c PREM BALLAR & ANR v. THE STATE (DELHI ADMINISTRATION) September 15. 1976 [P. N. BHAGWATI AND S. MURTAZA FAZAL Au, JJ.T Preventiol! of Food Ad11/teratio11 Act 1954-Sec. 16(1 )(a) (i)-2(1 )—2(1) (cl –2(1) (i)-2(1) (l)-Preve11tio11 of Food Ad11lteration Rules-R11/es 23-28 and 29-Can col!viction be based 011 sole testimony of a Food Inspector-Can an article fall under c/a11se (j) & (I) of Sec. 2(i)-Are they 11111t11a/ly cxclusfre or overlappi11g-Whe11 mies are silent abo11t colouring material can 11se of dye be punished-Do provisions of probation of offe11der.1· Act apply to o(fenccs under the prevention of Food Adulteration Act.
The second appellant was the owner of a grocery shop and the first appel- lant was his salesman in the shop. Food Inspector Bhanot purchased a sample from appellant No. 1 of mustard oil after complying with the formalities pres- cribed by the Act.
The Public Analyst reported that the sample was mis- branded as it was of !in-seed oil and it was adulterated due to the presence of artificial dye. the appellants were charge-sheeted under section 16( 1 )(a ){i). The learned Magistrate convicted the appellants and sentenced them to suffer rigorous imprisonment for 9 months.
On appeal, the learned Sessions Judge confirmed the conviction but reduced the sentence from 9 months to 6 months. The High Court, in revision upheld the decision of the Sessions Judge.
On appeal of Special Leave the appellants wntended : 1. The conviction was bad since it rested solely on the evidence of Food Inspector Bhanot. 2. The offence committed by the appellants on the opinion of the Public Analyst fell under section 16(1 )(a)(i) read with clause (1) of section 2 (i) and, therefore, the Court had discretion under the proviso to section 16 (1) to impose a lesser sentence than the minimum of 6 months.
3. In alny event, the benefit of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, should be given to the appellants. Dismissing the appeal, HELD : l. There is no rule of law that conviction cannot be based on the sole testimony of. a Food Inspector. It is only out of a sense of caution that the courts insist that the testimony of a Food Inspector should be corroborated by some independent witnesi:.
This is a necessary caution which has to be borne in mind because the Food Inspector may in a sense be regarded as an interested witness. But this caution is a rule of prudence and not a rule of law. If it were otherwise it would be possible for many guilty persons to escape punishment by resorting to the device of bribing Panch witnesses.
In the present case, the sample was taken in the presence of witness Krishan Datt Sharma who has turned hostile. His explanation is palpably dishonest and cannot be ac<:epted. There is also the evidence of another Food Inspector Bhatnagar. The Courts below accepted their evidence and there is no reason to interfere with the concurrent view taken by the courts belo;;. '[595A-Gl
2. Section 2( 1) defines "Adulterated" and says that an article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated if the article falls within the ·description given in· any of the succeeding cla'l!ses (a) to (I). Clause (j) provides that an article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated if any colouring matter other than· ._
PREM BALLAS V. DELHI STATE (Bhagwati, J.) that prescribed in respect thereof and in amounts not within the prescribed limits of variability is present in the srticle. Clause (1) deems an article of
food to be adulterated if the quality or purity of the article falls below the prescribed standard or its constituents are present in quantities which are in excess of the prescribed limits of variability.
[596C-D] 3. It is wrong to contend that if an article falls within clause (I) it cannot fall under clause (j) or any other clause. Different clauses of section 2(i) are not mutually exclusive; they, overlap one another and it is quite possible that an article of food may be found adulterated under two or more c1auscs of se.c- tion 2(i). [597A-CJ
4. The report of !)le public analyst showed that the linseed oil contained artificial dye and this was clearly prohibited under rule 23. The only artificial dyes which were permitted to be used in food were those set out in rule 28 and Rule 29. prohibited the use of permitted coal tar dyes in or upon any articles of food other than those ennmerated in that Rule. Lin-seed oil was not one of the articles of food enumerated in rule 29 arid hence artificial dye, even if permitted coal tar dye could not be added to linseed oil. f597G-H, 598A] 5. The contention of the appellants that clause (j) would be attracted only if colouring matter is prescribed and the article of food is found to conlain a colouring matter different from that prescribed was negatived. When no colour- ing matter is permitted to be used in respect of an article of food what i~ pres- cribed in respect of the article is 'nil' colouring matter and if the article con- tains any colouring matter it would be "other than that prescribed in r~spect" .. '
t of the article. [597 A-C, 598B-D] Vidyacharan Shukla v. Khubchand Baghel, [1964) 6 S.C.R. 129, relied on. 6. The operation of the Probation of Offenders Act is not excluded in case of persons found guilty of offence under tile Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
However, imperatives of social defence must discourage the appli- cability of the probation principle. No chances can be taken by Society with a man whose anti-social activities in the guise of a respectable trade jeopardise the health and well-being of numerous innocent consumers.
The adulterator is a social risk; it might be dangerous to leave him free to carry on his nefarious activities by applying the probation principle to him. Adulteration_ is an econo- mic offence prompted by profit motive and it is not likely to lend itself easily to therapeutic treatment by probationary measure.
[599D, G-H, 600A-Bl !sher Das v. State [1972] 3 S.C.R. 65, and P. K. Tejani v. M. R. Dha11ge, [1974] 2 S.C.R. 154 followed. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 287 / 71.
-F ""— Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 10-9-71 of the Delhi High Court in Criminal Revision No. 310 of 1970. A. N. Mulla, (Miss) Uma Mehta, R. K. Mehta, S. K. Bagga and (Mrs.) S. Bagga; for the Appellants.
S. N. Anand and R. N. Sachthey; for the Respondent. D. Mookerjee, B. P. Maheshwari, Suresh Sethi and N. K. Jain for the Intervener. The Judgment of the Court was delivered bx BHAGWATI, J.-This appeal, by special leave, is directed against a judgment of the High Court of Delhi confirming the conviction of [ 1977) 1 S.C.R.
the appellants under section 7(i) read with section 16(1) (a) (i) of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954. c The prosecution case was that all material times the 2nd appel- lant was the owner of a grocery shop situate at Maharani Bagh, New Delhi and the 1st appellant was employed as a salesman in the shop.
On 23rd June, 1969 Bhanot, a Food Inspector went to the shop of the 1st appellant and finding the 1st appellant there as a sales- man, took from him a sample of mustard oil for analysis after paying its purchase price.
He divided the sample into three parts and sent one part to the Public Analyst for analysis, handed over the other part lo the 2nd appellant and retained the 3rd part with him. Tile Public
Analyst reported .that the sample was misbranded as it was of Lin Seed Oil and it was adulterated due to the presence of artificial dye. On the strength of this report, the appellants were chargesheeted under section 7(i) read with section
16(1) (a) (i) before the Judicial Magistrate, Delhi. The defence of the 1st appellant was that the 2nd appellant was at no time engaged by him as the ~;alcsman and no mustard oil was purchased by Bhanot from the 2nd appellanl. The
2nd appellant also claimed. that he was never an employee of the 1st appellant and while he was going to his house after purchasing sarson oil for his personal use, he was caught by two or three persons near Maharani Bagh and a sample was taken from the oil which he was carrying and his signatures were obtained by threat on certain papers.
The learned Judicial Magistrate accepted the evidence Jed on behalf of the prosecution and rejected the defence version and held that the appellants were guilty of the offence of selling !in seed oil containing artificial dye which was an offence punishable under section 7(i) read with
section 16(1)(a) (i). The learned Judicial Magistrate accordingly convicted the appellants and sentenced each of them to suffer rigorous imprisonment for nine months and to pay a fine of Rs. 1000/-. The appellants preferred an appeal, but the appeal was rejected by the learned Sessions Judge and the conviction was confirmed with only a slight modification in the sentence. The
sentence ~as reduced from nine months to six months rigorous im- prisonment. . This led to the filing of a revision application in the High Court by the appellants, but the revision application was also unsuccessful.
Hence the present appeal by special leave obtained from this Court. The first contention raised on behalf of the appellant in support of the appeal was that the conviction was bad inasmuch
as it rested solely ori the evidence of Bhanot and one other Food Inspector. namely, Bhatnagar, who happened to come there at the time of taking the sample and there was no independent witness to suppcrt the prose- cution case. Now, it is true that the prosecution could not produce any independent witness to depose to the taking of the sample by Bhanot from the 2nJ appellant at the shop of the l st appellant but that by it- self cannot be regarded as sufficient to warrant rejection of the prose- cution case out of hand. The· sample was taken by Bhanot in the presence of one Keshav Dutt Sharma and a panchnama evidencing the transaction was prepared and signed by Keshav Dutt Sharma on the spot. But in the witness box Keshav Dutt Sharma turned hostile and denied that he was present at the time of taking the sample. Of
j PREM BALLAB v. DELHI STATE (Blwgwati, J.) course, he could not deny that the endorsement B to B on. the Pan- cbanama was in his hand-writing and he had put his signatme at the foot of it, but his explanation was that one Food Inspector came to the . shop wl1ere he was working and asked him either to give a sample of the ice cream he was selling at the shop or to give his signature on the panc_hanama.
This explanation is palpably dishonest and cannot be accepted by any court. Moreover, it does not explain· how the endorsement B to B came to be made by Keshav Dutt Sharma in his handwriting. There can be no doubt that Keshav Dutt Sharma was present at the time 'of taking of the sample and he wrote down the endorsement B to .B on the panchanarna and signed it as he was a witness to the transaction. It is unfortunately not an infrequent occur- rence to find that pancha witnesses turn hostile and go back upon w.hat is stated in the 'panchanama in utter disregard of truth. This betrays lack of character and absence of civic sense which not only result in the guilty escaping the punishment but lead to general deterio- ration in standards of honesty and integrity. This is a highly repre- hensible phenomenon which has to be 'curbed in the larger interest of the administration of justice. Here, apart from the endorsement B, to B in the panchanama and the signature at the foot of it showing that Keshav Dutt Sharma was a witness to the taking of the sample, we have the statement ·of Bhanot who said in his evidence that Keshav Dutt Sharma was taken by him to witness the taking of the sample and Keshav Dutt Sharma made the endorsement B .to B on the panchanama and put his signature below it and this statement made by Bhanot was not challenged in the cross-examination, nor was it even suggested to Bhanot that Keshav Dutt Sharma was not present at the taking of the sample. The prosecution case obviously ~annot be thrown out merely because Keshav Dutt Sharma refused to support what had been stated by him, in his own hand writing in the pancha- nama and went back upon it to tl}e utter dismay of the prosecution. It is true that by reason of the defection of Keshav Dutt Sharma, the prosecution was left only with the evidence of Bhanot and Bhatnagar, but this evjdence was regarded by the High Court as well . as the learned J uclicial Magistrate and the learned Sessions Judge sufficient to found the conviction of the appellants and we do not see why we should interfere with the concurrent view taken by them as regards the appreciation of this evidence. There is no rule of law that conviction cannot be based on the sole testimony of a food Inspector. It is only out of a sense of caution that the courts insist that the testimony of a food Inspector should be corroborated by some independent witness. This is a necessary caution which has to be borne in mind because the food Inspector m(ly in a sense be regarded as an interested wit- ness, but this caution is a rule of prudence and not a rule of law: if it were otl1erwise, it would be possible for many guilty persons to es- cape punishment by resorting to the device of bribing punch witnesses. The conviction of the appellants cannot, therefore, be assailed as infirm on the ground that it rested merely on the evidence of Bhanot and Bhatnagar.
· The· ;tppellants then contended that on the opinion expressed by the Public Analyst, the offence committed by the appellants was one c c (1977] 1 S.C.R. under section 16(1) (a)·(i) with respect to ~ article of food adulte- rated under clause (1) of section 2 and the Court had, therefore, dis- cretion, under the ·proviso to section 16 ( 1) to impose a lesser sentence of imprisonment than six months for adequate and special reasons. The argument of the appellants was that this was a fit case in which the discretion under the proviso to section 16( 1) should have been exercised and the minimum sentence of six
months imprisonment should not have been imposed on the appellants. This was in sub- stance a plea for reduction of the sentence of imprisonment and this plea raises the question as to which is the clause of section 2 (i) in which the present case falls.
Does it fall within the clause (I) as claimed by the appellants or within clause (j) as contended on behalf of the prosecution or within both and, if it falls within both, what the effect? Section 2 (i) defines 'adulterated' and says that an article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated if the article falls within the description given in any of the succeeding clauses (a) to (1). Clause (j) provides that an article of food shall be deemed to be adulterated: "(j) if any colouring matter other than that prescribed
in respect thereof and in amounts not within the prescribed limits of variability is pres.ent in the article." and clause (1) deems an article of food to be adulterated : "(l) if the quality or purity of the article falls below the p.rescribed standard or if constituents are present in quanti- ties which are in excess of the prescribed limits of variability." Tn the present case what was sold by the appellants was linseed oil which contained artificial dye.
The standard of quality of linseed oil is defined in Paragraph A.17 .04 of Appendix B to the Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules, 1955 as follows : "A-17.04.-Linseed oil (Tilli ka tel) means the oil ob-
tained by process of expressing clean and sound linseed (Li.num usitatissimum). It shall be clear, free from rancidity, suspended or other foreign matter, separated water, added colouring or flavouring substances, G>r mineral oil.
It shall conform to the following standards : (a) Butyro-refractometer reading at 40°C …… 69.5 to 74.3 (b) Saponification value ………… 188 to 195 ( c) Iodine value (d) Unsaphnifiable matter
………. Not less than 170 …….. Not more than 1.5 per cent (e) Free fatty acid as Oleic acid-not more than 2.0 per cent." The argument of the 'appellants was that the requirement of this paragraph that linseed oil shall be free from foreign matter or added colouring substances lays down a standard of quality of linseed oil and since the linseed oil sold by the appellants contained artificial dye, the quality of the linseed oil fell below the prescribed standard and PREM BALLAB I'. OELHI STATE (Bhagwati, I.)
hence the case was covered by clause (i) of section 2(i). The appel- lants contended that if clause (1) of section 2(i) was applicable in the present case, it excluded the applicability of clause (j) and the linseed oil cQntaining artificial dye could not be said to be adulterated under that clause. It was also urged on behalf of the appellants that,. in any event, no colouring matter was prescribed in respect of linseed· · oil and, therefore, it could not be said that there was present in the linseed oil sold by the appellants artificial dye "other than that pres- cribed in respect thereof and in amounts not within the prescribed limits of variability" so as to bring the case within the scope of clause (j) of section 2 (i). These contentions of the appellants, plausible though they may seem at first sight, are without merit and must be rejected.
Our reasqns for saying so are as follows. It may be made clear at the out set that .the different clauses oi section 2(i) are not mutually exclusive. They overlap one anQther and, it is quite: possible that an article of food may be found adulterat- ed under two or more clauses of section 2(i). Take for example a case where an article of food contains a foreign · substance which affects injuriously the quality thereof and at the same time renders it unfit for human consumption. Such a case would clearly fall within clauses (b) and (f) of section 2(i) and the article of food would be deemed to be adulterated under both these clauses.
So also, a case may arise where a colouring matter not permitted under the rules is added to an article of food and such colouring matter ·affects iqjuriously the quality of the article of food and in such a case too more than one clause of section 2(i) would be attracted, namely, clause (b) and (j). These instances which we have given are merely by way of illustration ·and they show that merely because an article of food is covered by one clause of section 2(i), it does not exclude the applicability of another clause of the section an article of food may be deemed to be adulterated under more than one clauses of section 2 ( i). It is, there- fore, not a valid argument that because the present case falls under clause (I) of section 2(i), the applicability of clause (j) is ipso facto negatived and the case cannot come within that clause.
That takes us to the question whether the present case falls within clause (j) of section 2 (i), for if it does, it would be immaterial whe- t here it falls also within clause (I) of section 2 (i) and in so far as the linseed oil sold by the appellants is deemed to be 'adulterated under clause (j) of section 2 (i), the proviso to section 16(1) would not be attracted. Now, the .report of the Public Analyst showed that the linseed oil sold by the appellants contained artificial dye and this was clearly prohibited under the Rules.
Rule 23 provided that the addition of a colouring matter to an article of food, except as specifi- ·cally permitted by the Rules, shall be prohibited. The only artificial dyes, which were permitted to be used in food, were those set out in Rule 28, and Rule 29 prohibited the use of permitted coal tar dyes in or upon any food other than those enumerated in that Rule. Linseed oil was admittedly not one of the articles of food enumerated in Rule 29 and hence even· permitted coal tar dyes could not be added to linseed oil. It does not appear from the report of the Public Analyst c:
c [ 1977] 1 S.C.R. as to what was the artificial dye found mixed in the sample of linseed oil sent to him but we will assume in favour of the defence that it was a permitted coal tar dye. Even so, by reason of Rules 23 and 29, it could not be added to linseed oil. In the circumstances, the linseed oil sold by the appellants contained artificial dye which was prohibited under the Rules.
The argument of the appellants was that since colouring matter was prohibited in respect of linseed oil, it could not be said that any colouring matter was prescribed in respect of linseed oil by the Rules and hence the presence of artificial dye in linseed oil did not attract the applicability of clause .(j) of section 2(i). It was said that clause (j) of section 2(i) would be attracted only if a colour- ing matter is prescribed in respect of an article of food and the article is found to contain a colouring matter different from that prescribed. But if no colouring matter is prescribed, which would be the position where colouring matter is totally prohibited, it cannot be said that the article of food contains a colouring matter other than that prescribed in respect of it.
This argument has the merit of ingenuity but it has no force and cannot be sustained. When no colouring matter is per- mitted to be used in respect of an article of food, what is prescribed in respect of the article is "nil colouring matter" and if the article contains any colouring matter, it would be "other than that prescribed in respect" pf the article.
Clause ( j) of section 2 ( i) is not merely intended to cover a case where one type of colouring matter is per- mitted to be used in respect of an article of food and the article con- tains another type of colouring matter but it also takes in a ca~e where no colouring matter is permitted to be used in respect of an article of food, or in other words, it is prohibited and yet the article contains a colouring matter.
There is really no difference in principle between . the two kinds of cases. Both arc equally reprehensible; in fact the latter may in conceivable cases be more serious than the former.
Where no colouring matter is permitted to be 11sed in an article of food, what is prescribed in respect of the article is that no colouring matter shall be used and if any colouring matter is present in the article in breach of that prescription, it would clearly involve violation of cl. (j) of section 2(i). The words of clause (j) of section 2(i) "other than that prescribed in respect thereof" recall to
the mind similar words used in section 29(2) of the Limitation Act which makes certain provisions of the Limitation Act applicable in cases where a special or local law prescribes a period of limita.tion different from the period prescribed by the Schedule to the Limitation Act. These words of section 29(2) of the Limitation Act came up for interpretation before this Court in Vidyacharan Shukla v. Khubchand Bag he I.(') It was contended! in that case that, on a. true construction of these words, it is. only where a period of limitation is specifically prescribed in the Schedule and a special or local law
prescribes a different period of limitation, that section 29(2) would be attracted • and that section would have no application where no time limit is prescribed by the Schedule. This contention was negatived a·nd it was held by this Court that where the Schedule does not specifically pres- cribe any period of limitation for an application but is silent and a special or local law prescribes a period of limitation for such an (I) (1964] 6 S.C.R
129. j PREM BALLAB v. DELlll STArE (Bhagwati, 1.) application, it can appropriately be said that the special or local law has prescribed a period of limitation different from that prescribed in the Schedule and section 29(2) would be applicable. The analogy of this decision is very apt and it supports the construction we are inclined to place on the words "other than that prescribed in respect thereof" in clause (j) of section 2(i). We take the view that even where the Rules prescribe that no colouring matter or artificial dye shall be usetl in respect of an article of food, clause (j) of section 2(i) would apply if it is found that some colouring matter or artilicial dye is present in the article.
Here, the linseed oil sold by the appellants contained artificial dye despite the prohibition in the Rules and hence the case was clearly covered by clause (j) of section 2 (i) and the !insecd oil must be deemed to be adulterated under that caluse. That would exclude the applicability of tllf proviso to section 16 (l), since the offence in this view would be one with respect to an article of food deemed to be adulterated under clause (j) of section 2(i). The appellants' plea invoking the liberality of the provision enacted in the provjso to section 16 ( 1) must, in the circumstances, be rejected and the minimum sentence of imprisonment for six months must be main- tained.
The appellants then pleaded that in any event on the facts and circumstani;:es of the present case the benefit of the Probation of Offenders Act 1958 should be given to them and they should not be consigned to the rigours of jail life.
This plea also does not impress us. It is no doubt true and that was laid down by this Court in the first pronouncement made by it on the subject in !sher Das v. Sta.te( 1) that the operation of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 is not
excluded in case of persons found guilty of offences under the Prevenc tion of the Food Adulteration Act, 1954. To quote the words of Krishna Iyer, J., in P. K. Tejani v. M. R. Da11ge(2) "The rehahilatory purpose of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 is pervasive enough technically to take within its wings an offence even under the Act". But in the very same decision in !sher Das's case (supra) this Court sounded a note of caution which must be borne in mind:
"Adulteration of food is a menace to public health. The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act has been enacted with the aim of eradicating that anti-social evil and for ensuring purity in tl1e articles of food. In view of the abovle object of the Act and the intention of the legislature as revealed by the fact that a minimum sentence of imprisonment for
a period of six months and a fine of rupees one thousand has been prescribed, the courts should not lightly resort to the provisions of the Probation of Offenders Act in the case of persons above 2.1 years of age found guilty of offences under the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act. …. "
The imperatives of social defence must discourage the applicability of the probation principle. No chances can be taken by society with a man whose anti-·social activites, in the guise of a respectable trade, jeopardise the health and well being of numerous innocent consumers. (1) [1972] 3 S.C.R. 65.
(2) [1974] 2 S.C.R. 154. ,6 (i 0 SUPREME COURT REPO!lTS [1977] 1 S,CR, The adulterator is a social risk, It might be dangerous to leave him free to carry on his nefarious activities by applying
the probation principle to him, Moreover, it must be remembered that aduiteration is an economic offence prompted by profit motive and it is not like] y Jo lend itself easily to therapeutic treatment by the probationary mea- sure. It may be pointed out that the Law Commission also in its Forty Seventh Report recommended the exclusion of applicability of the probationary process in case of social and economic offences and presumably in response to this recommendation, the Legislature has recently amended the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 by introducing section 20AA providing that nothing contained
in the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 or section 360 of the Code of Cri- minal Procedure, 1973 shall apply to a person convicted of an offence under the Act unless that person is under eighteen years of age This .C
amendment of course would not apply in the present case but it shows the legislative trend which it would not be right for ~he court to ignore. We cannot, therefore, give the benefit of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 to the appellants and release them on probation. We accordingly confirm the conviction and
sentence recorded ag;iinst the appellants and dismiss the appeal. :p.H.P. Appeal dismissed.