c PRITAM NATH HOON v. UNION OF INDIA & OTHERS September 11, 1980 [V. R. KRISHNA IYER AND A. D. KoSHAL, JJ.] Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974-Non-supply and also belated supply of documents vitiate the preven- tive detention and entitled the release of the' detenu-Panchnamas do not givl! 'the detenu full notice of the case against him or furnish all the materials which he needs- to make his representation-Guideline to detaining authority regarding supply of documents.
Allowing the petition and ordering the release of the detenu forthwith, the .D Court HELD : (Per Koshal, J.) (I) It is now settled law that the detaining autho- rity is bound to give an opportunity to the detenu to make a representation 'against his detention and also to consider the same as early as possible and that any unreasonable delay in furnishing to the detenu copies of the docu- ments which form the basis of the grounds of detention amounts to denial to him of such opportunity. [687-G.].
In the instant case there was a gap of 32 days (10th June to 11th July, 1980) which could very well have been cut short considerably if the authorities concerned had acted with promptitude. Not even an attempt has been made to explain why no attention was paid. to the demand for the supply of the copies on the 10th, 1 lth, 12th, 26th, 27th and 30th June and the first of July, 1980. Further the procedure adopted by the Home Department in asking the Assistant Collector of Customs to send his "necessary remarks" is unwarran- ted. For one thing all the documents should have been available with a detain- ing authority and. if their originals had been taken away by the Assistant Collector of Customs, their copies should have been retained. in the Home Department for being furnished. to the detenue on demand.
Secondly, there was no impediment in the way of the Home Department requiring, through its Jetter dated 12th June 1980, the Assistant Collector of Customs to furnish the copies direct to the detenu at the Nasik Central Prison, Nasik. Thirc1Jy,
the reason for the delay of 4 days from tbe 7th July to the !Ith July 1980 cannot be accepted at its face value. The petitioner was in custody at the Nasik Prison and there was no question of his being "in a hurry to go to Bombay" and the document appears to have been withheld from the petitioner right up to the 11th July, 1980. [686G-687C.].
(2) Copies of the panchnama prepared at the time of recovery of silver bags and supplied to the detenu in the instant case, cannot amount to giving him full notice of the case or furnishing of all materials which he needed to make his "representation. It was incumbent on the detaining authority to supply r
PRITAM NATH v. UNION (Koshal, 1.) icopies of those statements to the petitioner to enable him to make an effective representation and that is what was actually done on the 11th July, 1980 al· ·1hough it was too late then to be of any real use to the petitioner who had already submitted his representation at the instance of the Advisory Board. I687D-F].
(3) It is absolutely necessary for the detaining authority to chalk out for themselves a procedure which ensures speedy and effective disposal of demands for documents forming ihe basis of the grouuds of detention orders paEsed by them in future.
The best course would be for the detaining authorities to retain copies of all such documents while passing the order of deten· '!ion itself to make them available to the detenu as soon as demand therefor is made and without addressing others on the subject.
The next best thing would be for the det~ining authority to forward the requisition for copies of documents to the officer having their custody wi.th a direction that the latter shall with all convenient speed despatch the copies direct to the detenu at the place of his detention. It may further be desirable for directions to be issued to all authorities to whom the custody of the detenus is entrusted that they shall make available to the detenu concerned all the documents received in that behalf as soon as such documents reach those authorities. [688B·D]. Per Iyer, J. (concurring observations) : (!) The Jaw of liberty is often the battle for principles of procedural protection; but 'great principles seldom escape working injustice in particular things'.
And when an anti-social element gets away with it, society is the victim of injustice. [688F]. (2) The judicial process is itself no model of perfection in promptitude of disposal and may well sympathise with laggards elsewhere. But personal liberty, ·constitutionally sanctified, is too dear a ·value to admit of relaxation. And
preventive detention being no substitue for prosecution, the criminal law stands stultified by the State itself if a charge is not laid before court with utmost speed and the crime is not punished with deserving· severity. The rule of law has many unsuspected enemies, and remember, limping legal process as well as slumbering executive echelons are contributories to ·social injustice. [689F-G]. (3) It is an imperative of social justice through State action that white collar Tobbers, dubiously respectable and professionally ingenious, rean the wages of their sins, namely, preventive detention and prompt prosecution, both according to law.
Here, by not supplying promptly copies of the incriminating materials '.by an indifferent authority a detention is being judicially demolished. [6890] .. ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition No. 2193 of 1980.
(Under Article 32 of the Constitution) A. K. Sen and Harjinder Singh for !!he Petitioner. Sushil Kumar and Miss A. Subhashini for Respondent No. 1 0. P. Rana and M. N. Shroff for Respondent No. 2.
The following Judgments were delivered : KosHAL, J.-The tOf .the Constitution of prayer made in this petition under article 32 India is that the petitioner who has been c c detained in pursuance of an order dated the 29th May 1980 issued by the Government of Maharashtra in exercise of the powers conferred on it by clause (a) of section 5 of rthe Conversion of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 (herein- after referred to as the Act) shall be immediately released from custody which, according to him, is illegal.
2. The arrest of the petitioner in pursuance of _the order above mentioned was effected on the 4th June 1980, when a communica- tion addressed to him and signed by the Under Secretary to the
Government of Maharashtra, Home Department, was delivered to him. That communication contained the grounds on the basis of which the petitioner's detention had been ordered. A resume of those grounds appears below :
(a) On the 3rd February 1980 the petitioner went to rthe Air- port at Bombay and tried to have a bag cleared at the Customs counter with the object of smuggling 19 silver bars having a total weight of 17 .5 kgs out of the country
through one U. C. Sajindran. The attempt was foiled by reason of the vigilance of the Customs Officer concerned. (b) On the 4th February 1980, 92 silver bars weighing 83 kgs in all and valued at Rs. 2,65,600.00 were recovered from
· the residence of the petitioner being flat No. 9, Nawroji Mansion, 31, Woodhouse Road, Colaba, Bombay by the Customs authorities. These bars were also meant for being smuggled out of the country.
On the 6th June 1980 the petitioner, while in custody, demanded from the Under Secretary above mentioned, through a letter of that date, all relevant "material/statements/documents;' to enable him to make an effective representation against his detention. The letter evoked no response till the 3rd of July 1980 before when he received a communic::ttion dated 20th June 1980 from the Secretary to the Advisory Board constituted under the Act informing him that if he wanted to make a representation against his detention he must do so "immediately".
The petitioner waited for the documents he had asked for and ultimately on the 3rd of July 1980 he. sent his represen- tation to the Secretary of .the Advisory Board and simultaneously repeated his request for the supply of documents, etc. to the Under Secretary above mentioned.
It was on the 11th of July 1980 that copies of the documents forming the evidence in support of the grounds of detention were furnished to the petitioner. 3. The sole contention urged in support of the petition is that. the petitioner was not gi:ven any . effective opportunity to make a: r
PRITAM NATH v. UNION (Koshal, !.) 68~ representation against his detention in11smuch as the documents above mentioned were not supplied to him in time. The contention is sought to be countered by an explana_tion for the delay by reason of which the documents could not be supplied to him till the 11th of July 1980. That explanation is contained in two affidav1ts, one sworn by C. R. Mulherkar, Deputy Secretary to the Government of Maha- rashtra, Home Department, and the o-ther by Shri
Rege, ·Assistant Collector of Customs, Rummaging and Intelligence and COFEPOSA Cell, Bombay. According to Shri Mulherkar, the expla- nation for the delay is as follows,: "I say that the letter, dated 6-6-80 asking for. the copies of the statement and documents was received in the Home Depart- ment on 10-6-80. As the original s,tatements and documents, after they were considered by Smt. Malati Tatnbay-Vaidya, were taken back· by the Customs Authority for further investigation, by letter, dated 12-6-80, the letter dated 6-6-80 was forwarded to the Assistant Collector of Customs for necessary remarks. By , letter dated 24-6-80, Assistant Collector of Customs forwarded the copies of statements and documents running into 31
pages. On 24th June, and 25th June, 1980, the Mantralaya was closed .due to the sad demise of Shri Sanjay Gandhi and Shri V. V. Giri respectively. The said copies were, therefore, received
in the Home Department on 26-6-80. I say the 28th and 29th June 1980 were holidays being 4th Saturday and Sunday respectively. The papers were forw.arded to Smt. Malati Tambay-Vaidya
through proper channel on 2nd J~ly 1980 and '.she passed the order 0n 3rd July 1980. The copies of statements and documents were forwarded t_o the detenu on 4th July 1980, which were received in the Nasik Central Prison, Nasik, on 7th July 1980, and ,the same were handed over to the detenu on 7th July 1980 at the time of his transfer to the Bombay Central Prison for court production purpose.which was fixed .on the 9-7-1980. But the petiti9ner did not .accept the same .since he was in hurry to go to Bombay. However, the aforesaid documents -were_ delivered .to the petitioner on _11th July 1980 through Bombay Central Prison, Bombay. A copy of the report, dated 23rd July 1980, received from the Superintendent, Nasik Road Central Prison, Nasik is annexed herewith. The reminder, dated 3-7-1980, sent by the petitioner was received in the Home Department
on 9-7-1980. As_ the copies were already forwarded on 4-7-80, no action was taken ·on the said reminder. I say that the copies of . statements and documents were supplied to the detenu with . reasonable expedition."
·c c The reievant portion of Shri Rege's affidavit , may also be· extracted: "I say the representation, dated 6th June 1980, which was forwarded by the Home Department on 12th June was received in my Department on 13th June, 1980.
The 14th June, 15th June and 22nd June 1980 were holidays being second Satutday, Sunday and Sunday respectively. I say the statements and docu- ments were running into 31 pages. I further say during the same period my Department was busy in preparing remarks in respect of five other representations received from the COFEPOSA
detenus :- "( 1) Shri Mahendra. Choraria (2) Shri Pravin Kapur (3) Shri Bekal Molddeen (4) Shri Giridharlal Soni (5) Shri A. S. Rana. r "I say in respect of the representation of Mr. Choraria
my Department was required to prepare copies of the statements and documents running into 89 pages. In view of this heavy pressure of work, my Department sent the copies of state-
ments and documents on 24th June 1980. As the Mantralaya was closed on 24th June and 25th June due to th~ sad demise of Shri Sanjay Gandhi and Shri V. V. Giri respectively, the same ~ were forwarded to the Home Department on 26th June 1980."
The two affidavits, taken together show that in between the receipt by the Home Department of the letter dated 6th June 1980 ¥ containing a demand by the petitioner for the supply of copies of documents, and such supply, there was a gap of 32 days (10th June to 11th July 1980). And it was during this gap that the petitioner submitted his representation unaided by those documents, which he did on the 3rd July 1980, in response to the letter issued to him by the Secretary vf the Advisory Board and requiring him to submit his representation "immediate~y". The period of 32 days could very well have been cut short considerably if the authorities concerned .'t" had acted with promptitude.
It would be seen that not even an attempt has been made to explain as to why no attention was paid to the demand for the supply of the copies on the 10th, 11th, 12th, 26th, 27th and 30th June and the 1st July, 1980. On all these dates the file was lying unattended in the Home Department. We
also cannot appreciate the procedure adopted by the Home Depart- ment in asking the Assistant Collector of Customs to send his. PRITAM NATH v. UNION (Koshal, 1.) 687· "necessary remarks". For one thing, all the documents snould have been available with the' detaining authority and if their originals had been taken away by the Assistant Collector of Customs, their copies should have been retained in the Home Department for being furnished to the detenu
on demand. Secondly, there was no impediment in the way of the Home Department requiring, through its letter dated 12th June 1980, the Assistant Collector of Customs to furnish the copies direct to the detenu at the Nasik Central Prison, Nasik.
Thirdly, the reason for the delay of 4 days from the 7th July to the 11th July 1980 cannot be accepted at its face value. The petitioner was in custody at the Nasik Prison and there was no ques- tion of his being "in a hurry to go to Bombay" and it appears that the documents were really withheld from the petitioner right up to the 11th July 1980 for reasons best known to the authorities. As it is, the manner in which the demand for the copies was shuttled from officer to officer.and a period of no less than 13 days was taken by the Assistant Collector of Customs to ·prepare and despatch the copies renders the explanation anything but satisfactory.
4. In the situation above detailed learned counsel for the respondents contended that the petitioner had been supplied with copies of the panchnamas prepared at the time of the seizure of the bag on the 3rd February 1980 and of ~he recovery of silver from his house on the next day and that the two panchnamas gave the petitioner full notice of the case against him and furnished all the . material which he needed to make his representation. The contenhon is wholly without force inasmuch as numerous statements which were recorded on ~e two occasions when the goods were s~ized, including those of U.C. Sajindran, the Customs Officer at the Airport counter and the petitioner himself, were admittedly recorded by the concerned authorities and formed an important part of the material on which the grounds of detention were based.
It was, therefore, incumbent OD' the detaining authority to supply copies of those state- ments to the petitioner to enable him to make an effective represen- tation and that is what was actually done on the 11th July 1980 although it was too late then to be of any real use to the petitioner who had already submitted his representation.
5. It is now settled law that the detaining authority is bound to give opportunity to the detenu ·to make..a representation against his detention and also to consider the same as early as possible and that any unreasonable delay in furnishing to the detenu copies of docu- ments which form the basis of the grounds of detention amounts to denial to him of such opportunity (vide R.amchandra A. Kamat v. Union of India and Others, [1980] 2 Supreme Court Cases 270). •C .
And i! go.es ':ithou~ saying that such denial of opportunity makes the detent10n itself 11legal. That precisely is the situation which obtains in the present case and the petitioner is,
therefore, entitled to be released forthwith. 6. Before parting with this judgment we ~ight impress upon the re~pondents the necessity of chalking out for themselves a proce- dure which ensures speedy and effective disposal of demands for documents forming the basis of the grounds of detention orders · passed in future. The best cour~e would be for the detaining autho- rity to retain copies of all such dowments while passing the order of de:ention itself and to make them available to the detenu as soon as a demand therefor is made and without addressing others on the subject. If the adoption of such :i course be not feasible the next: best thing would be for the detaining authority to
forward the requisition for copies of docnnients to the officer having their custody with a direction that .the latter shall with all convenient speed despatch the copies direct to the detenu at the place of his detention. It may further be desirable for directio~ to be issued to all authorities· to whom the custody of the detenus ·is entrusted that they shall make available to the detenu concerned all the documents received in that behalf a~ soon as such documents reach those authorities.
7. For the reasons stated we accept the petition, declare the detention of the petitioner to be illegal and direct his immediate rele?se from custody. KRISHNA IYER, J.-I agree with the reasons, observations and holding of my learned brother in his judgment on behalf of both of us.
A brief supplement of my own, for reasons which will be apparent, may not be out of place and so' I append my separate, concurring opinion. The law of liberty is often the battle for principles of procedural protection; bnt 'great principles seldom escape working injustiae in particular things'.
And when an anti-social eiement gets away with it, society is the victim of injustice. This grim comment is inevitable ·in the case before us· where the petitioner has been detained without trial and seeks to free himsern vn the score of breach of basic require- ments. My learned brother has explained how th'e violation, on the strength of the rulings of this court, vitiates the detention. Under our legal system, precedents bind and so, here we obey them and direct
release of the de'.enu. Even so, the facts of the case strongly savour of an economic offender intercepted in his subter- ranean silver operations and betr.ayed by his collaborator. Neverthe- less, the law is equal and hard ·cases cannot make bad law. That
…. PRITAM NATH v. UNION '(Kri1"1na Iyer J.) 6 8-9 is why the petitioner must succeed. And, may be, he has some .convincing case if given an effective opportunity to explain. Who
knows? What surprises me, however, is the Executive's strange indifference to compliance with law's requirements despite this court's pronouncement~. This has resulted in the release of one who, the 'State alleges,
i~ a master strategist of smuggling exploits at the expense of the national economy. If there be truth in that imputa- tion, – it ·i~ not for ine to express any view, especially since a prose- ·cution may be launched-who but the concerned authorities are to 'blame? Had the functionaries entrusted with the
drastic detention power been careful enough to update their procedures in keeping with the strict directives laid down by this court the prospect of criminal ·adventuriits continuing their precious metal traffic could have been pre-empted constitutionally by rnccessful preventive detention. Had the rulings
of this court, from .time to time, in the precious area of personal liberty versus preventive detention, been converted into -pragmatic 'instructions' by a special cell the law would have fulfilled 'itself and ierved the nation with iocial justice.
It is an imperative of social justice through State action .that white collar robbers, dubi- ·ously respectable and professionally ingenious, reap the wages of their sins, viz., preventive detention and prompt prosecution, both
according to law. Here, by not supplying promptly copies of the incriminating materials by an indifferent authority a detention is being judicially demolished. And prosecution for a serious offence is enjoying an occult spell of gestation because of official slow motion. 'Whether this court's insistence on the need to explain every day of ·.delay .in serving copies of every document on the detenu, is too tall an order in an atmosphere of habitual institutional paper-logging and hibernating is too ·late to ask. The judicial process-if one may self-critically lament-is itself no model of perfection in promptitude ·of disposal and may well sympathise with laggards elsewhere. But personal liberty, constitutionaUy sanctified, is too dear a 1value to admit of relaxation.
And preventive detention being no substitute for prosecution, the criminal law stands stu1tified by the State itself if a charge is not laid before court with utmost speed and the crime is not punished with deserving sever1ty.
The rule of law has many unsuspected enemies, and remember, limping legal process as well . as slumbering executive echelons are contributories to social injustice. I make these separate observations in the fond hope that an ·effective courier between the court and the Administration will func- ·tion so that every ruling of the higher courts is promptly reflected iin imperative instructions to concerned officers so that obviable errors c.
'H do not fatally flaw otherwise justifiable executive actions. What impels me to write this brief note is the restless thought that law is. no glittering abstraction in the books but translation of legislation into corrective action.
Surely, judged by actualities, judicial and administrative justicing, have many 'promises tq keep'. s. R. Petition allowed ..