PRAN AB KUMAR MITRA v. THE STATE OF WEST BENGAL AND ANOTHER (S. R. DAS 0. J., BHAGW ATI, B. P. SINHA, SuBBA RAo and K. N. WANOHOO JJ.) Criminal Revision~Death of ·petitioner pending hearing-
Application by legal representative to be added as party-Power of High Court-If can consider legality of conviction-Code of Crimi- nal Procedure (Act V of z898), ss .. 439, 435, 43I.
There is no provision in the Code of Criminal Procedure which limits the wide discretionary power conferred on the High Court by s. 439 read with s. 435 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to examine the correctness, legality or propriety of any finding, sentence or order passed by an inferior Court and, where it chooses to interfere either suo motu or at the instance of a party, it has thereunder the power, in the ends of justice, not only to bring the legal representative of a deceased party on record but also to consider the legality of the order of conviction even when the sentence inflicted may be a composite one of imprisonment and fine.
Imperatrix v. Dongaji Andaji, (1878) I.L.R. 2 Born. 564, approved. In re Nabishah, (1894) I.L.R. 19 Born. 714, considered. Consequently, in a case where the accused petitioner, who
was convicted under s. 420 of the Indian Penal Code a.nd sentenc- ed to suffer one day's imprisonment, which really meant deten- tion till the rising of the Court on the day the order was pronounced, and to pay a fine of Rs. 500/- and in default to suffer rigorous imprisonment for six months, died during the pendency of the revision case in the High Court and his son applied to be substituted as a party in order that he could challenge the order of conviction and sentence and the High Court,.holding that the principle of s. 431 of the Code of Crimi- nal Procedure applied, added him as a party but refused to consider the legality of the o;rder of conviction and reduced the sentence.
Held, that the High Court was in error in limiting its powers under s. 439 of the Code of Criminal Procedure on the analogy of s. 431 of the Code, which in terms did not apply to a revision case, and its decision must be set aside.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION:- Criminal Appeal No. 116 of 1956. October 3. r95a Appeal from the Judgment and order dated Decem- ber 22, 1955, of the Calcutta High Court in Cnminal
Pranrlb Kumar Mitra Revision No .. 714 of 1955, arising out of the judgment v. and order dated May 9, 1955, of the Court of the Th• State of w.,1 Additional Sessions Judge at Ali pore in Criminal Beng•l c;. Another Appeal No. 97 of 1955.
Sinha j. 0. P. Lal, for the a j]pellant. H. J. Umrigar and R. H. Dhebar, for the respon- dents. 1958. October 3. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SINHA J.-The simple question for determination in
this appeal on a certificate of fitness granted by the High Court of Judicature at Calcutta, is whether a pending application in revision made under s. 439 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (to be referred · to
hereinafter as the Code), finally abates on the death of the petitioner in the High Court, and if so, to what extent. It is not necessary to set out, in detail, the facts of the prosecution case and the evidence upon which the
findings of the courts of fact were based, except to state that the appellant's father, Sailendra Sundar i\Iitra, was tried and convicted by a MagiHtrate of the first class, at Alipore. The Appellate Court has set
out the case against the accused in these words : " The charge against the accused was that on the 2nd December; 1946, at Garden Reach, the accused, being an employee as Establishment Clerk of B. C. II Section
in the Traffic Accounts Office of B. N. Railway (now Eastern Railway), cheated the said B. N. Railway Administration by dishonestly inducing it by means of false representation in the pay bill of the non-gazet-
ted staff for November, 1946, to deliver to him Rs. 205-13-0 and to one Satish Chandra Das Gupta, a clerk in the said B. C. II Section, Rs. 33-4-0 in excess of legitimate dues, and thereby committed an offence
punishable under section 420, I.P.C." The learned trial Magistrate convicted the accused person for cheating in respect of Rs. 205-13-0, but gave him the benefit of the doubt in respect of the sum of Rs. 33-4-0
.I claimed on behalf of another person, named Satish Chandra Das Gupta. He sentenced the accused to d Pranab 1,· 11mar suffer one day's imprisonment (rea y, etention till Mitra the rising of the court, on the day the order was pro-
v. nounced), and to pay a fine of Rs. 500/ -, and in The State of WC1$I default, to rigorous imprisonment for six months Bengal & Another more. He also directed that out of the fine, if realised,
Rs. 333/- shall be paid to the B.N. Railway Adminis- tration (now, the South Eastern Railway) as compen- sation, by his order dated February 11, 1955. On appeal, the learned Additional Sessions Judge at
Alipore (24, Parganas), after hearing the parties, dis- missed the appeal, and confirmed the orders of convic- tion and sentence passed by · the learned trial Magistrate, by his judgment dated May 9, 1955.
Being aggrieved by the judgment and orders of the courts below, the accused aforesaid moved the High Court in its revisional jurisdiction, under s. 439 of the Code. The High Court issued a Rule which was
registered as Criminal Revision Case No. 714 of 1955, and stayed the realization of the fine pending the hearing of the Rule. During the pendency of the case in the High Court, the accused person died on July 8,
1955, leaving him surviving his widow and five chil- dren, all of whom were minors except Lhe appellant. The appellant made an application on December 6, 1955, stating that he was one of the heirs of the deceas-
ed accused (petitioner in the High Court), and that he was interested in proceeding with the criminal revision case, and challenging the order of conviction and sen- tence, passed against his deceased father. He, there-
fore, prayed that he might be added as a party to the Criminal Revision Case No. 714of1955, so as to enable him to challenge the order of conviction and sentence aforesaid. This "application for substitution", as the
Division Bench of the High Court has characterized it, was heard, and the Bench passed its order on the application on December 22, 1955, holding that the principle of s. 431 of the Code, applied to a criminal
revisional application even when there was a com- posite sentence but only in so far as the sentence of fine Sinha ]. was concerned. The application for substitution was, therefore, allowed. The High Court also ruled that
Pf' a nab Ku mar h Mit•• t,he conviction could not be challenged ina.smuc a.s v. the sentence was a composite one of imprisonment a.s The State of W.st also fine, and that, therefore, the revisiona.l application Ben1al <!> 1lno1h., would survive only to the limit11d extent whether the Sinha ].
sentence of fine was proper or unduly severe. The High Court., therefore, refused to go into the merits of the conviction, and confined itself to the question whether, in the circumstances of the case, the sen-
tence of fine of Rs. 500/- was unduly severe. In view of the fact that the defence of the accused person was that he had over-charged on account of a. mistake, and that he was prepared to refund the excess a.mount, the
High Court directed that the sentence of fine be reduced to the sum charged in excess, namely, Rs. 205/13/-. It also directed that the whole of the a.mount of fine, if realized, shafl be paid· to the .B.N.
Ra.ii way Administration (now South Ea.stern Railway). Being dissatisfied with the aforesaid order of the High Court, the appellant moved the High Court and obtained the necessary certificate of fitness from the
High Court. Hence, this appeal on a. certificate undt>r a.rt. 134 (1) (c) of the Constitution, granted by the High Court. There is no relevant provision in the Code, except s. 431 which is the la.st section in Chapter XXXI of
the Code, dealing with appeals, and is in these terms:- " 431. Every appeal under section 411A, sub- section (2), or section 417 shall finally a.bate on the death of the accused, and every other appeal under
this Chapter (except a.n appeal from a. sentence of fine) shall finally a.bate on the death of the appel- lant." It is manifest that the section, in terms, applies 01lly to appeals, and lays down that a.n appeal against a.n
order of acquittal passed by the High Court in exercise of its original criminal jurisdiction (s. 4'11-A (2)), or a.n appeal to the High Court from a.n order of acquittal passed by any court other than the High
Court, shall finally a.bate upon the death of the accused, and all appeals under Chapter XXX1, except an appeal from a sontencl' of fine, shall finally abate on Pra,,ab Kumar the death of the appellant. The first part of the
Mitra section dealing, as it does, with appeals agaimit orders v. of acquittal, naturally, provides that such appeals The Sta11 of Wesl must, necessarily, abate because the accused person Bengal ~A 11oth1r
has passed beyond the jurisdiction of the Court. The Sitiha J. second part. of the section deals with appeals by con- victed persons or by a person who has been deprived of any property, or who has been ordered to furnish
security, etc., and lays down that such appeals shall finally abate on the death of the appellant except appeals from a sentence of ·fine. As in the instant case, we are not directly concerned with the ll'gal
position as it may emerge on the death of the appellant or of an accused person as respondent, we need not go into the question whether an appeal would abate if it is from a conviction and sentence not
only of fine but also of imprisonment though it. may be till the rising of the court. We are here concerned with a case in which the convicted person had served out his nominal sentence of imprisonment (assuming
that it was a legal sentence of imprisonment), and his application in revision was pending and was mainly concerned with challengiug the order of conviction and sentence of fine, when the petitioner in the High
Court died. As ah·eady indicated, s. 431, in terms, does not apply to such a case. The case has, therefore, to be determined on first principles. It appears that the Criminal' Procedure
Code of 1882 (Act 10 of 1882), for the first time, introduced s. 431. That. section came up for considera- tion before a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in its criminal revi'lional jurisdiction in the case of In re Nabishah (1).
Shortly stated, the facts in that case were that two persons had been convicted of criminal breach of trust, and each one was sentenced to one year's rigorous imprisonment and a fine of
Hs. 1,000. Both the convicted persons appealed to the High Court. One of them died during the pendency of the 11ppeal. The appeal of the surviving appellant wafl allowed by the High Court, and his conviction
(1) (1894) I.L.R. 19 BOm. 714. and. sentence 'were set aside. Thereupon, one of the reltttives of the decea.sed appellant applied to the Pranab f(um'fr H" J C d d 1g l ourt m its revisiona. Juris iction to set asi e
f;f ilf•' v. t.he convict.ion and sentence passed against the dead The state of west man, and for a refund of the fine (which appears to Bengal & A,,othu have been paid). It was held by the High Court, Sinha ].
without discussiug the terms of the section and with- out giving, any reasons for that conclusion, that the appeal in respect of the dead man had abated under s. 431 of the Code. The High Court refused to deal
with the case in its revisional jurisdiction on the ground that the case depended upon appreciation of evidence. It may be that the High Court came to that conclusion presumably on the grounii that the
appeal was not only against a sen ten co of fine but also against a substantive sentence of imprisonment. \Vhere a sentence both of line and of imprisonment, is passed, and an appeal or an application in revision
is tiled, the st1perior court may grant bail or may not. It may be that in a case where bail has not been grantee!, the convicted person may have served out his substantive sentence of imprisonment, and by the
timo his appeal or application in revision comes up for hearing, the substantial question to be determined by the High Court (or the Court of Session where the appeal may be pending), is the legality, correctness or
propriety of the order of conviction and the outstand- ing sentence of fine. In such a case, it may be a debatable question whether the appeal or the applica- tion in revision has abated. Such a situation arose in
the case of Imperatrix v. Dongaji Andaji ('). In that case, the accused person was sentenced, on a charge of forgery, to four years' rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 1,000 by the Court of Session.
During the pendency of the appe~l in the High Court, the appellant, who had not been released on bail, died in jail. The matter was placed before a Division Bench of l\Ielvill and Kemball, JJ. Melvill, J., held that
the appeal hatl abated on the death of the appellant, and the functions of the High Court as an Appellate Court, ceased. He also held that as there was no (1) (1878) I.L.R. 2 Rom. 564.
error of law in the order of conviction, nor had it been shown that the sentence was too severe, the High p,anab Kumar Court could not exercise its powers as a Court of Mit,a Revision. In the course of his judgment, he pointed
v. out that the legal representative of the deceased The State of Wesl convicted person is, no doubt, interested in procuring Bengal So Anotllir a reversal of a sentence of fine or of forfeiture of pro-
Sinha J. perty, but as the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1872 (Act X of 1872), did not confer any right of appeal on the legal representative after the death of the con vi ct, the appeal could not be heard and determined
on merits. Kemball, J., a.greed with Melvill, J., that the legal representative of the deceased convict could not prosecute the appeal, but he did not agree with him in the view that the appeal had a.bated, and that
the functions of the High Court as the Appellate Court, came to an end on the death of the appellant. He took the view that as the record was before the Court, the Court could pass such orders in the appeal
as it thought proper. His view appears to have been that with the death of the convicted person, the question of serving out the whole or a portion of the sentence of imprisonment, no more survived, but as
the property of the deceased convict, in the hands of the legal representative, continued to be liable for the payment of the fine, if unpaid during the period provided by law, it was the interest of the legal repre-
sentative to have the case considered on merits. Ulti- mately, he came to the conclusion that there was no doubt that the High Court could dispose of the case as a. Court of Revision, but he also thought that the
Court was bound to decide the case as a Court of Appeal. On this difference of opinion between the two learned Judges, the matter was placed before Westropp, C. J. The learned Chief Justice agreed
with Melvill, J., that the Code had not made any pro- vision for the continuance of an appeal by the legal representative of a deceased convict, nor <lid the High Court have the power to deal with the appeal on
the death of the convicted person. He based his conclusion substantially on the ground that the right to appeal or to continue an appeal already pending, is given by Statute expressly or by necessary implication.
This view now finds statutor" recognition in s. 431. Pr a nab I< 1unrir .J Mi"• He also held that though the appeal had abated, the v. High Court had the power to call for the record and
The State of West exercise its revisional jurisdiction suo motu, but he did B1•1a1 a> Another not exprt>ss any opinion whether in the case before Sinha J. the Court, such a power could be exercisrd.
In our opinion, in the absence of statutory provi- sions, in terms applying to an application in revision, as there are those in s. 431 in respect of criminal appeals, the High Court has the power to pass such
orders as to it may seem fit and proper, in exercise of its revision&! jurisdiction vested in it by s. 439 of the Cod!'. Indeed, it is a discretionary power which has to be exercised in aid of justice. Whether or not the
High Court will exercise its revisional jurisdiction in a given case, must depend upon the facts and circum- stances of that case. The revisional powers of the High Court vested in it by s. 439 of the Code, read
with s. 435, do not create any right in the litigant, but only conserve the power of the High Court to see that justice is done in accordance with the recognized rules of Criminal Jurisprudence, and that subordinate
criminal courts do not exceed their jurisdiction, or abuse their powers vested in them by the Code. On the other hand, as already indicated, a right of appeal is a statutory right which has got to be recognized by
the courts, and the right to appeal; where one exists, cannot be denied in exercise of the discretionary power even of the High Court. The Legislature has, there- fore, specifically provided, by s. 431 of the Code, the
rules governing the right of Rubstitution in case of death of an appellant, but there is no corresponding prodsion in Chapter XXXII, dealing with the ques- tion of abatement and the right of substitution in a
criminal revision. We may assume that the Legisla- ture was aware of the decision of the Bombay High Court, referred to above, when it enacted s. 431 for the first time in the Code of 1882. If the Legislature
intended that an application in revision pending in a High Court, should be dealt with on the same footing as a pending appeal, it would have emicted accordingly. …. But in the absence of any such enactment, we
r9SS may infer that the power of revision vested in the Pranab Kumar High Court under Chapter XXXII of the Code, was Mitra left untouched-to be exercised according to the v. exigencies of each case. The High Court is not bound-The State of West to entertain an application in revision, or having Bengal & Another entertained one, to order sub~titution in every case. It
Si•-;;;; J. is not bound the other way, namely, to treat a. pend- ing application in revision as having a.bated by reason of the fact that there was a. composit.e sentence of imprisonment and fine, as some of the single Judge
decisions placed before us, would seem to indicate. The High Court has been left complete discretion to deal with a pending matter on the death of the peti- tioner in accordance with the requirements of justice.
The petitioner in the High Conrt may have been an accused person who has been convicted and sentenced, or he may have been a complainant who may have been directed under s. 250 of the Code to pay compen-
sation to an accused person upon his discharge or acquittal. Whether it was an accused person or it was a complainant who has moved the High Court in its revisional jurisdiction, if the High Court has issued
a Rule, that Rule has to be heard and determined in accordance with law, whether or not the pet.itioner in the High Court is a.live or dead, or whether he is represented in court by a legal practitioner. In hear-
ing and determining cases under s. 439 of the Code, the High Court discharges its statutory function of supervising the administration of justice on the cri- minal side. Hence, the considerations applying to
abatement of an appeal, may not apply to the case of revisiona.l applications. In our opinion, therefore, the Bombay majority decision (1), in the absence of any statutory provisions in respect of criminal revisiona.l
cases; lays down the correct approach. There are a number of decisions in the books, mostly of Judges sitting singly, that though s. 431, in terms, does not apply to revisions.I applications, the principle
of that section applied to such cases. It is not neces- sary to refer to tho!je cases specifically. In view of the fa.ct that even in the absence of any statutory (r) (1878) I.L.R. a Bom. ~64.
SUPH.EME COURT REPORTS [1959] Supp. '958 provisions, we have held, in agreement with the p, … ab Kumar decision aforesaid of the Bombay High Court, that Milr• the High Uonrt has the power to determine the case
v. even after the death of the convicted person, if there The State of w •. ,, was a sentence of fine also impost>d on him, beca11"e B•t11•I .s. AHoth" that sentence affects the property oft.ho decascd in the hands of his legal representative, it now r"m 1tins to
consider whether tho High Court waR right in limiting its power of revision to the question <1f iiue ouly-whe- ther it was proper or excessive-without going into the merits of the order of conviction. Once it is held
that the High Court's revisional jurisdiction is attract- ed to such a case, it is difficult to limit the exercise of such a power in the way the High Court has done. Under s. 439 of the Code, the discretion is vested in the High
Court to exercise such of the powers of an Appellate Court, as may be attracted to the case, and it has also the power to enhance a sentence subject to the proviso that no order to the prejudice of an accused person,
shall be made unless he has had the opportunity of be- ing heard. In the instant case, we are not concerned with the question of enhancement of sentence; we are concerned with the question whether there is any
provision in the Code, which limits the discretionary power of the High Court to examine the " correctness, legality or propriety of any finding, sentence or order "-(s. 435), passed by any inferior Court. On the
death of the convicted person, the question of his serving the whole or a portion of his sentence of im- prisonment, does not a.rise. But the sentence of fine still remains to be examined-whether it was well-
founded in law. This question cannot be effectively gone into unless the order of conviction itself is examined on its merits. If the fact that the fine will have to be paid out of the estate of the deceased ap-
pellant or petitioner in revision, is the ground for giving the heir or legal representative a right to continue the appeal or a privilege of maintaining or continuing a revision, the same principle should
entitle him to question the correctness of the conviction itself, for, if the conviction remains, at least some fine, however nominal, will have to be paid by the heir or the legal representative out of the estate of the
z9'' deceased. In our opinion, therefore, where the High Pranab Kumar Court thinks it fit and proper to entertain a.n applica.- Milr1a tion in revisio~ or ca.lie for the record suo motu, it has v.
the power to examine the whole question of the Thi s1a11 of w111 correctness, propriety or legality of the sentence of8 '"'"' IS- ,.,."'"" fine, which necessarily involves examining the order
5,;:; J. of conviction itself from that point of view. For the reasons aforesaid, we a.How the appeal, and remit the case to the High Court to be des.It with in accordance with law .
Appeal allowed. CHENNURU GAV ARARAJU CHETTY v. CHENNURU SILARAMAMURTY CHETTY AND OTHERS (B. P. SINHA, JAFEB IMAM and J. L. KAPUR, JJ.) Lease, Renewal of-Manufacture of sal:t-Lessees, i,f fiduciaries of ·quondam partners-Constructive trust-Test-Presumption-
Indian Trusts :Act, z88a (II of z88a), ss. 88, 90-Madras Salt Act, z889 (Mad. 4 of z889). The appellant, defendant No. I in the suit, from which the appeal arises, and the father of defendants. 2 to 7, as the highest bidders, obtained a seventeen years' lease of a salt factory from the Government and the license to manufacture and sell salt under the Madras Salt Act, 1889. They entered into a
partnership with the plaintiffs to carry on their business for the period of the lease. On the death of their father, defendants 2 to 7 were admitted into the partnership. The partnership agree- ment made no provision for the continuation of the partnership on expiry of the lease or for the acquisition of a fresh lease on behalf of the partnership. The lease expired, the license came to an end and the partnership stood automatically dissolved, The Government changed its old policy of granting leases to the highest bidders and adopted one of renewing them in favour of previous lessees in whom they had confidence. The appellant Oo1ob1r 6.