PUN.JAB NATIONAL BANK LIMITED v. BIKRAM COTTON MILLS & ANR. September 17, 1969 [J. C. SHAH AND A, N. GROVER, JJ.] Contract Act 1872, s. 126-Coinpany director executing bond to repay 'u'timate
balance' found due frofn co1npany to Bank on cash~credit account–Sinn1ltaneously other docun1ents executed by conzpany under- taking repayment-If bond inde11znity or co111rac/, of guarantee-Whether suit by Bank prior to deterniination of ultinulfc balance was ·pre)nature. Companies Act, 1956, s. 39!-Sclzeme of composition between con1- pany and creditors-If binding on dissenting creditors.
The ti:rst respondent company openeQ a cash~credit account with the appellant bank and on June 7, 1953 to secure repayment of the balance due at the foot df the account the first respondent company executed three documents through its managing agents i.e. a promissory note, a deed of hypothecation and a letter assuring the appellant bank that the CO!Qpany would remain solely responsible for all loss, damage O( deter\crration of the stocks hypothecated with the bank. On the same clay R a Director of the managing agents executed a bond called "agreement of guarantee" agree- ing to pay on demand all monies which may be due as the "ultimate balance" from the company to the bank. Jn December, 1953 the com- pany closed its business. The stocks pl- dged were disposed of by the bank anct the amount realised was credited in the company's account. A balance of approximately R•. 2.56 lakhs remained due at the 'foot of the account.
Some creditors of the company in the meantime filed a petition for winding up the company. On February 22, 1956 a scheme of composi- tion was settled among the creditors and was later sanctioned by the High CGurt on May 21, 1956 under section 391 of the Companies Act, 1956 after rejecting the opposition of the appellant bank. The bank then filed a suit against the company and R for a declaration that on the date of the suit a sum df over Rs. 2.56 lakhs was due against the company and for a decree for payment of the amount against R.
The trial court dismissed the suit and on appeals filed by both the parties the High Court held that the scheme having been cqnfirmed ·by the court, had statutory operation and was binding on all creditors including the bank; the bank ha,t become an unsecured credito·r for the amount remaining due after sale of the pledg- ed ~oods and it \Vas for the board of trustees under the scheme to deter- mine the amount for apyment to the bank. The co11rt also held that the suit against the company withour obtaining leave Clf the court was not
majntainable. It further held that R had executed an inden1nitv bond and that even assumin~ he was a suretv under the terms of the bond he was only responsible for ensuring payment of the "ultimate balance" which still had to be determined.
The Hi_gh Court accordingly confirmed thl' decree of the trial court and held that the suir against R was premature. On appeal to this Court, HELD: (i) The suit must be remanded to the trial court to detern1ine 4'the ultimate balance" and for disposal according to la\\·. c
c – P. ~'. BANK v. BIKRAM COTTON MILLS (Shah, J.) The appellant b•nk was entitled to claim at any time the money due {rom the company as well as from R under the promissory note and the bond.
The suit could not therefore be said w be premature. The High Court instead of dismissing the suit should have stayed it till ''the ultimate balance" due to the bank from the company was determined. [471 E-F] (ii) The binding obligation created under a composition under s. 391 of the Companies Act, 1956, between the company and its creditors does not affect the liability of the surety unless the contract of suretyship other- wise provides. [471 F-G]
Ha/sbury's Lall's of England, Vol. 63 rd. Edn., Art. 1555 at p. 771; Re. Garner's Motors Ltd. [1937] Ch. 594~ referred to. (iii) The bond executed by R was one ot the four documents executed on the same day and was part of the schen1e to ensure payn1ent of the amount found due to the Bank.
Although the bond was not also execut- ed by the company, the 'fact that it was executed simultaneously with the other documents and the conduct of R as \Vell as the company indicated that R agreed to guarantee payment of the debt due by the company. It must be held, therefore that the Bank, the company and R were parties to the agreement under which for the dues of the company, R became a surety. [470 A-C]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 1957 and 1958 of 1966. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated September 6, 1965 of the Allahabad High Court, Lucknow Bench in First Civil Appeals Nos. 62 a:nd 71 of 1957.
H. R. Goklwle, M, M. Kshatriya and G. S. Chatterjee, for the appellant (in both the appeals). M. C, Chagla, A. K. Verma, B. Datta and J, B. Dadachanji, for the resPondents (in both the appeals),
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Shah, J. Ranjit Singh was a director of Ranjit Singh & Sons Ltd.-which acted as a Managing Agent of Shri Vikram Cotton Mills Ltd. Shri Vikram Cotton Mills Ltd.-hereinafter called the Company, opened a cash-credit account with the Punjab National Bank, and to secure repayment of the balance due at the foot o( the account on June 27, 1953 four documents were executed- three by the Managing Agents on behalf of the Company and one by Ranjit Singh.
The three documenis executed by the Manag- ing Agents were (i) promissory note for Rs. 13,00,000/- pay- a\:ll.e with interest at the rate of 2t% over the Reserve Bank of India rate with a minimum rate of 6% per annum until pay-
ment: (ii) a deed of hypcthecation of goods described in the Schedule annexed to the document; (iii) a letter to the Bank agreeing that during the continuance of the agreemenf evi-
denced by the letter of hypothecation. the Company will remain :!Olely r.esponsible for all loss, damage or deterioration of the securities delivered to the Bank caused by theft, fire, rain, robbery, -464
(1970] 2 S.C.R. dacoity or by any other cause whatsoever, Ranjit Singh executed a deed called an "agreement of guarantee" agreeing to pay ol) demand all monies which may be due as "ultimate balance" fr:im the Company to the Bank.
In December 1953 the Company closed its business. The stocks pledged were disposed of by the Bank and the amol'nt realised was credited in the account of the Company. The Bank claimed that an amount of Rs. 2,56,877/12/6 remained due at the foot of the account.
Some creditors of the Company had in the meantime filed a petition in the High Court of Allahabad for an order winding up the Company. On February 22, 1956, a scheme of composition was settled among the creditors that the total liability of tl1e Company was Rs. 34,45,197-11-2 and the total assets of the Company were Rs. 5,00,000, that the Company was desirous of ·confirming "a lease agreement" and that in order to safeguard the rights and interests of the Company and its
unsecured cre- ditors the Company had entered into an agreement with the lessee. The scheme was sanctioned by order. of the High Court of Allahabad dated May 21, 1956 under s. 391 of the Indian Companies Act, 1956 after rejecting the opposition of the Bank. The Bank then filed a suit in the Court of the Civil
Jud~e. Malihabad, Lucknow, again;t the Company and Ranjit Singh for a declaration that on the date of the suit a sum of Rs. 2,56,877-12-6 was due against the Company and for a decree for payment of that amount against Ranjit Singh with osts and interest pendente lite.
Jn a joint writt~n statem~nt it was con .. tended, inter alia, that Ranjit Singh was "only a guarantor and not a co-debtor" and that he could be made liable only in case of default by the Company, and since the Company had made no
default-the _suit against Ranjit Singh was not maintainable. Certain preliminary issues were raised by the Trial Judge at the hearing of the suit out of which the following are relevant : " ( 1) Whether the plaintiff (Bank) is not entitled to
file this suit as against the defendant No. 1 (the Company) without obtaining the ]eave of the Company Judge as alleged? If so, its effect? ( 2) Whether the Court has no jurisdiction to decide
on the merits of the plaintiff's claim in view of the facts as alleged in para 12 (A) of the written statement 9 If so, its effect ? ( 3) Whether the suit against defendant No. 2 (Ranjit Singh) is not maintainable as pleaded
under Paras 7, 13 and 14 of the writte'1 state- 111ent ?" c c P. N. BANK V. BIKRAM COTTON MILLS (Shah, J.) The Trial Court held that the suit was not maintainable against the Company without obtaining leave of the Company Judge,
anct also that the Court l!fld no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the merits of the Bank's claim, for under the scheme the Board of Trustees were to scrutinise the claim and their decision was final. In dealing with the claim against Ranjit Singh the Court held that he had not made any default in payment of the dnes and under the terms of guarantee the suit was premature against him as well.
The Court accordingly dismissed the suit. Two appeals were preferred to the High Court of Allahabad against the judgments in the suit. The High COQrt held that a scheme of composition between the Company and its creditors confirmed by the Court had statutory operation and was binding on all creditors regardless of the fact whether any of them agreed or ,not; that according to the scheme the Bank became an un- seclired creditor for the amount remaining due after sale of the pledged goods, that under cl. 12 of the Scheme the amount pay· able to the unsecured creditors shall be ihe principal amount due to them determined by the Board of Trustees, that it was for the Board of Trustees to determine the amount that remained pay- able to the Bank, that though under cl. 16 of the scheme a cre- ditor may file suits and take appropriate steps, for the limited purpose of establishing their claims the suit had to be filed with the leave of the Court,, and that the suit of the Company without obtaining leave of the Court was not maintainable.
The High Court further held that Ranjit Singh had executed an indemnity bond, and that even assuming that Ranjit Singh was a surety it was expressly provided by the terms of the bond executed by him that the guarantee was only for ensuring payment ·of the "ultimate balance" remaining due to the Bank on such cash· credit account upto the specified limit, and therefore Ranjit Singh was only to pay "the ultimate balance" which might be found due against the Company after "taking into account all dividends, comp<)sitions and payments etc. as payments in gross towards the debt", that the Bank's dues could be recovered from Ranjii Singh upon default in payment by the Company of the ultimate balance after,scrutiny by the Board of Trustees, and that the "proper ~tage for commencing a suit against Ranjit Singh was after the ultimate liability of the Company was determined by the Board of Trustees and the Company committed default in payment».
The High Court accordingly confirmed the decree of the Trial Court even in favour of Ranjit Singh. With special leave granted by this Court, these two appeals have been preferred by the Bank. . The Bunk claimed a mere declaration against the Company
and not a decree for payment of the amount due. Section 391 of the tompanies Act, 1956, insofar as it is material provides : " ( 1) Where a compromise or arrangement is proposed–
[1970) 2 S.C.R. (a) between a company and its· creditors or any class of them; or (b) between a company and its members or any class of them; the Court may, on the application of the Company or
of any creditor or member of the Company, or, in the ca&~ of a company which is being wound up, of the liquidator, order a meeting of the creditors or class of creditors, or of the members or class of members, as the
case may be, to be called, held and conducted in such manner as the Court dLrects. . (2) If a majority in number representing three- tourths in value of the creditors, or class of creditors,
or members, or class of members, as the case may be, present and voting either in person or, where proxies are allowed by proxy, at the meeting, agree to any com- c promise or arrangement, the compromise or arrange-
men! shall, if sanctioned by the Court, be binding on all the creditors, all the creditors of the class, as the case may be, and also on the. company, or, in the case of a company which is being wound up, ·On the liquidator
and contributories of the company : Section 392( 1) provides : "Where a High Court makes an order under sec- tion 391 sanctioning a compromirn or an arrangement in respect of a company, it-
( a) shall have power to supervise the carrying out of the compromise or arrangement; and (b) may, at the time of making such order or at any time thereafter, give such directions in re-
gard to any matter or make such modifications in the compromise or arrangement as it may consider necessary for the proper working of the compromise or arrangement." In the present case a meeting of creditors of the Company was held in which a majority in number representing three-fourths in value. of the creditors aµreed to the scheme of composition and the court rejected objection raised by the Bank tind sanctioned the scheme.
The scheme was binding upon the Bank afid the rights and obligations of the Bank had to be worked out under the scheme. c P. N. BANK V. BIKRAM COTTON MILLS (Shah, J.) In reaching its conclusion that the bond executed by Ranjit Singh in favour of the Bank was of the nature of a contract of indemnity and not a coniract of guarantee, the High Court was impressed by the circumstance that the Company was not a party to the bond, and that the bond was only a bjlateral agreement between the Bank and Ranjit Singh.
S-..ction 124 of the Indian Contract Act define~ a "contract of indemnity''. A contract by which one party promises to save the other from loss caused to him by the conduct of the pro- misor himself, or by the conduct of any other person, is called a "contract of indemnity".
Section 126 defines a "contract of gu2rantee". It states : "A 'confract of guarantee' is a contract to perform the promise, or discharge the liability, of a third person in case of his defualt.
The person who gives the guarantee is called the 'surety' : the person in res- pect of whose default the guarantee is given is called the 'principal debtor', and the person to whom the gua-
rantee is given is calli'.d the 'creditor'. A guarantee may be either oral or written". A promise to be primarily and independently liable for an- other person's conduct ,may amount to a contract of indeinniiy. A contract of guarantee requires concurrence of three persons– the principal debtor, the surety and the creditor-the surety undertaking an obligation at the request express or implied of the principal ,debtor.
The obligation of the surety depends sub- siantially on the principal debtor's default; under a contract of indemnity liability arises from loss caused to the promisee by the conduct of the promisor himself or by the conduct of another person.
In the present case the Company did not execute the bond. But the bond executed by Ranjit Singh was one of four docu- ments exec~ted on June 27, 1953. It was part of the scheme to ensure payment of the amount due at the foot of the cash-credit account in favour of the Bank. The Company executed by its managing agents-(i) a promissory note; (ii) a deed of hypoth~ cation; an~ (iii) a letter ~suring the Bank that the Company shall remam solely responsible for all loss, damage or deteriora- tion to the stocks hypothecated with the Bank. The Bank also insisted upon a promise by some other person to pay the debt, and as a part of the same arrangement Ranjit Singh executed the ·bond on which the 8uit is field.
The bond was expressly called an "agreement of guarantee" : it was also recited therein that Ranjit Singh guaranteed to the Bank, payment on demand of all monies which may at any time be due to the Bank from the Company on the general balance of that account with the Bank, SUPREME COURT REP~RTS
[1970] 2 S.C.ll. that the guarantee was to be a continuing guarantee for the ulti' mate balance which shall remain due to the Bank on such cash- credit account. In the written statement· it was admitted that
Ranjit Singh was a guarantor. The bond, it is true, did not ex- pressly recite that the Company was the principal debtor; it is also true and the Company did not execute the bond.
But a contract of guarantee may be wholly written, may be wholly oral, or may be partly written and partly oral. The documents which secured repayment of the Bank's claim ai the foot of the cash- credit account were executed simultaneously : the bond executed by Ranjit Singh was one of them and the. conduct of Ranjit Singh and the Company indicates that Ranjit Singh agreed to guarantee payment of the debt due by the Company.
We hold, therefore, that the Bank, the Company and Ranjit Singh were parties to the agreement under which for. th.e dues of the Company, Ranjit Singh became a surety. The extent of the liability of Ranjit Singh under the temis of the bond must, therefore, be determined.
Section 128 of the Indian Contract Act provides that the liability of the surety is co- extensive with that of the principal debtor, unless it is otherwise provided by the contract.
It is necessary, therefore, to consider whether in the tem1s of the bond there is anything which shows thllt the liability of the surety is not co-extensive with that of the principal debtor.
Certain clauses of the "bend are relevant : " ( 1) In consideration of your Bank at my request allowing an accommodation by way of cash credit and D/D limits to M/s. S. V. Cotton Mills Ltd., at Lucknow Branch, I; in my personal
capacity hereby guarantee to you the payment on demand of all monies which may at any time be due to you from M/s. S. V. Cotton Mil!s Ltd., on the general balance of that account with
your Bank. (2) I declare that this guarantee shall be continuing guarantee and shall. not be considered as cancel- led or in any way affected by the fact that at any time the said cash-credit and D /D account may
show no liability against the borrower, or may even show a credit in favour of the borrower, but shall continue in operation in respeet of sub- sequent transactions". " ( 4) I further declare that all dividends, compositions, payments received by yoil from the said
borrower or any other person or persons liable or his or their representatives shall be taken and applied as payment in gross without any right c P. N. BANK v. BIKRAM COTTON MILLS (Shah, J.)
on the part of myself or my representative to stand in your place in respect of or to claim the benefit of any such dividends, compositions or payments until full amount of all your claims
against the said borrower or his/their represen- tatives which are covered by this guarantee shall have been paid and that this guarantee shall apply to and secure ultimate balance which shall
remain due to you on such cash-credit account upto the extent of Rs. 13,00,000. " ( 8) I also agree that the Bank shall be entitled to c recover its entire dues under the said cash-credit
account from my person or property upon de- fault in payment by the said borrower". By clause 4 it is expressly stipulated that the bond secured "the ultimate balance" remaining due to the Bank. Therefore, unless and until the ultimate balance is determined no liability on Ranjit Singh to pay the amount arises, and it is common ground that the ultimate balance due is not determined.
The suit was for a decree for Rs. 2,56,877 /12/6, but the claim against Ranjit Singh could be decreed only for the amount remaining due as the ulti· mate balance under els. 4 a;nd 5 of the bond.
We are, however, unable to agree with the High Court that the suit filed was premature. The Bank was under the terms of the bond executed by Ranjit Singh entitled to claim at any time the money due from the Company as well as Ranjit Singh under the promissory note and the bond.
The suit could not, therefore, be said to be premature. The High Court instead of dismissing the suit should have stayed it till "the ultimate balance" due to the Bank from the Company was deiermined.
We deem it necessary to observe that a binding obligation created under a composition under s. 391 of the Companies Act, 1956, between the Company and its creditors does not affect the liability of the surety unless the contract of suretyship otherwise provides.
As observed in Halsbury's Laws of England, Vol. 6, 3rd Edn., Art. 1555 at p. 771 : "A scheme need not expressly reserve the rights of ;ia,- any creditors against sureties for debts of the company;
as such rights are •maffected by a- scheme". It w'as held in Re. Garner's Motors Ltd.(') that the scheme when sanctioned by the Court has a statutory operation and the scheme does not release other persons not parties to the scheme from their obligations.
ll) [1937] Ch. 594. L2Sup.Cl/70-18 (1970] 2 S.C.R. The High Court, in our judgmeni, should have stayed the suit and after "the ultimate balance" due by the Company was deter- mined the· Court should have proceeded to decree the claim accord- ing to the provisions of cl. 4 of the bond:
We accordingly modify the decree passed by the Trial Court and declare that the rights of the Bank against the Company afe governed by the scheme sanctioned by the High. Court of Allaha- bad in Company Case No. 16 of 1956 by their .judgment dated May 21, 1956.
Liabiliiy of 1.anjit Singh being only for payment of. 'the ultimate balance' which remains due on the cash-credit account .with the Bank in favour of tile Company. The Court will, when such ultimate balance is determined, proceed to pass a decree in favour of the Bank.
Ranjit Singh has filed an affidavii in this Court that in accord- ance with the scheme the total amount due to the Bank was determined at Rs. 41,536/7 /3 as th eultimate balance and a cheque for Rs. 35,721 was sent to the Bank on October 6, 1956 being 25 % plus the other pro rate payments allowed by the Trustees to creditors, but the Bank did not cash the cheque. Thereafter by letter dated October 28, 1966, the Bank requested that a fresh cheque be issued to them.
Accordingly 'a fresh cheque for Rs. 38,047-461 was issued to the Bank on November 5, 1966, comprising Rs. 35, 721 qn the basis of the old cheque plus Rs. 2,326-46 sanctioned for pro rate payment to the Bank ·by the Trustees on November
3, 1966 at ~he rate of 50% of the then balance due. Thereafter another cheq:ie for Rs. 1,744.50 being 50% of the amount· then due to the Bank was also forwarded to tbe Bank on January 29, 1968, in pursuance of another pro rate payment resolution passed by the Trustees and the balance now due to the Bank out of the original amount is Rs. 1,744.09 only.
We are unable to investigate the correctness of these averments. The decree passed by the High Court is set aside and the suit be remanded to the Trial Coun; to be disposed of in the light of the observations made in this judgment.
There :will be no order as to costs in the High Court and in this Court. Costs iii the .. Trial Court will be costs in the suit. R.K.P.S. Suit remanded. c