~ractors .would equaHy·be resPonsiblc to ensure that the minimum wage is paid to the workmen by their contractors. [480 G-H]

5:1. It is true thatlthe present writ petition cannot be maintained by the petitioners unless they can sh'ow some violation of a Fundamental Right, for it is only for enforcement right that a writ petition can be maintain~d in this Cou'rt under Article 32. But, certainly the following comPlaints do legitimately form thC subject matter of a writ petition under Article 32; namely, (i) the complaint of .. violation of Article 24 based on the averm'ent that children below the age of 14 years are employed in the construction work of the Asiad Projects, (ii) allegation of non-observance of the provisions of the Equal Remuneration )\.ct ~946, is in effect and substance a complaint of breach of the principle of equality before the law enshrined in Article 14; and (iii) the complaint of non-observance of the provi- sions of the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970 ancJ, the Inter- state Migrant Workmen (Regulations of Employment and Conditions of Service), Act 1979 as it is a complain't'relating to violation of Article 21. !'iow the rigbts'and benefits conferred on the workmen employed by a contractor under the provisions of the Contract· Labour (Regulation and

Ab~lltion Act 1970 and the Inter-St.ate Migrant Workmen Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act · 1979 which became enforceable w.e.f. 4-6-1982 are clearly intended to ensure basic c

462 .· SUPREME CoUilT REPORTS [!983] I s.c.a. human dignity to the workmen and if the workmen are deprived of any of these . rights and benefits to which they, are entitled under the provisions of these two pie- ces of social welfare legislation, that would clearly be a violation of Articl~ 21 by the Union of India, the.Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development Autho- rity which, as principal employers, are n1ade statutorily responsibl~ for securing suCh rights and benefits to tbe workmenj and' (iv) the complaint in regard to non- payment'"ar minimum wage to the workmen under the Minimum Wages Act 1948, is also one relating to breach of a Fundamental Right enshrined in Article 23 which is violated by non-payment of minimum wage to the workmen. c

[481 D -H; 482 A-Fl Maneka G,andhi v. Union_ of lndiq, [1978] 2 SCR 663; Francis Coralie Mullin v. The Administrator of Union Territory of Delhi & Others, [1981] 2 SCR 516, applied.

5:2. Many of the fu!-ldatnental rights enacted in Part III opei:ate as limita- tion~· on the power of the State and impose negative obligations on the State not to encroach on individual liberty aod they are enforceable only against the State. But there are Certain fundamental rights conferred by the Constitution which are enforceable against the whole w~rld and they are to be found inter alia in Articles 17, 23 and 24. [483 C-D]

,5:3. Article 23 is clearly designed to protect the individual not only against the State but also against other private citizens. Article 23 is nbt limited in its application against the State but it prohibits ''traffic in human beings and ·begar and other similar forms of fofced Jabour" ptactised by anyone else. -:rbe prohibition against "traffic in human being and begar and other similar forms of forced labour" is clearly intended to be a general prohibition, total in its effect a~d'an pervasive in its range and it is enforceable not only against the State but also against any other person indulging in any such practice .. [ 484 G-H; 485 A] 5:4. The word ''begar" in Article 23 is not~ word of common~Use in English language, bllt a word of Indian origin which like many other words has found its way·. in English vocabulary. It is a form of forced labour under which 3: person is compelled, to work without receiving any re?1uneration. Begar is thus clearly a film of forced labour.· [ 485 E-G]

S. Vasudevan v. s.b. Mil/al AIR 1962 Born. 53 applied. 5:5. It is not merely 'begar• which is constitutionally prohibited by A'rticle 23 but also all other similar forms, of forced labour.· Article 23 strikes at forced labour in whatever form it may manifest itsClf, becatse it is violative of · human dignity and is contrary to basic human values. To contend tbat exacting le.hour by passing some remuneration, though it be inadequate will not attract the provisions of Article ~3 is to unduly restrict the amplitude of the prohibition against forced Jabour enacted in Article 23. The contention is not only ill;: founded, but does not accord with the principle enunciated by this Court in Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India that when interpreting the P{OVisions of the Constiiution conferring·fundamental rights, the. attempt of the Court should be. · to expand the reach and ambit of the fundamental 'rights rather than to attenuate . .,..

i PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION OF INDIA (Bhagwati, J.) -theit meaning and content. The Constitutio~ makers did not intend to strike only at certain for.ms of (orced labour leaving it~ open to the socially or econo-

nlically powerful sections of the commuri.ity to explpit the poor and weaker Sections by resorting to other forms of forced labour. There could be no logic or reason in enacting that if a person is forced to give labour or service to another Without receiving any remunercition at an', . it should be regarded 1,\5. a pernicious practice sufficient to attract the-con.demnation of Artiele 23, but if some remune- ration is paid for .it, then it should be outside the i,nhibition· of~tbat Article. To intCrpret Article 23 as contended would be reducing Article 23 to a m~re rope of sand, for it would then be the easiest thing in an exploitative society for a .person .belonging to a socially or economically dominant class to exact labour or service frOm a person belongillg to the deprived and vulnerable sectioQ_.of the community by paYing a negligible amount of remuneration and thus escape the rigour of Art .. 23. It would not be right to place on·the language of ·Article 23 an interpreta- tion which would emasculate its beneficient provisions aiid defeat the very pur- pose of.enacting them. Article 23 is'' intended to ·abolish every fofm o( forced lobour. [486 E·H; 487 A.DJ

5:6. ' The words ''other similar forms of forced labour" are' used in Article 23 riot with a view to importing the particular characteristic of 'beg·ar' that labour or service should be exacted without payment of any rembneration but with a view to bringing withii;l the scope and ambit o~ that Article alt other forms of forced labour and since 'begar' is· one form of forced Jabour, the ConSti-\ tution makers 'used tbe words '"other similar forn1s of forced labour". If the i-equire":'ent that labour or work should be exacted without any reo:i.un~ration · were imported in other foqns of force.:i labour. they would straight~away coine ·within the meaning of the word 'begar' ~nd in that event there would be no need to have the additional words "otbe. similar forms of forced labour." These words woUJd be rendered futile~and n1~:1ningiess and it is a well recognised rule of intefpretation' that the court should :ivoid. ·a construction which has the effect of rendering any words used by the leg;s a'ture superfluous redundant. [487 E~G] The object of adding these words was clearly to expand the· reach and content of Article 23 by including, in addition to 'begaf', other forms of forced labour within the prohibition of that Article. Every form 'of forced labou; – 'begar', or o~herwise, is within ·the inhibition of Article 23 and it makes no diffeience whether the person who is f'orced to give his labour or servic~ to another is remunerated or not. Even if remuneration is paiCL labour supplied by a persOn \1.:ould be hit by Article 2~ if it is forced labour, that is; labour supplied hot willingly but as a result o·f force or' compuJsion. For example, where a · person has entered into a contract of ser,vice with another for a period J of thre¥ years and he wishes to discontinue serving such other person before the · expifation of the- period of three years, if a IaW were to 'provide that in such a case the cOntract s,hat'I be specifically enforc~d and he. shall be co~pelled to serve for the full period of three years, it would clearly amount to forced labour and sU.ch a law would be void as offending. Article 23. That _is why specific perfon;naace of a contr~ct of service 'cannot bC: enforced against an employee c

c t [1983] I s.c.R and the employee cannot be forced by compulsion of law to continue to serve the employer. Of course, if there is a breach of the contract of service, the employee would be liable to pay damages to the employer but he cannot be forced to continue_ to serve the employer without breaching the injunction of Article 23. (487 H; 488 A·D]

Baily v. A_alabama, 219 US 219:55 Law Ed. 191; quoted with approval, 5:7. Even if a person has contracted with another to perform strvice and there is consideration for such service in the shape of liquidation of debt or even remuneration, he cannot be forced by compulsion of law or ·otherwise, to continue to perform such service, as that would be forced labour within the inhibition of A_rticle 23, .which strikes at every form of forced lab~ur even if it has its origin in a contract voluntarily entered into by tbe person obligated to provide labour ,or service, for tbe reasons, namely; (i) it offends against human dignity to compel a pc:rson to provide labour or service to another if he does not wish to do so, even though it be breach of the contract entered into by him; (ii) there should be no serfdom or involuntary setvitude in a free democratic India which respects the dignity of the individual and the worth of the human per..son; (iii) in a country like India

w~ere there is so much poverty and unemployment and there is no equality of bargaining power, a contract of service m3y appear on its face 'Volun~ tary but it.may, in reality, be involuntary, because while entering into the contract the employee by reason of his economically helpless condition, may have been faced with Hobson's choice, either to starve or to submit to the exploitative terms dictated by the powerful employer. It would be a traVesty of justice to hold the employee in suCh a case to the terms of the contract and to compel him to serve the employCr even though he may not wish to do so. That would aggra~ · vate the inequality and injustice from which the employee even otherwise suffers on account of his ecoliomically disadvantaged position and lend the authority of law to the exploitation of the poor helpless employee by the econoibically power~ fol employer. Article 23 therefore, provides ….. that no one shall be forced to provide labour or service against his will, even though it be under a contractor of service. [490 C-H]

Pollock v. Williams, 322 US 4:88_ Lawyers Edn. 1095; referred to. -5:8. Where a person provides labour or services to another for remunera- tion which is Jess tha~ ihe minimu~ wage, the labour or service provided bY him clearly faJJs within the scooe and ambit. of the words "forced labour" under Article 23. Such a person would be entitled to come to the court for enforcement of his fundamental right under Article 23 by asking the court to direct payment of t,!le minimum wage to him so that the labour or service providel,1 by him ceases to be 'forced labour' and the breach of Article 23 is remedied. [492 F-G] 5:9. Ordinar1ly no one would willingly supply labour or service to ano- ther for less than the minimu~ wage, when he knows that under the law he is entitled to get minimum wage for the labour or service provided by him. .There- fore when a person provides labour or service to another against receipt of remu~ neration which i~ lc::ss ·tb(\.n the ~inimu~ ·wa~e, b<i is acting under the force of PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION OF INDIA

some compulsion whi~h drives him to work though he is paid less than what he is entitled under Jaw to receive. What Article 23 prohibits is 'forced labour' that is labour or service which a· person is forced to provide." [491 B-D] 5:10. 'Force' which would inake such labour Or service cforced labow' may arise in seve;a.1 ways. It may be physical force which may-compel a Person to- provide labour br service to another or it may be force exerted through a legill provision such as ~ provisio~ for imprisonmeOt Or fine in case the empioyee fails to provide Jabour or service or it may even be compulsion arising from hunger and poverty, want and destitution. Any · factof which deprives a person of a choice of alternative and compels him to adopt one particular course Of actioD may properly be regarded as 'force' and if labour or servic~ is compelled as a result of such 'force', it would be 'forced labour'. Where a person is suffering from hunger or starvation, when he has no resources at all to fight disease or to feed his wife and children or even to hide their nakedness, where utter grinding poverty has broken his back and reduced him to.a state Of htlpl<5~Dt:~5 and des- pair and where no other employment is available to alleviate the rigour of his poverty, he would. have no choice but to ·accept aD.y work that comes his, way, even if the remuneration offered to hirr1 is Jess than the minimum wage. He would be in no Position to bargain with the employer; he would have to accept what is offered to him. And in doing so he would be acting not as a free agent – with a choice between alternatives but under the compulsion of economic circum- stances and the labour or ser'(ice provided by him would be clearly 'forced labour'. The word 'forced' should not be read in a ~arrow and restricted manner so as to be confined only. to physical .or legal 'force' particularly when the national eharaCter, its fundamental document has promised to build a new soci~list repub- lic where there will be -socio-economic justice for all and e'\'ery one shall have the right tO work, to education and to adequate meariS of livelihood. The constitu- .tion makers have given u.s one cf the most remarkable documents in ltistory for ushering in a new socio-economic order and the ConstitutiOn which they have forged for us has a·sociaJ purpose and an economic mission and, .therefore, every word or phrase in the Constitution n1ust be interpreted in1a manner which would 3dvancc thi.;. socio-economic Objective of the ConstitutioD. It is a fact that in a capitalist society economic circumstances e.xert much greater pressure on an indi- vidual in driging him to a particular .. course of action than phYsical comprilsio.n or force of legislative provi.sion. The word 'force' must therefore be construed to include not only physical or legal force but force arising from the compulsion of economic circumstances which leaves no choice of alternatives to a person in •want and compels him to provide labour or service even though.the remuneration received for it is lesS than the minimum wage. Of course, if a person provides labour or service to another agains't receipt of the minimum wage, it would not be possible 'ro say that the labour or service provided by him is 'forced labour' because he gets what he is entitled under Haw to receive. No inference can reason- ably be drawn in sue:h a case that h.e iS forced to provide labour or serVice for the simple reason that would be providing labour or sefvice against receipt of what is lawfully payable to him just likC any ,other person who is not under. the force of any compulsion.· [491 D-H; 492 A-El

6. Wherever any fundamentl\1 right which i~ ~nforceable against pri~ate individual~ !JUCh a~~ for example, 4 fupd4mental ri~ht enacted in Articl.e l7 or :?:3 c c ·F (1983] l S.C.R.

or 24 is being vio1ated. it is the constitutional obligation of the State to take necessary steps for the putpose of interdicting such violatiOn and ensuring obser- vance of th.e fundamental right b:Y the private individual who is transgreSsing the· same. The fact that the. person whose fundamental right is violated can always approach the court for the purp~se of Cnforcem'ent of bis fundamental ·right. can- not absolve the State from its constitutional obligation to see ih-at there is no violation of the fundamental right of such person, particularly when he belongs to the weaker sectio.n of humanity and.is unable to wage a legal battle against a strong.and powerful opponent who

1 is exploitin'g him. [493 A-DJ ORIGINAL JurusmcTION: Writ Petition No. 8143 or'1981. (Unde~ article 32 of the Constitution of India) Govind Mukhoty in person and A.K. Ganguli for the

petitioner. Miss A. Subhashini for Respondent No. I. N.C. Talukdar and R.N. Poddar for Respondents Nos. 5 and 6. Sardar Bahadur Saharya and Vishnu Bahadur Saharya for Res- pondent No. 7.

The Judgment of the Court was' delivered by BHAGWATI, J. This is a writ petition brought by way of public' interest litigation in order to ensure. observance of the provisions of various Jabour· laws in relation to workmen. employed in the cons- truction work of various projects connected with the Asian Games. The 111atter was . brought to the attention of the Court by the !st petitioner which is an organisation formed for the purpose of pro• tecting democratic rights by ;.,eans of a letter addressed to one of us (Bhagwati, J .). The letter was based on a report made by a team of three social scientists who were commissioned by the Jst petitioner for the 'purpose of investigating and inquiring into the conditions under which the workmen engaged in the various Asiad Projects were working. Since the Jetter, ·addressed by the. I st petitioner was based on the report made by three social scientists after personal investigation and study, it was treated as a writ petition on the judic cial side and. notice was· issued upon it inter alia to the Union of India, Delhi Development Authorityand Delhi Administration which PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION OF INDIA (Bhagwati, J.)'

were arrayed as respondents to the writ petition. These respondents filed their respective· affidavits in reply to the allegatio~s contained in the writ petition and_ an affidavit was filed on behalf of the peti· tioner in rejoinder to the affidavits in reyly and the writ petiti~n was argued before us on the basis of these pleadings.

Before we proceed to deal with the facts giving rise to this writ petition, we may repeat what we have said earlier in various orders made by us from time to time dealing with public interest litigation . We wish to point out with all tlie emphasis at our command tllat public interest litigatfon which is a strategic arm of the legal aid movement and which is intended to bring justice within the reach or . the poor ~asses, who constitute the low visibility area of humanity, .is a totally different kind of litigation from the ordinary traditional __ litigation which is essentially of an adversary character where there . is a dispute between two litigating parties, one making claim or .seek· ing reljef against the other. and that other opposing such claim or resisting such relief. Public interest litigation is brought before the court not for the purpose of enforcing .the right of one individual against another as happens in ti,e case of ordi;,ary litigation, but it is intended to promote and vindicate public interest which demands_ that violations of constitutional or legal rights of large numbers of people who are poor, ignorant or in a socially or economically dis- advantaged position should not go unnoticed and unredressed. That would be destructive of the Rule of Law which forms one of the essential elements of public interest in any democratic form of government. The Rule of Law doe_s not mean that the protection of the law must be available only to a fortunate few or that the law should be allowed to be prostituted by the vested interests for. pro- tecting and upholding the status quo under the guise of enforcement of their civil and political· rights. The p9or too have civil and politi. cal rights and the Rule of -Law is meant for them also, though today it exists only on paper and not in reality. If the sugar barons and the alcohol kings have the Fundamental Right to carry on their busi- ness and to.fatten their purses by exploiting the consuming public, have the 'chamars' belonging to the lowest strata of society nd Fundamental Right to earn an honest liv.ing through their sweat ·and toil ? The former can approach the courts ~with a formidable .army of distinguished lawyers paid in four or five figures per day and if t\leir right to exploit is upheld against the government under the label of Fundamental Ri(lht, the courts are praised for their boldness c

c (1983) I s.c.ll. and courage and their independence and fearlessness are applauded and acclaimed. But, if the. Fundamental Right of the. poor and helpless victims of injustice is sought to be enforced by public interest litigat~on, the so called champions of human rights frown upon it as waste of time of the highest court in the land, which, according to them; should not engage itself in such small and trifling matters.

Moreover, these self-styled hum.an fights activists rorget that civil anil political rights, priceless and invaluable as they are for freedom and democracy, simply do not exist for the vast masses of our people. Large numbers of men, women and children who cons- titute the bulk of our population are today living a sub-human existence in conditions of abject poverty: utter grinding poverty has broken their back' and sapped tbeir ·moral fibre.

They have no faith in. the existing social and economic system. What civil and political ·rights are these poor and· deprived sections of humanity going to enforce 1 This was ·brought out forcibly by W. Paul Gormseley at the Silver. Jubilee ·Celebrations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the Banaras Hindu University : ·

"Since India is one of those countries which has given a pride of place to the basic human rights and freedoms in its Constitution in its chapter on Fundamental Rights and, on . the Directive Principles of State Policy and has already com- .Pleted twenty-five years of independence, the question may be raised whether or not the Fundamental Rights enshrined

in our Constitution have any meanin.g to the millions of our people to whom·food, drinking water, timely medical facili; ties and relief from disease and disaster, education and job opportunities still remain unavoidable. We, in India, should on this occasion study . the Human· Rights declared and

defined by the United Nations· and compare them with the . rights available In practice and secured by the law of our country." The only solution for making civil and political rights _meaningful to these large sections of society ·would be to remake the material con- ditions and restructure the social and economic order so that they may be able · to realise the economic,· social and cultural rights. · There is indeed close relationship between civll and political rights on the one hand and economic, social and cultural rights on the other and this r\lllitionsbip is so obvious ihat the Internatio.nal •"-. ..

PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION'OF INDIA (Bhagwati, J.)' Human Rights Conference in Tehran called by the General Assembly in 1968 declared in a final proclamation : "Sin~e human ~ights and fundamenfal freedoms are

indivisible, the full realisation of civil and political· rights without the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural · rights. is impossible .. " Of course, the task of·restructuring the social and economic order so that the so~ial and economic rights become a meaningful reality for the poor and lowly sections of the community is one which legi- timately belongs to th.e legislature and the executive, but mere initia- tion of social and economic rescue programmes 'hy the executive and the legislature would not he enough and it is only through multi- , dimensional strategies including public interestlitigation that these social and economic rescue programmes can be made effective. · Public interest litigation, as we conceiye it, is essentially· a .co·oper~­ tive or collaborative effort on the part of the petitioner, the State or public authority and the court to secure ob_servance of the constitu- tional or legal rights, benefits and privileges conferred upon the vulnerabi°e sections of the community and to reach social justice to them. The State or public au!hority against wh.om public interest litigation is brought should be as much interested in ensuring basic -· –

human rights, constitutional as well as legal, to those who are in a socially and economically disadvantaged position, as the petitioner w~~ brings the public interest ,litigation before· the Court. The state· or public authority which is arrayed as a respondenl'in public inte- rest litigation should, in fact, welcome it, as it would give it an oppor •. '.(unity to tight a wrong or to redress an injustice done to the poor and weaker sections of the community whose welfareis and must be h the prime concern of the State or the public authority.

c , There is a misconception in the. minds of some lawyers, journa-: · lists and men 'in public life that public interest ·litigation is unneces::""- 'G ·sarily cluttering up the files of the court and adding to the already· staggering arrears of cases which are pending for.Jong years and)t. shoul.d not iherefore be encouraged by the court. This is, to our mind; a 'totally perv,erse view smacking of elitist and status quoist approach. Those who are decryfog publiC interest litigation do not seem ·to realise that courts ire not meant only for the rich and the well-to-do, for the landlord 11nd the gentry, for the business magnat~ ·c

[1983]. J s.c.R and the industrial tycoon, but they exist also for the poor and the down-trodden the have-nots and the handicapped and the half- hungry millions of our countrymen. So far the courts have been used only for the purpose of vindicating the rights of the wealthy and the affluent. It is only these privileged classes which have been able to approach the courts for protecting their vested interests. It is only the moneyed who have so far had the golden key to unlock the doors of justice. But, now for the first time the portals of the court are being thrown open to. the poor and the down-trodden, tl~e ignorant and the illiterate, and their ·cases are coming before the courts through public interest litigation which has been made possible by the recent judgment delivered by this Cc,urt in Judges Appoint- ment and Transfer cases. Millions of persons belonging to the deprived and vulnerable sections of humanity are looking· to the courts for improving their life conditions ani:J ma.king b;isic human rights meaningful for them. They have been crying for justice but their cries have so far been in the wilderness. They have been suffer- ing injustice. silently with the patience of a rock, without the strength . even to shed any tears. Mahatma· Gandhi once said to Gurudev Tagore, "I have had the pain of watching birds, who for want of strength could not be coaxed even into a flutter of their wings. The human bird under the Indian sky gets up weaker than when he pre- tended to retire. For millions it is an eternal trance." This.is true of the 'human bird' in India even today after -more than 30 years of independence. The legal aid movement and public interest litigation seek to bring justice to these forgotten specimens of humanity who constitute the bulk of the citizens of India and who are really and truly the "People of India" , who gave to themselves this magnificent Constitution. it is true that there are large arrears pendfog in the . courts but, that cannot be any reason for denying access to justice to the poor and weaker sections of the community. No State has a · .· · right to tell its citizens that because a large number of cases of the _ _, rich and the well-to-do are pending in our courts, we will not help the poor to come to the courts for seeking justice until the staggering load of cases of people who can afford, is disposed of.

The time has now come when the courts must become the courts for the poor and struggling masses of _this country They must shed their charac- ter as upholders of the established order and the status quo. They, must be sensitised to the need of doing justice to the large masses of people to whom justice ·has been de?ied by a cruel and heartless ~ociety for generatjoµs,

The realisation must c?me to them that PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION OF INDIA (Bhagwati, i.) social justice is the signature tune of our Constitution and it is their solemn duty under the Constitution to enforce the basic human rights of the poor and vulnerable sections of the community and acti- vely help in the realisation of the constitutional goals. This ne_:v change has to come if the judicial system is to become an effective instrument of social justice, for without it, it cannot survive for long.

Fortunately, this change is gradually taking place and public · interest litigation is playing a large part in bringing about this change. It is through public interest litigation that the problems of' the poor are now coming to the fore front and the entire theatre of the law is

~banging. It holds out great possibilities for the future . This writ petition is one such instance of public interest litigation. The Asian Games take place periodically in different parts of Asia and this tim~ India is hosting the Asian Games. It is a highly prestigious undertaking and in order to accomplish it successfully according to international standards, the Government of India had to embark upon various construction projects which included build- ing of fly-overs, stadia, . swimming pool, ·hotels and Asian Games village complex. This construction work was framed ·out by the Government of India amongst various Authorities such as the Delhi Administration, the Delhi Development Authority and the 'New Delhi Municipal Commiitee.

It is not necessary for the purpose of the present writ petition to set out what particular project was entrusted to ·which authority because it is not the purpose of this writ petition to firld ·fault with any particular authority for 'not observing the labour laws in relation to ·the workmen employed in the projects which are being executed by it, but to ·ensure that in future the labour laws are implemented and the rights of the workers under the ·labour laws are riot violated. These various authorities to whom the execution of the different projects was entrusted engaged \.._

contractors for the purpose of carrying out the construction work of l.-… the projects and they were registered as principal employers under section 7 of the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970.

The contractors started the construction work of the projects and for the purpose of carrying out . the construction work, they engaged workers through jamadars. The jamadars brought the workers from different parts of India and particularly the States of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa and got them employed by the contractors. The workers were entitled to a minimum wage of Rs. c

·A c [19831 i s.c.il. 9.25 per day, that being the minimum wage fixed for workers emplo- yed on the construction of roads and in building operations but the case of the petitioners was that the workers were not paid this mini- mum wage and they were exploited "1Jy the contractors and the jama- dars. The Union of India in the affidavit reply filed on its behalf by Madan Mohan; Under Secretary, Ministry o( Labour· asserted that the contractors did pay the minimum wage of Rs. 9.25 per day but frankly admitted that this minimum wage was paid to the jamadars thrdugh whom the workers were recruited and the jamadars deducted rupee one per day per ·worker as their commission and paid only· Rs. 8.25 by way of wage to the workers. The result was that in fact the workers dld not get the minimum wage of Rs. 9.i5 per day. The . petitioners also alleged· in the writ petition that the provisions of the ·Equal

Remuneration Act, 1976 were violated and women workers w~re being paid only Rs. 7 /- per day and the balance of the amount of the wage was being misappropriated by the jamadars. It was also pointed out by the petitioners that there was violation of Article 24 of the Constitution and of the provisions of the Employ- ment of Children Act, 1938 in as much as children belo·w the age of 14 years were employed by the contractors in the construction ·work of the various projects. The petitioners also alleged violation of the provisions of the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970 and pointed out various breaches o.f those provisions by the contractors which resulted in deprivation and exploitation of the workers employed in the. construction work of most oJ the projects. II was also the case of the petitioners thaflhe workers were denied proper living conditions and medical and other facilities io which ·they were entitled under the provisions of the Contract Labour . (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970'. The petitioners also complain- ed that the contractors were not implementing the provisions of thl.l- Inter State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Con- ditions of Service) Act 1979 though that Act was brought in force in the Union Territory of Delhi as far back as 2nd Octdber 1980. The report or' the team of three social scientists on which the ~rit petition was based set out various instances of viOlations of the provisions of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, the Equal RemuneratiOn Act 1976, A.rticle 24 of the Constitution, The Employment of Children Actl970, and the.Jnter State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and c;onditions of Service) Act 1979.

….. i These averments made on behalf of the petitioners were denied in the affidavits in reply filed on behalf of the Union of India, the ~EOPLB 1s UNION V. UNION OF INDIA ,(Bhagwati, J.)

Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development Authority. It was asserted by these authorities that so far as the Equal . Remuneration Act 1976 and the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act · 1970 were concerned, the provisions of these labour laws lVere 'being · complied with by the contractors and . whenever any violations of these labour laws were btought lo the attention of the. authorities as a result of periodical inspections carried O\lt by them, a;tion by way of pro'secution was being taken against the contractors. The provi- sions of the Minimum Wages Act 1948 were, according to the Delhi Development Authority, being observed by the contractors and it was pointed out by the Delhi Development Authority·.ln its affidavit in reply that the construction .work of _the projects entrust'd to it was being carried out by the contractors under a written cqntract entered into with them and this written contract incorporated '"Model Rules for the Proteciion, of Health and sa;itary .(\rrange- · merits for Workers employed by Delhi Development Authority or its Contractors" which provided for various facilities to be given to the · workers employed in the construction work and. also ensured to them payment of minimum wage The Delhi Administration was not so categorical as the Delhi Development Authority in regard to the observance of the provisions of the Minimum Wages Aci 1948 and in its affidavit in reply it conceded that the jamadars through whom the workers were recruited might be deducting rupee one per day per worker from the minimum wage payable to the ''workers. The Union of India was however mere frank and it clearly admitted in its affi· davit in reply that the jamadars were di:ducting rupee one per day per worker from the wage payable to the workers with the result that the workers did pol get the minimum wage of Rs. 9.25 per,day and there was violation of the·provisions of the Minimum Wages r' Act, J 9 48~

,· \ So far as the Employment of Children A.ct 1938 is concerned the case of the Union or India, the Delhi Administration and the ·Delhi Developmeni Authority was that 'no complaint in regard to the violation of the provisions of .that Act was at any time received. by them and they disputed that there Wa< any violation ot these provisions by the contractors. It was also contended · on behalf of these Authorities that the Employment of Children Act 1938 was not applicable in case of employment in the construction work of . these projects, since construction industry is not a process specified · in the Schedule and is therefore not within the provisions of sub~ c

El [1983l 1s.c.R. section (3) of section 3 of that Act. Now unfortunately this con- tention urged on behalf of the respondents is well founded, because construction industry does not find a place in the Schedule to the .Employment of Children Act 1938 ~nd the, prohibition enacted in section 3 su"b-section (3) of that Act agafost the employment of a child who has not completed his fourteenth year cannot. ·apply to employment in construction industry. This is a sad and deplora_ble omission which,,we think, must· be immediately set right by every State Government by amending the Schedule so as to include cons- truction industry in it in e;ercise of the power conferred under section 3A of the Employment of Children Act, 1938,. We hope and trust that every State Government will take the necessary steps in this behalf without any undue delay, because construction work is clearly a hazardous occupation and it is absolutely essential that the employ- ment of children under the age of 14 years must be prohibited in every type of _construction work. That would ·be in consonance with Convention No .. 59 adopted by the .International Labour Organi- sation and ratified by India. But apart altogether from the require- . ment of Convention No. 59, we have Article 24 of the Constitution which provides that no chlld below- the age of 14 shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. This is a constitutional prohibition which, even if not followed up by appropriate legislation, must operate proprio vigore and construction work being plainly and indubitably a hazardous em_ployment, it is clear that by reason of this constitutional prohibi- tiO"D, ·no child below the age of .14 years can be allowed to be engaged i11 construction work. There can therefore be no doubt that not- . withstanding the absence of specification o( construction industry in the Schedule to the Employment of Children Act 1938, no child below the age of 14 years can he employed in construction. work and the Union of fodia as also every State Government must ensure that this constitutional mandate is not violated ·in any part of the country. Here, of course, ihe plea of the Union of India, the Delhi Adminis- . tration and the Delhi Development Authority was that no child below the·age of 14 years was at any time employed in the construction work of these projects and in any event DO complaint in that behalf was received by any of these Authorities and hence there. was no violation of the constitutional prohibition enacted in Article 24. So far as the complaint in reg_ard to non-observance of the provisions of the Inter State M.igrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1979 was concerned, the defence of the Union of India, the Delhi Administration and' the Delhi Develop- ment Authority that though this Act had come into force in the r.

PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION OF INDIA (Bhagwati. i.) Union Territory of Delhi w_ith effect from 2nd October 1980, the power to enforce the provisions of the Act was delegated to the Administrator'of the Union Territory of Delhi only on 14th July 1981 and thereafter also the provisions of the Act could· not been enforced because the Rules to be made un~er -the Act had not been finalised until 4th June 1982. It is difficult to understand as to why in the case of beneficient •legislation._ like_ the Inter State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1979 it should have taken more than 18 months for the Govern- ment of India to delegate the power to enforce the provisions of the Act to the -. Administrator of the Union Territory of Delhi and another almost l i months to make the Rules under the Act. It was — well kriown that a large number of migrant workmen coming from different States were employed in the construction work of various Asiad projects and if the provisions of a social welfare legislation like the Inter State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1979 were applied and the benefit'~f -such provisions made available to these migrant workmen, it would have gone a long way towards ameliorating their -conditions of work -_and ensuring them a decent living with basic human- dignity, We very much wished that the provisions of this Act had been made applicable earlier to the migrant workmen employed in the construc- iion work of these projects though we must oonfess that we do not see why the enforcement of the provisions of the Act should have been held up until the making of the Rul~s. It is no don bt true that there are certain provisions in the Act which cannot be enforced unless there are rules made under the Act but equally there are other provisions which do not need any prescription by the Rules for their enforcement ond these latter provisions could certainly have been enforced by the Aministrator of the Union Territory -of nClhi in _so far as migrant workmen employed in these projects were con- cerned. There can be no doubt that in any event from and after 4th June, 1982 the provisions of this beneficient – legislation have -become enforceable and the migrant workmen employed in the cons- tructi<;>n work of these projects are entitled to the dghts and bCnefits conferred upon them under those provisions. We need not -point out that so far as the rights_ and benefits conferrec;I upon migrant workmen under the provisions of section_- 13 to I 6 of the Act are concerned, the responsibility for ensuring such rights and benefits rests not only on the contractors-but.also on the Union ·or India the Delhi Administration or the Delhi Development Au tborlty who is c

c ·E s\JP1UJMB COURT RBPOR'l'S fl 983) I s.c.k. the principal employer in relation to the construction work entrusted by it to the contractors. We must confe;s that we have serious doubts whether the provisions of this Act are being implemented in relation to the migrant workmen employed in the construction work of th~se projects and we have therefore by our Order dated I Ith · May 1982 appointed three Ombudsmen for the pqrJJ.ose of m'aking periodic inspeytion and reporting to us whether the provisions of this Act are being implemented at least from 4th June 1982. · We must in fairness point out that the Union of India has . stilted in its affidavii in reply that a number of prosecution have · been launched against the contractors for violations of the provision . of various labour laws and in Annexure I to its affidavit in reply it· has given detailed particulars of such prosecutions. It is apparent from the particulars given in this Annexure that the prosecutions launched against the cantractors were_primarily for offences such as non-maintenance of relevant registers non-provision of welfare and health facilities such as first aid box, latrines, urinals etc. and non- issue of wage slips.

We do not propose to go into the details of tliese prosecutions launched against the contractors but we are shocked · to find that in cases of violations of labour laws enacted for the benefit of workmen, the Magistrates have been imposing only small fines of Rs. 200/- there abouts. The Magistrates seem to view the. violatfons of labour laws .with great indifference and unconcern as ·if they are trifling offences undeserving of judicial severity. They seem to over-look the fact labour laws are enacted for improving the con- ditions of workers and the employers cannot be allowed to buy off immunity against violations of labour laws by paying a paltry fine which they would not mind paying, because by violations the labour laws they would be making profit which would far exceed the amount of the fine. If violations of labour laws are going to b.e punished only by meagre. fines, it would be impossible to ensure observance of the labour laws and the labour laws would be reduced to nullity. They would remain merely paper tigers without any teeth – or claws. We would like to impress upon the Magistrates and Judges in the country that violations of labour laws must be viewed with strictness and;whenever any violations of labour laws are established before them,'they should punish ihe errant employers by imposing adequate punishment.·

We may· c~nveniently at this stage, before proceeding to examine the factual aspects of the case, deal with two prelhninary PEOPLE'S UNION Ii. UNION OF INDIA (Bhagwati, J.) I objections raised on behalf of the respondents aga~nst the maintain- ability of the writ petition.

'The first preliminary objection was that the petitioners had no locus standi to maintain the writ, petition since, even on the averments made in the writ petition, the rights said to·· have been violated were t]lose of the workers einployed iii the con~tru.ction w'ork of the various- Asiad projects and not of the petitioners and the petitioners cou.ld not therefore have any cause of action. The second preliminary objection urged on behalf of the res- pondents was that in any event no writ petition cquld lie against tho respondents, because the workmen whose rights were said to have been violated were employees of the contractors and not oftthe respon- dents and the cause of action of the workmen, if any, ·was therefore against the contractors and not against the respondents. It was also·_ contended as part of this preliminary objection that no writ petitfon under article 32 of the Constitution could lie against the respondents for the alleged violations of the rights of the workmen under the various labour laws, and the remedy, if any, was only under the provisions of those laws. These two preliminary objections were pressed before us on behalf of the Union of Imlia, the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development Authority with a view to shutting out an inquiry by this Court into the violations of various labour laws alleged in 'the writ petition, but we do not think·there is any substan'ce in them and they must be rejected.

Our reasons for saying so are as follows: The first preliminary objection raises the question of locus · standi of the petitioners to maintain the writ petition._ It .is true, ' that the complaint of the petitioners in the writ petition is in regard to the violations of the provisions of various labour laws designed for the welfare of workmen and therefore from a strictly traditional point of view, it would be only the workmen whose legal rights are vio_lated who would be entitled to approach the -court for -judicial redress. But the traditional rule of st~nding which confines access to the judicial process only to those to whom legal inj~ry is . caused or legal wrong is done has now -been jetisoned by this Court and the narrow confines within which the rule of staillliilg was imprisoned for long years as a result of inheritance of the Anglo- Saxon System"6f jurisprudence have been' broken and a new dimen-· sion has been given to- the doctrine of locus standi which has· revoluiionised the whole concept of access to justice in a way not known before to the Western System of jurisprudence. This Court c

c [1983] 1 s.c.k. has taken the view that, having regard to the peculiar socio- . economic conditions prevailing in the country where there is, considerable poverty, illiteracy and

ignorance obstructing and impeding accessibility to the judicial process, it would result in clos- ing the doors of justice to the poor and deprived sections of the community if the traditional 'rule of standing evolved by Anglo- Saxon jurisprudence that only a person wronged can sue for judicial redress were to be blindly adhered to and followed, and it is there- fore necessary to evolve a new strategy by. relaxing this traditional rule of standing ir! order that justice may became easily available to the lowly and the lost. It has been held by this Court in its recent judgment in the Judges Appointment and Transfer case, in a major break-through which in the years to come is likely to impart new significance and relevance to the judicial system .and to transform it into as instrument of socio-economic change, that where a person or class of persons to whom legal injury. is caused or, legal wrong is done is by reason of poverty, disability or socially or econoinically disadvantaged position not able to approach the Court for judicial redress, any member of the public acting bona fide and not out of any extraneous motivation may move the Court for judicial redress. of the legal injury or wrong suffered by such person or class of persons and· the judicial process may be set in motion by any public spirited individual or institution. even by addressing a letter to the court. Where judicial redress· is sought of a legal injury or legal wrong suffered by a person or 'class of persons who by reason of poverty, disability or socially or economically disaqvantaged position are unable to approach the court and the court is moved for this purpose' by a member of a public by addressing a letter drawing the attention ·of the court to such legal injury or legal wrong, court would cast aside all technical rules· of procedure and entertain the letter as a Writ petition OD the judicial sidO and take action upon it.

That is what has happened in the present case. Here the workmen whose rights are said to have been violated and· to whom a life of basic human dignity has been denied are poor, ignorant, illiterate humans who, by reason of their poverty and social and economic disability, are unable to approach the courts for judicial redress and hence the petitioners, have under the liberalised rule of standing, locus standi to maintain the present writ. petition ·espousing the cause of the workmen. It is not the case of the , respondents that tlie petitioners are acting mala fide or out of extra- neous motives and in fact the respondents cannot so allege, since ' -r

1' . I PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION OF INDIA (Bhagwati, J.) the first p~titioner is admittedly an .organisation ·dedicated to the protection and enforcement of Fundamental Rights and' making Directive Principles of State Policy

enforc~able and justiciable. 'There can be no doubt that it is out of a sense of public ·service .that the present litigation has been brought by the petitioners and it is clearly maintainable.

We must then proceed to consider the first limb of the second preliminary objection. It is true that the workmen whose cause has been championed by the petitioners are employees of the contractors but the Union of India, the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development Authority which have entrusted the' construction··work of Asiad projects to the contractors cannot escape th.eir obligation for opservance of the various labour laws by.the contractors. So far as the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970 is concerned, it is clear that under section 20, if any ·amenity required to be provided under·sections 16, 17, 18 or 19 for the benefit of the workmen employed in an establishment is not provided by the contractor, the obligation to provide such amenity rests on the principal employer and therefore if in the construction work of the Asiad projects, the contractors do not carry out the obligations. impcsed upon them by any of these sections, the Union of India, the Delhi Admlnistration and the Delhi Development Authority as principal employers would be liable and these obligation~ would be enforceable against them.

The same position obtains .in regard to the Inter State Migrant Workmen (Regulation 'of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1979. In the case of this Act also, sections 17 and 18 make the principal employer liable to make pay- ment of the wages to the ·migrant workmen employed by the

contractor as also to pay the allowances provided under. sections f4 and 15 and to provide the facilities specified in section 16 to sue!) migrant workmen, in case the contractor fails to do so and these obligations are also therefore clearly enforceable against the Union 'of India, the Delhi . Administration and the Delhi Development Authority as principal ,employers.

So far as Article 24 of the Constitution 'is concerned, it embodies a fundamental right wbich.'is plainly and indubitably enforceable against every one and.by reason of its compulsiv_e mandate, no one can employ a child below the age of 14 years in a hazardous employment and since, as pointed out . / above, construction work is a hazardous employment, no child below (he a~e of 14 years can be employed in construction wor!< and there c

c 480' SUPREME COUR1 REPORTS . [19831 1 s.c.a. f-0re, not only are the contractors under a 'constitutional mandate riot to employ any chHd below the age of 14 years, but it is also .the duty of the Union of India, the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development Authority to ensure that this constitutional.obligation is obeyed by the contractors to whom they have 1 entrusted the construction work of the vari.ous Asiad projects. The Union of India, the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development

Authority cannot. fold their hands in despair and become silent spectators of the breach of a constitutional prohibition being com- mittee\ by their own contractors. So also with regard to the observance of the provisions of the Equal R~muneration Act 1946, the Union of India, the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Develo- . ment Authority cannot avoid iheir obligation to ensure that these provisions are COJ!lplied with by the contractors. It is the principle1 of equality em bodied in Article 14 of the Constitution which finds expression in the provisions of. the Equal Remuneration Act 1946 ana if the Union of India, the Delhi Administration or the Delhi Development Authority at any \ime finds that the provisions of the Equal Remuneration Act' 1946 are not observed and the principles of equality before the law enshrined in Article 14 is violated. by its own contractors, it cannot ignore such violation and sit quiet by adopting a non-interfering ·attitude and taking shelter under the executive that the violation is being committed by the contractors and not by it. If any particular contractor is committing a breach of the provisions of tl\_e Equal Remuneration Act 1946 and tl;ius denying equality before the Jaw· to the workmen, the Union of India,

the Delhi Administration or the Delhi Development Authority as the case may be, would be under an obligation to ensure that the contractor observes the provisions of the Equal Remuneration Act 1946 and does· not breach the equality clanse .'enacted in Article 14 .. The Union qf India, the Delhi. Administration and the .. Delhi Development Authority must al$o ensure that the minimum wage is paid to the workmen as provided under the

Minimum Wages Act 1948. The contractors are, of course, liable' to pay the minimum wage· to the workmen employed by them but the Union of India the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Develop- ment Authority who have entrusted the · eonstruction work to the contractors would equally be responsible to ensure that the minimum wage js paid to the workmen by their contractors. This obligation which even otherwise rests on rhe: Union of India, the Delhi ,Administration and the Delhi Development Authority is adc!itionally PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION OF INDIA (Bhagwatl, J.)

re-inforced by section 17 of the. Inter State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions .of Service) Act 1979 in so far as migrant workme_n are concerned. It is obvious, therefore,

that the Union Of India, the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development Aut~ority cannot escape their obligation to the w~rk­ men to ensure observance of these labotlr laws by the contractors and if these labour laws are not complied with by the contractors, the workmen would clearly have a cause of action against the Union of India, the Delhi Administration a.nd tlie Delhi Development Au tbority.

That takes us to.a consideration of the· other limb -0f the second preliminary objection. The argument of the respondents under this bead of preliminary objection was that a writ petition · under Article 32 cannot be maintained unless it complains of a breach of some fundamental right cir the other and since what were alleged in . the present writ petition were merely violations of the labour laws enacted for the benefit of ,the workin~n and n9t. breaches of any fund.amental rights, the present writ petition w~s not maintainable and was liable to M dismissed.

Now it is: true that, the present writ petitiop ·cannot be maintained by the ·petitioners unless they can show some violation of a fundamental right, for . it ·is only for enforcement of a fundamental right that a writ petition can be · maintained in this Court under Article 32.

So far we agree with the contention of the respondents but there our agreement ends. We cannot accept the plea of the respondents that the present writ peti- tion does not complain of any breach o.f a fundamenta1'right. The complaint of violation of Article 24 based on the averment that children below the age of 14 year_s are employed in the construction ·work of the Asiad projects is clearly a complaint of violation of a fundamental right. So also

when, the petitioners allege non- observ~nce of the·provisions of the·· Equal. Remuneration Act 1946, it is in 'effect and substance a complaint of breach of the principle /"of equality before the law enshrined in Article 14 ·and it can hardly be disputed that such a complaint can legitimately form the s~bject matter of a writ petition under Article 32.

Then there is the complaint of non-observanc; of the provisions of the Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act 1970 ·and the Inter State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of· Employment and Conditions, of Service) Act I 979 and this is also in our opinion a com- plaiut relating to viol11tion of_ Article

21. This· Article has – c -H c [ 1983] I s.c.R. acquired a new dim~osioo as· a result of the decision of this Court in Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India(') and it bas received its most expansive interpretation. in Francis Coralie Mullin v. The Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi & Ors,(') where it has been held by this Court that the right to life guaranteed under this Article is not confined merely to physical existence or to the use of any faculty or limb through which life is enjoyed or the soul communi- cates with outside world but it also includes within jts scope and . ambit the right to live with basic human . dignity and ,the State cannot deprive any one of this precious and invaluable right because DO J)rocedure by which ~uch deprivation may be effected can ever be regarded as reasonable, fair and just. Now the rights and benefits conferred on the workmen employed by a contractor under the provisions of the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act . 1970 and the Inter State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employ- .men! and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 are clearly intended to ensure basic human dignity to the workmen and if the workmen are ~ deprived of any of these rights . and benefits to which they are . entitled. under the provisions of these two .Pieces of social welfare legislation, that would clearly be a violation of Article 21 by the Union of India, the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Develop- ment Authority which, as principal employers, are made statutorily responsible for securing such rights and benefits to the workmen .. That leaves for consideration the complaint in rega.rd to non-pay- ment or"minimum wage to the workmen under the Minimum Wages Act 1948.

We are of the view that this complaint is also one relating to breach of a 'fundamental right and for reasons which we shall presently state, it is the fundamental right enshrined in Article '2:> which. is violated by no~- payment of minimum wage to the workmen.

Article 23 enacts a very important fundamental right in the. following terms : "Art. 23 : Prohibition of traffic in human beings and~forced labour- (I) Traffic in human beings and begar and other

similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and (I) [1978] 2 S.C.R. 663. (2) (1981) 2 S.C.R. SIC$, PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION OF INDIA (Bhagwati, J.) any contravention of this provision shall be an

offence punishable in accordance with law. (2) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public. purposes, and in imposing such service the State

shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them. Now many of the fundamental rights enacted in Part III operate as limitations on the power of the State and impose negative obligations . un the State not to encroach on individual liberty and they are enforceable only against the State. But there are certain funda- mental rights conferred by the Constitution which are enforceable against the whole world and they are to be found inter alia in _ Articles 17, 23 and 24.

We have already di,scussed th'\' true scope and ambit of Article 24 in an- earlier portioe of this judgment and hence we.do not propose to say anything more about it._ So also_ we need not expatiate on the proper meaning and effect of the fundamental right enshrined in Article 17 since we are not concerned with that Article in the present. writ petition. It is Article 23 with ' which we are concerned and that Article is clearly designed to protect the individual not only against ·the State but also against other private citizens. Article 23 is not limfted in its application against the State but it prohibits "traffic in human beings and begar and other-similar forms of forced labour" practised by anyone else. The sweep of Article 23 is . wide. and unlimited and it strikes at traffic in human beings and begar and other -similar forms of forced · labour" wherever they ar-e -found. The reason for enacting this provision in the chapter on fundamental fights is to be found in the socio-economic condition of the people.at the time when the Consti- tution came to 'be. enact~d. The C~hstitution makers, when they set out to frame the Constitution, found that they had the enormous task before theni of changing the socio-economic structure of the country and bringing about socio-economic regeneration with a view to reaching social and economic· justice to the common man. Large masses of people, bled white by well nigh two centuries of foreign rule; were Jiving in abject poverty and destitution with ignorance and illite~acy accentuating

their helplessness and despair. The society had degenerated into a· status-orient~<! _,hier~rchical society – c c n· I 1983] I S.C.R •. with little respect for the dignity of individual who was in the lower rungs of the social ladder or in an economically impoverished. condition. The. political revolution was completed and it had succeeded in bringing freedom to the counrty but freedom was not an end· in itself, it was .only a means to an end, the end being the raising or'the peopl~ to higher levels of achievement and.bringing about' their total ,,dvancement and welfare. Political freedom had no meaning unless it was accompanied by social and economic freedom and it was therefore necessary to carry forward the social and economic revolution with a view to creating 'social economic condi- tions in which every one would be able to enjoy basic human rights and participate in the fruits of freedom and liberty in an egalitarian social and economic framework. It was with this end in view that the constitution makers .enacted the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV of the Constitution setting out the constitutional goal of a new socio-economic order. Now there was one feature of our natio~l life which was ugly and shameful and which cried for urgent attelition and that was the existence of bonded or forced labour in large parts of the country. This evil was the relic of feudal . exploitative society and it was totally incompatible with the new ·egalitarian socio-ec-:momic order which, "We the people of India" were determined to build and constituted a gross and most revolting 'denial of basic human dignity. It ~as therefore' 11ecessary to eradi- cate this pernicious practice and wipe it out altogether from the ; n~tional scene and this had to be done immediately because with the advent of freedom, such practice could not be allowed to continue to blight the national life any longer. Obviously, it would not have been. enough merely. to include abolition of forced labour i"o the Directive Principles of State Policy, because then the outlaying 'of this practice would not have been legally enforceable and it would _have continued to plague ·our national life in violation of the basic constitutional norms and values untill some appropriate legislation -could be brought by the legislature forbidding' such practice. The Constitution ·makers therefore decided to give teeth to their resolve to obliterate and wipe out this 'evil practice by enacting consti- tutional prohibition against it in the chapter on fundamental rights, so that the abolition- of such practice may beco me enforceable and effective as soon as the Constitution came into force. This is the reason why the provision enacted in Article 23 was included in the chapter on fundamentar rights. The prohibition againsi "traffic in ( )lµman beings and begar and other similar forll\s of forced labour" PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION op' INDIA' (Bhagwati. J.)

is clearly intended to be a general prohibition, tot.al in 'it~ effect and. all pervasive in jts range and it is 'enforceable not . only . against the State bnt also $inst any other person indulging in ,any. such · practiee.

The question then is as to· what is the true scope and meaning of the expression "traffic in human beings. and begar and other similar forms of forced labour" in Article 237 What are the forms of 'forced labour' prohibited by that Article and what kind of labour • provided by a person can be regarded as 'f"rced labour' so as to fall within this prohibition ? ·

When the Constitution makers · enacted Article 23 they had before them Article of the Universal. Declaration of Huinan Rights oui .they deliberately departed from its language and employed words 'which would make the reach and content of Article 23 much wider. than that of Article 4 of the Universal Declaraticin of Human Rights. They banned 'traffic in human b~ings which. is an· expression of much clarger amplitude than "slave trade" and they also interdicted "begar and other similar forms of forced labour". The question is · what is the scope and ambit of the expression 'begar and other similar forms of forced labour?" In this ·expression wide enough to include every conceivable form of forced labour and what is-the true scope and meaning of the words "forced labour·?" The ~ord 'begar' in this Article is not a word of common use in English language.' It is a_ word of Indian origin which like many other words has.found its way in the English vocabulary. It is very difficult to fo.rmulate a precise

defi~ition of the_ word begar' but there . can be no doubt that it• is a form· of 'forced labour under which a person is compelled to work without receiving any remuneration. Moles- · ;,…._ ~orth describes 'begar' as "labour or ,service. exacted by a govern- ment or person in 'power without giving remuneration for it." Wils'on's

glossary of Judicial and. -Revenue Terms-. gives~ the following meaning of the wotd 'begar' : "a forced lab0iirer, ·one pressed to carry burthens for individuals or the public. Under. the

old system, when pressedJor public service, no pay was given. The Begari, though still liable to be pressed for public objects, now recei- ves pay : For~ed labour for private service is prohibited.", "Begar" may ,therefore be loosely described as labour or service whieh a per- – s'on is forced to give without receiving any remuneration for· it. That was th~ meaning of the word '!>e~'!r"accepted by a

l)iyi~io!l Bench c FI c SUPRJlME COURT RJlPORTS [1983] l s.c.R .. of the Bombay High Court in S. Vasudevan v. S.~. Mital.(') ~Begar' is thus clearly a film of forced labour. Now it is not merely 'begar'

which is unconstitutionally prohibited by Article 23 but also all other · similar forms of forced labour. This Article strikes at forced labour in whatever form it niay manifest itself, because it is violative of human dignity and is contrary to basic human .values. The practice of forced labour is condemned in almost every international instru- ment dealing with human rights. It is ·interesting to find that as far , back as 1930 long before the Universal Declaration of Human Rights came into being, International Labour Organisation adopted Conven- tion No. 29 laying down that every member of the International tabour Organisation which ratifies this convention shall "suppress the use of forced or compulsory labour in ·all its forms" and this prohibition was elaborated in Convention No. 105 adopted by the lnternation~l Labour Organisation in 1957 … The words "forced or compulsory labour" in Convention No. 29 had of course a limited meaning but that was so on account of the restricted definition of these words given in Article 2 of the Convention. Article 4 of the European Convention of Human Rights and Article 8 of the Inter- national Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also prohibit forced or compulsory labour. Article 23 is in the same strain and it enacts a prohibition against forced labour in whatever form it may be found. · The learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent · laid some empba:sis on the word 'similar' and contended that it is not every form of forced

• labour which is prohibited by Article 23 but only such form of forced labour as is similar to 'begar' and since 'begar' means labour or service which a person is forced to give with- out receiv_ing any remuneration for it, the interdict of Article 23 is limited .only'to thosef~rms of forced labour where labour or service is exacted from a person without paying any remunerat'ion at all an<j r

if some. remuneration is paid, though it be inadequate, it would· not _,./ fall within the words 'other similar forms of forced lab.our: This contention seeks to unduly restrict the amplitude of the prohibition against forced labour enacted in Article 23 and· is in our opinion not well founded. It does not accord with the principle enunciated by this Court in Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India(')

that when interpreting the provisions of the Constitution conferring funda- mental rights, the. attempt qfthe court spould be to expand the reach and ambit of the fundamental rights rather than to attenuate their (!) AIR 1962 Born. 53.

(2) [1978) 2jSCR 621. PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION OF INDIA (llhagwati, J,) 48'7 meaning and content. It is difficult to imagine that the Constitution makers should have intended to strike .only at certain forms of forced labour leaving it open to the socially or economically powerful sections of the community to expioit the poor and weaker sectionsby resorting to other forms of forced labour. Could there be any logic o·r reason in enacting that if a person is forced to give labour or service to another without receiving any remuneration at all it should, be 'regarded as a pernicious practice sufficient to attract the condem· nation of Article 23, but if some remuneration is paid for it, then it should be outside the inhibition of that Article ? If this were the . true interpretation, Article 23 would be reduced to a mere rope of sand, for it would then be the easiest thing in an exploitative society ' for a person belonging to a socially ·Or economically dominant class to exact.labour or serivce from a person belonging to the deprived and vulnerable section pf the community by paying a negligible amount of remuneration ·and thus escape the rigour of Article 23. We do not think it would be right to place on the language of Article 23 an interpretation which would emasculate. its beneficent provi- 'sions and defeat the very purpose of enacting them.

We are clear of the view that Article 23 is intended to abolish every form of forced" labour. The words "other similar forms of forced labour are used in Article 23 not with a view to importing the particular charac- teristic of 'begar' that labour or service should be exacted without payment of any remuneration but with a view to bringing within the scope and ambit of that Article all other forms of forced labour and since 'begar' is o_ne form of forced labour, the Constitution makers used the words "other similar ·forms of forced labour," If the requirement that labour or work should be exacted Without any _remuneration were imported in other forms of forced labour, they would straightaway come w.ithin !he meaning of the word 'begar' and in that event there would be no need to have the additional ;….._

words "other similar forms of forced labour." These words would -.. be rendered futile and meaningless and it is a well° recognised rule of interpretation that the court should avoid a ·construction which as· the effect of rendering any words used by.the legislature· superfluous or redun.dent. The object of adding these words was clearly to expand the reach and content of Article 23

by including, in addition to 'begar', other forms of forced labour within the prohibition of that Article. Every form of forced labour 'begar' or otherwise, is within the inhibition of Article 23 and it makes no difference whether the per- c

48~ [1983) 1 S.C.R. son who is forced to give his labour or service to another is remune- rated or not. Even if remuneration is paid, labour supplied by a person would be hit by this Article if it is forced labour, that is, labour supplied not willingly but as a result of force or compulsion. Take for example a case where a person has entered into a contract of service with another for a period of three years and he wishes ·to discontinue serving such other person before the expiration of the period of three years.

If a law were to provide that in such· a case ' the contract shall be specifically enforced and he shall be compelled to serve for the full period of three years, it would clearly amount to forced labour and such a law would be void as offending Article 23. That is why specific perfotmance of a contract of service cannot be. enforced against an employee and the employee ca1;1not be forced by compulsion of law to continue to serve the employer. Of course, if there is a breach of the contract of service, the employee would be · liable to pay damages to the ·employer but he cannot be forced to continue to serve the empioyer without breaching the injunction ·of Article 23.

This was precisely the. view taken by the Supreme Court of United States in Baily v. Alabama(') while dealing witb•a similar provision in the Thirteenth Amendment. There, a legislation enact- ed by the Alabama State providing that when a person with intent to injure or defraud his employer enters into a contract in writing for the purpose of any service and obtains money or other property from the employer and without refunding the money or the p_roperty refuses or fails to perform such service, he will be punished with of fine.

The constitutional validity of this legislation was challenged on the gronnd that it violated the Thirteenth Amendment -which inter a/ia provides : "Neither slavery nor involuntar/servitude shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their juris- diction···. This challenge was upheld by.a majority of the Court and Mr. Justice Hughes d~livering the majority opinion said :

"We cannot escape the conclusion that although the statute in terms is to punish fraud, still iti; natural and inevitable effect is to expose to conviction for crime those who simply fail or refuse to perform contracts for personal service in liquidation of a debt, and judging its purpose by its effect that it seeks in this way to provide the means of compulsion tl~~ough which performance of such service may

(I) 219 U.S. 219 : 55 L. Ed. 191. PllOPLB;S UNION v. UNION OF INl>IA (Bhagwati, J.). be secured. The question is whether such a statute is constitution_al". The learned J:idge proceeded to explain the scope and ambit ,of the expression 'involuntary servitude' in the following words : "The. plain intention was to abolish slavery of whatever

name and form and all its badges arid incidents, to render impossible any st~te of bondage ; to make labour free by prohibiting that control by which the personal serviye of c– one men is disposed of or . coerced for another's benefit, which is the essence of involuntary servitude."

Then, dealing with the contention that the employee in that case had. voluntarily contracted tO' perform the service wpich was sought to be/ compelled and there was therefore no violation· of the provisions of the Thirteenth Amendment, the .learned Judge observed :

"The fact that . the debtor contracted to perform the . labour which is sought to be compelied does not withdraw the attempted enforcement from the condemnation of the statute. The full intent of ihe constitutional provision'Could be defeated with obvious facility if through the guise 'of . contracts under· which advances had been made, debtors.

could be held to compulsory service. It i~ the compulsion of the service that the statute inhibits; for when that occurs, the condition of servitute is created which would: be not less involuntary because of the original agreement to ·work out the indebtedness. The . contract exposes the debtor to

liability for the loss due to the breach, but not to enforced 18.bour."· '-· and proceeded to ehiborate ibis thesis by pointing out : ' "Peonage is sometimes classified as voluntary or 'invo-· luntary, but this implies simply a difference in~ the mode of origin, but-none in the character of the servitude. The one "exists where the debtor voluntarily contracts to enter the service of his creditor. The other is forced upon the

debtor by some. provision of 'law. But peonage however created, is compulsory service, involuntary servitude. ·The · peon can release himself therefrom, it is true, by 'the pay- StJPltEMI! COUllt Rl!POlltS

ment of the debt, but otherwise the service is enforced. clear distinction exists between peonage and the voluntary performance of Jabour or rendering of services in payment of a debt. In the latter case the debtor though contracting to· pay his indebtedness by labour of service, and subject· like any other contractor to an action for damages for.

breach of that contract, can elect at any time to·break it, and no law or force compels performance or a continuance of the service." It is therefore clear that even if a person has contracted with another to perform service and there is consideration for such service in the shape of liquidation of debt or even remuneration, he cannot be forced by compulsion of law or otherwise to continue to perform such service, as that would be forced labour within the inhil;>itian of. Article 23c -·This Article strikes at every form of forced labour. even if it has its origin in a contract voluntarily entered into by the person obligated to provide Jabour or service Vide Pollock v. Williams.(') The reason is that it offends against human dignity to compel a person to provide labour or service to another if he does. not ,wish to do so, e~n, though it be in breach of the contract en_tered into by him. There should be ·DO serfdom or involuntary servitude in a free democratic India which respects the dignity of tbe individual and the worth of the human person.

Moreover, in a country like India ·where there is so much poverty and unemployment and there is no· equality of bargaining power, a contract of service may appear on its face voluntary but it may, in reality, be involuntary, because while entering into the contract, the employee, by reason of his economically helpless condition, may have been faced-with Robson's choice, either to starve or to submit to the exploitative terms dictated by the powerful employer. It would be a travesty of justice to hold . th~ employee in_ such a case to·the terms of the contract and to compel him to serve ihe employer even though he may not wish to do so. That would aggravate the inequality and injustice from which the employee eve_n otherwise suffers on account of his economically disadvantaged position and leild the authority of law to the exploi- tation of the poor helpless employee by the economically powerful employer.

Article 23 therefore says that no one shall be ·forced to ff (I) 322 U.S. 4:88 Lawyers Edition 1095. . PEOPLE'S UNION v._ UNION «:F INDIA (Bhagwatl, J.) provide labour or service against his will, even though it be :under _a =ontract of service.

Now the next question that arises for consideration is whether there is any breach of Article 23 when a person .provides labour or service to the State or to any other person and is paid less than the minimum wage for it. · It is' obvious that ordinarily no one would willingly supply labour or service to another for less than the mini· mum ·wage, when he knows that under the law he is entitled to get -minimum wage for the ·Jabour or service provided by him.

It may therefore be -legitimately presumed· that when a person provides labour or service to another against receipt of remuneration which is less than the minimum wage, he is acting under the force of some compuision which drives him to work though he is paid Jess than what he is entitled ui\der law to receive.

What Article 23 prohibits is 'forced labour' that is labour or service which a person- is forced to provide and 'force' which would make such labour or service 'forced labour' may arise in several .ways. It may he physical force which may compel.a person to provide labour- or service to another or it may pe force exerted through '! legal provision such as a· provision for imprisonment or fine in case the employee fails .to provide labour or service or it may even be_ compulsion arising from hunger and poverty, want and destitution.

Any factor which deprives a person of a choice of alternatives and compels him .to adopt one particular course of action may properiy be regarded as 'force' and if labour or service is compelled as a result of such 'force', it would we 'forced labour'.

Where a person is suffering from hunger or starvation, when he bas no resources at ail to fight disease or fe_ed bis wife and children or even to hide their nakedness, where utter grinding poverty bas broken his ·back and reduced him to a state of helplessness and ·deSPair and where no· other employ- ment is available to alleviate the rigour of his poverty, he would have no choice but to acceept .any work that comes hims way, even if the remuneration offered to him is less than the !Ilinimum wage.· He would be in no position to bargain with the employer; he would have to accept what is offered to him. And in doing so he would be acting not _;is a free agent with a choice between alternatives but J!Dder the cpmpulsion of economic circumstances and the Jabour or service provided by him would be clearly 'forced Jabour.'

There is no reason why the word 'forced' should be read in a narrow and c c SUPREM~ COURT lti!PORl'S (1983) 1 s.c.ll. .restricted manner so. as to be confined only to physical or legal 'force' particularly when the national charter, its fundamental document has promised to build a new soc.ialist republic where there will be socio-economic justice for all and every one shall have the right to work, to education and to adequate means of livelihood. The constitution makers have given us one of the most remarkable ,documents in history for ushering in a new socio-economic order and the .Constitution w bich they have forged for us has a social purpose and an economic mission and therefore every word or phrase in the Constitl!tion must be interpreted in a manner which would advance the socio-economic objective of the Constituti0n. It is ncit unoften that in· capitalist society economic circumstance exert much greater pressure on an individual in driving him to a particular course of action than physical compulsion or force of legislative provision. The word 'force'. must therefore-be construted to i!Jclude not only physical or legal force but also force arising from the compulsion of economic circumstance which leaves no choice of alternatives to a person in want and compels him to provide Jabour or service even though the remuneration received for it is less than . the minimuni wage of course, if.a P.,rson provides labour or service to another against receipt of the minimum wage, 'it would not be possible to say that the labour or service provided by ])im is 'forced . Jabour' because he gets what he is entitled under law to receive. No inference can reasonably be drawn in . such a case that ·he is forced to. provide labour or service for the simple ~eason that he would be providing labour or service against receipt of what is lawfully payable to him just like any other person who is not under the force of any compulsion. We are therefore of the v,iew that where a·person provides labour or ser:vice to another for remunera- tion which is less than the minimum wage, the labour or service provided by him cleariy fafls within the ;scope and ambit of the words 'forced labour' under Article 23. Such a person would be entitled to come to the court for enforcement of his fundamental right tinder Article 23 by asking the· court io direct payment of the minimum wage to him so that the labour or service provided by him ceases to be 'forced labour' and the breach of Article 23 is remedied. It is' therefote clear that when the petitioners alleged that minimum wage was not paid t.o the workmen employed by the contractors, the complaint was really in effect and substance a compl!lint against violation

of the fundamental r.ight of the workmen under Article 23. PEOPLE'S UNION V, UNION OF.INntA (8hagwati, !.) Before leaving this subject, We may point out with all the emphasis tit our command. that whenever any fundamental right, which is enforceable against private individuals such as, for example· a fundamental right enacted in Article 17 or 23 or -24 is being violated; it is the constitutional obligation of the State to take the · necessary steps for the purpose ·of' ,interdicting such violatioQ and ensuring observance of tbe·fundameotal ·right by the private .iodivi· dual who is transgressing the. same. Of course, the person whose fundamental right is violated can always approach the court- for the purpose of ~nforcemeot of his fundamental right, but that cannot absolve the State from its constitutional obligation to see that there . is no violation of the fundamental righL,.of such person,· particularly· ivheo he belongs to the weaker section humanity 'and is unable to , wage a legal 'battle against a strong .and powerful opponent who. is . exploiting him. The Union of India, the Delhi AdmioistratiOn and the Delhi Development Authority must therefore be held to be under an obligatioo'fo ensure <;>bservance of these various labour laws·by the contractors and if the provisions ·Of any of these labour laws are violated by the contractors, the petitioners indicating the cause of the workmen are entitled to enforce this obligation against the Union of India, the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Develop- ment Authority by· filing the present writ petition. The preliminary objections urged on behalf of the respondents must. accordingly be rejected.

Having disposed of these preliminary objections, we may tnm· • to consider whether there was any violation of the provisions of the Minimum Wages Act 1948, Article 24 of the Constitution, the Equal Remuneration Act 1976, the Contract labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970 and 'the Inter State Migrant, Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act ·1979 by the contractors. The Union !Jf India in its affidavit in reply ·admitted that there were. certain.violations, committed by the contra· ctors but hastened to add that for these violations prosecutions were initiated against the errant contractors and no •violation of any of the labour .laws was allowed togo unpunished. The Union of India 'also conceeded in its affidavit in reply that Re. I/· per worker per ·day was deducted by the jamadars from the wa:ge payable to the workers with the result that the workers did not -get the minimum wage of Rs.

9.25 per day, but stated that proceedings had been taken for the purpose of recovering the amount of the snort fall in minimum wage from the contractors. No particular~ were however S;ven of1 c

c (1983) I !.C.R. such . proceedings adopted by/ the Union of India or the Delhi Administration or the Delhi DevClopment Authority. It was for this reason that we directed by our order dated 11th ·May 1982 that whatever is the minimum . wage for the time being or if the wage payable is higher than· such wage, shall be paid by the contractors to the workmen directly without the intervention of the jamadars and that the jamadars shall not be entitied to· deduct or recover any amount · from the minimum wage payable to the workmen as and by way of commission or otherwise. He would als.o direct in additio.n that if the .. Union of India or the Delhi Administration or the Delhi Develop· ment Authority finds and for !his purpose it may hold such i.nquiry as is possible in the circumstances that any ·of the workmen has not received the minimum wage payable

to him, it •.hall take the .J necessary legal action against the contractrs. whether by way of__, proesC1,1tion or by way of recovery of the amount of the short-fall. , · We would also suggest. that ,hereafter whenever any contracts are given . by. the. government' or any other. governmental authority including a public sector corporation, it should be ·ensured by intro· . D … · ducing a suitable provision in the contracts that wage shall be.paid · by the contractors to the workmen directly without the intervention of any jamadars or, thekadars and th.at the contractors shall ensure .that no· amount by ·way of commission or otherwise is deducted or recovered by the Jamadars from the wage of the workmen. So far as · observallce of the other labour laws by the contractors is concerned, · the Union of India, the' Del hf Administration and the Delhi Develop· meut Authority disputed the claim of the. petitioners that the provi· sions of these labour laws wel'ci not being implemented . by the contractOrs save in _a -few instances where prosecutions bad _been launched agai11st the contractors. Since it would not be possible for this Court . to take evidence for ·the purpose of deciding this factual dispute between_ the parties and ·we also wanted to ensure . that in any event the provisions of these various laws enacted for the ·benefit of the workmen were strictly observed and implemented by the contractors, we by ciur order dated 11th· May 1982 appointed , · three Ombudsmen and requested them to make periodical inspectio~s · of the .sites of the construction work: for the purpose of ascertaining whether the provisions of these labour laws were being carried out. and the. workers were receiving the benefits and amenities provided for them ·under these beneficient statutes or . whether the"re were ariy . violations of. these provisions being committed by tile contractors ·so · that on the basis of the reports of. the three, Ombudsmen, this Court could give further direction in the matter if fo~nd necessary. We may PEOPLE'S UNION v. UNION OF INDIA (Bhagwati, J.)

add that,whenever any construction work is being carried out either departmentally or through contractors, the government or any other – governmental authority including a public sector corporation which is carrying out such work must take great care to see that the provisions of the labour laws are being strictly observed and they should not wait for any c,;mplaint to be received from the work~en in regard to nonobservance of any such provision before proceeding ~.to• take action against the erring olllcers or contractor, but they · should institute an effective,system of periodic inspections .coupled with occasional surprise inspe~tions by the higher officers in order ·to ensure that there are no violations of the, provisions of· labour laws and the workmen are not denied the rights _and benefits to which they are entitled under such provisions ahd if any such violations are found, immediate action should be taken against defaulting officers or contractors. That is the .least which a govern- ment or a governmental authority or a public sector corpo~ation ·is expected to do in a social welfare state .

These are the reasons for which . we made our Order dated 1 Ith May 1982. S.R. Petition allowed. '-.. c