c R. S. MADANAPPA AND ORS. v. CHANDRAMMA AND ANR. March 5, 1965 [K. N. WANCHOO, J. R. MUDHOLKAR ANDS. M. SncRJ, JJ.] Indian Evidence, s. 115 and Equitable Estoppel-When conduct does not amount to estoppel-Mesne profits-Past and future-When can be awarded.
The plaintiff instituted the suit for possession of her half share in the suit properties anci for mesne profits. The first defendant, what was the plaintiff's sister, admitted the plaintiff's ciaim and herselfi claimed a decree against the other defendants in respect of her half share in the suit properties. The second defendant was their fatheJ' and the suit properties were in his possession. He and the other defendants, who were his second wife and children by her, contested the suit. The trial court decreed the plaintiff's claim, but held that the first defendant was estopped from claiming possession of her share. On appeal by the first defendant, the High Court passed .a decree! in her favour also for possession of her half share in the suit proper- ties, and for past and future mesne profits.
On appeal to thi~ Court against the decree in favour of the first defendant, it was contended on behalf of the other defen- dants: (i) that the first defendant was estopped by her conduct from claiming possession of her half share of the properties because (a) she\ had not replied to a notice from the plaintiff to join with her in the suit for obtaining possession and division of the suit properties; (b)' she had written a letter to her step-mother stating that she wished to have no interest in the suit properties then in her father's possession; (c) she and her husband had attested a will executed by the father on 25-1-1941 which covered the disposition of the suit properties; and (d) that the first defendant's conduct was either covered by s. 115 Evi- dence Act or fell within the principle of "equitable estoppel"; (jjy even if the first defendant's claim to the half share in the suit pro- perties could not be denied, she must be made to pay for half the cos~ of various improvements of those properties effected by the secondi defendant in the bona fide belief that the properties belonged to him, as she had acquiesced in the expenditure being incurred; (iii) that no decree can be passed in favour of a defendant who has not asked for transposition as plaintiff in the suit; and (iv) that it is not open to a1 court to award future mesne profits to a party who did not claim them in the suit.
HELD: (i) The first defendant was neither estopped from claim· ing possession of her half share of the properties nor could she be made liable to pay half the costs of improvements alleged to have been made by the second defendant; (a) It cannot be implied from the conduct of the first defendant in not replying to the notice given by the plaintiff that she had admitted that she had no interest in the properties; (bl The second defendant's case that the properties belong- ed to him having been negatived, there was no possibility of an erroneous belief being created in the mind of the second defendant that he had title to the property because of what the first defendant had sa'd in her letter to her step-mother; (c) The attestation of the will by the first defendant and her husband, by which the second defendant purported to make a disposition of the suit properties in favour of the other defendants could not operate as an estoppel, as StJPREME COURT REPORTS
[1965) 3 S.C.R. no interest had accrued in favour of those defendants on the date of the suit. As •far a~ .the second defendant was concerned, he knew the true legal pos1t10n and could not say that an erroneous belief was created m his mmd by reason of the first defendant and her husband attesting the will. [286 G-H; 287 C; 287 F]
Quaere: Whether the Court, while determining whether the conduct of a particular party amounts to an "equitable estoppel" could travel beyond the provisions of s. 115 of the Evidence Act [288 Bl
Case Jaw reviewed. (ii) No man who knowing fully well that he has no title to pro~ perty, spends money on improving it, can be permitted to claim pay~ ment for improvements which were not effected with the consent of the true owner. [290 CJ
Ramsden v. Dyson, L R.I.H.L.App. 129, 140 distinguished. (iii) Both the plaintiff and the first defendant claimed under the same title and though the other defendants had urged special defences against the first defendant, they had been fully considered and ·ad- judicated upon by the High Court while allowing her appeal. The High Court could, while upholding her claim, have transposed her as a pla'ntiff. It either over-looked the technical defect or felt that under Order XLI rule. 33, it had ample power to decree her claim. However that may be, the provisions of s. 99 C.P.C., would be a bar to inter- ference by the Supreme Court with the High Court's decree upon such a gm1nd. [290 G-H]
Bhupendra v. Rajeshwar, 58 I.A. 228, referred to. (iv) Though mesne profits prior to the suit cannot be awarded to a successful party unless a claim is made in respect of them, the position regarding future mesne profits is governed by 0. XX, r. 2, C.P.C. The decree awarding mesne profits to the first defendant musb be upheld because the first defendant admitted the plaintiff'• claim and in substance prayed for a similar
decree in her favour. [291 B; 292 G-H] Mohd. Amin and Ors. v. Vakil Ahmed and Ors. [1952] S.C.R. 1133, distinguished. C1v1L A1•PELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 730 of 1962. Appeal from the judgment and decree dated February 19, 1959. of the Mysore High Court in Regular Appeal No. 208 of 1961-62. S. K. Venkatarangaiengar and A. G. Ratnaparkhi, for the
appellants S. T. Desai and Naunit Lal, for respondent No. 1. K. K. Jain, for respondent No. 2. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Mudholkar, J. This is an appeal by defendants Nos. 3 to 8
from a decision ol the High Court of Mysore passing a decre;: in favour of respondent No. 1 who was defendant No. 1 in the trial court, for posses5icn of half the property which was the subject matter of the ·mit and also allowing future mesne profits. The relevant facts are briefly these: The plaintiff who is the elder sister of the first defendant instituted a suit in the court of the District Judge, Bangalore for a declaration that she is the owner of half share in the properties described in the schedule to the plaint and for partiticn and' separate possession of half share and for mesne c
lil 1\.S. MA.DANAPPA ~. CHANDRAlOlA (MuiJholkar, J.) profits. According to her the suit property was the absolute property of her mother Puttananjamma and .upon her death this property devolved on her and the first defendant as her mother's heirs. Since, according to her. the first defendant did not want to join her as co- plaintiff in the suit, she was joined as a defendant. It is common ground that the property was in the possession of the second defen- dant R. S. Maddanappa, the father of the plaintiff and the first defendant and Gargavva, the second wife of Maddanappa and her children. Madanappa died during the pendency of the appeal before thh Court and his legal representatives are the other defendants to th,• suit. Briefly stated his defence, which is also the defence of the defendants other than defendant No. I is that though the suit properties belonged to Gowramma, the mother of Puttananjamma, she had settled them orally on the latter as well as on himself and that after the death of Puttananjamma he has been in possession of those properties and enjoying them as full owner. He further pleaded that it was the last wish of Puttananjamma that he should enjoy these properties as absolute owner. The plaintiff and the Jirst defendant had, according to him, expressly and impliedly abandon- ed their right in these properties, that his possession over the pro- perties was adverse to them and as he was m adverse possession for over the statutory period, the suit was barred. Finally he contended that he had spent more than Rs. 46,000 towards improvements of the properties which met partly from the income of his joint ancestral property and partly from the assets of the third defendant. These improvements, he· alleged, were made by him bona fide in the belief that he had a right to the suit properties and consequently he was entitled to the benefit of the provisions of Section 51 of the Transfer of Property Act.
The first defendant admitted the claim of the plaintiff and also claimed a decree against the other defendants in respect of her half share in the suit properties. The other defendants, however, resisted her claim and in addition to what the second defendant has alleged in his written statement contended that she was estopped by her conduct from claiming any share in the properties.
The trial court decreed the claim of the plaintiff but held that the first defendant was estopped from claimin~ possession of her half share in the properties left by her mother. The first defendant preferred an appeal before the High Court challenging the correct- ness of the decision of the trial court. The other defendants also filed an appeal before the High Court challenging the decision of the trial court .in favour of the plaintiff. It would appear that the plaintiff had also preferred some cross-objections. All the matters were h~rd together in the High Court, whiGh dismissed the
~ppeal preferred 9Y defendants Nos. 2 to 8 as well as the cross- objections lodged by the plaintiff but decreed the appeal pr'!ferred by th·~ first defendant and· passed a decree in her favour for posses- sion of her half share in the suit properties, and future mesne profits (1965] 3 S.C.I\.
against th_e remaining defen.dants. Defendants Nos. 2 to 8 applied tor a certificate from the High Court under Articles 133(1)(a) and 133(])(c) in respect of the decree of the High Court in the t\vo appeals. The High Court granted the certificate to defendants Nos. 2 to 8 in so far as defendant No. 1 was concerned but refused certipcate in so far as the plaintiff was concerned. We are there- fore, concern~d with a limited question and that is whether the High Court was right in awarding a decree to the first defendant for possess'on of her half share and mesne profits.
Mr. Venkatarangaiengar, who appears for the appellants· accepts the position that as the'certificate was refused to defendants Nos. 2 to 8 in so far as the plaintiff is concerned, the only points which they are entitled to urge are those which concern the first defendant alone and no other. The points which the learned counsel formulated are as follows :
(I) It is not open to a court to award future mesne profits to a party who did not claim them in the suit; c (2) No decree can be passed in favour of a defendant who has not asked for transposition as plaintiff in the suit.
(3) That the first defendant was estopped by her conduct from claiming possession of her alleged half share of the properties. We will consider the question of esfoppel first. The conduct of the first defendant from which the learned counsel wants us to draw the inference of estoppel con~sts of her attitude when she was served with a notice by the plaintiff, her general attitude respecting I!angalore properties as expressed in the letter dated 17th January, 1941 written by her to her step-mother and the attestation by her and her husband on 3-10-1944 of the will executed on 25th January, 1941 by Maddanappa. In the notice dated 26th January, 1948 by the plaintiff's lawyer to the first defendant it was stated that the plaintiff and the first defendant were joint owners of the suit pro- perties which were in the possession of their father and requested. for the co-operation of the first defondant in order to effect the divi- sion of the properties. A copy of this notice was sent to Maddan- appa and he sent a reply to it to the plaintiff's lawyers. The first defendant, however, sent no reply at all. We find it difficult to construe- the conduct of the first defendant in not replying to the notice and in not co-operating with the plaintiff in instituting a suit for obtaining possession of the properties as justifying the inference of estoppel. It does not mean that she impliedly admitted that she . had no interest in the properties. It is true that in Ex. 15, which is a letter sent by her en 17-1-1941 to her step-mother she has observ- ed thus:
"I have no desire whatsoever in respect of the properties which are at Bangalore. Everything belongs to my father. He has the sole authority to. do anything …. We give our c R.B. MADANAPPA v. CHANDRAMMA (Mudholkar, J.)
consent to anything done by our father. We will not do any- thing." But even these statements cannot assist the appellants because admittedly the father knew the true legal position. That is to say, the father knew that these properties belonged to Puttananjamma' and that he had no authority to deal with these properties. No doubt, in his written statement Maddanappa had set up a case that the properties belonged to him by virtue of the declaration made by Puttananjamma at the time of her death, but that case has been negatived by the ~ourts below. The father's possession must, there-· fore, be deemed to have been, to his knowledge, on behalf of the plaintiff and the first defendant. There was thus no possibility of an erroneous belief about his title being created in the mind of Maddanappa because of what the first defendant had said in her letter to her step-mother.
In so far as the attestation of the will is concerned, the appel- lants' position is no better. This 'will' purports to make a disposi- tion of the suit properties along with other properties by Maddan· appa in favour of defendants Nos. 3 to 8. The attestation of thfl will by the first defendant and her husband, would no doubt affix them with the knoweldge of what Maddanappa was doing, but it cannot operate as estoppel against them and in favour of defen• dants Nos. 3 to 8 or even in favour of Maddanappa. The will could1 take effect only upon the death of Maddanappa and, therefore, no interest in the property had at all accrued to the defendants Nos. 3 to 8 even on the date of the suit. So far as Maddanappa is concern- ed, he, as already stated, knew the true position and therefore, could not say that an erroneous belief about his title to the pro- perties was created in his mind by re1son of the conduct of the first! defendant and her husband in attesting the document. Apart from that there is nothing on the record to show that by reason of the conduct of the first defendant Maddanappa altered his position to his disadvantage.
Mr. Venkatarangaiengar. however, says that subsequent to the execution of the will he had effected further improvements in the properties and for this purpose spent his own moneys. According to him, he would not have done so in the absence of an assurance like the one given by the first defendant and her husband to the effect that they had no objection to the disposition of the suit pro- perties by him in any way he chose to make it. The short answer to this is that Maddanappa on his own allegations was not only in possession and enjoyment of these properties ever since the death of Puttananjamma but had made improvements in the properties even before the execution of the will. In these circumstances, it is clear that the provisions of Section 115 of the Indfan Evidence Act, which contain the law of estoppel by representation do not help him.
Mr. Venkatarangaiengar, however, wanted us to hold that the law of estoppel by representation is not confined to the pr (1965] 3 S.C.R. of s: 115 of the Evidence Act, that apart from the provisions of this scch?n there is what is called "equitable estoppel" evolved by the English Judges and that the present case would come within such "equitabk estoppel". tn some decisions of the High Courts refer- ence has been made to "equitable estoppel" but we doubt whethe~ the court while determining whether the conduct of a particula~ party amounts to an e.stoppel, could travel beyond the provisions of Sect10n 115 of the Evidence Act. As was pointed out by Garth C.J. in Ganges Manufacturing Co. v. Saurjmull(') the provision of s 115 of the Evidence Act are in one sense a rule of evidence and are founded upon the well known doctrine laid down in Pickard v. Sears(') in which the rule was stated thus:
"Where one by his word or conduct wilfully causes another to believe for the existence of a certain state of thing and induced him to act on that belief so as to alter his own pre- vious position, the former is concluded from averring against the latter a different state of things as existing at the first time."
The object of estoppel is to prevent fraud and secure justice bet• ween the parties by promotion of honesty and good faith. There· fore, where one person makes a misrepresentation to the otheu about a fact he would not be shut out by the rule of estoppel. if that other person know the true state of facts and must consequent• ly not have been misled by the misrepresentation.
The general principle of estoppel is stated thus by the Lord Chancellor i,n Cairncross v. Lorimer('): "The doctrine will apply, which is to be found. I believe, in the laws of all civilized nations that if a man either by words or by conduct has intimated that he consents to an act which has been done, and that he will offer no opposition to it, although it could not have been lawfully _done without his consent. and he thereby induces others to do that from which they otherwise might have abstained, he cannot question the legality of the act he had so sanctioned, to the prejudice o~ those who have so given faith to his words or to the fair
inference to be drawn from his conduct. I am of opinion that, generally speaking, if a party having an interest IOI prevent an act being done has full notice of its being done, and acquiesces in it, so as to induce a reasonable belief that he consents to it, and the position of others is altered by their giving credit to his sincerity, he has no more right to challenge the act to their prejudice than he would have had if it had been done by his previous license."
It may further be mentioned that in Cari" v. London & N_W_ Ry. Co.(') four propositions concerning an estoppel by conduct i'I 1.L-R, 5CCnJ,. 669. (2) 6 Ad •• ~ E. 469. ('I 3 Macq. s2;.
(" T,,Jt. 10 C.P. 307. a c r R.S. MADANAPPA v. CHANDRAMMA (Mudhotkar, J.) were laid down by Brett, J. (afterwards Lord Reher) the third o~ which rum thus: "If a man either in express terms or by conduct makes a
representation to another of the existence of a certain stattl of facts which he intends to be acted upon in a certain way, and it be acte:l upon in the belief of the existence of such a: state of facts, to the damage 'Of him who so believes and
acts, the first is estoppel from denying the existence of such a state of facts," This also shows that the person claiming benefit of the doctrine must show that he has acted to his detriment on the faith of the representation made to him.
This was quoted with approval in Sarad v. Gopa[('). It will thus· be seen that here also the person who sets up an estoppei against the other must show that his position was altered by reason of the representation or conduct cf the latter and unless he does that even the general principle of estoppe] cannot be invoked by him. As already stated no detriment resulted to any of the defendants as a: result of what the defendant No. I had stated in her letter to her step-mother or as a result of the attestation by her and her husband of the will cf Maddanappa.
Mr. Venkatarangaiengar then tried to urge before us that it was a case of f~mily settlement by the father with a view to avoid! disputes amongst his heirs and legal representatives after his death and, therefore, the actions of defendant No. I can be looked at as acquiescence in the family settlement effected by the father. A case of fall'ily settlement was never set up by the defendants either in the trial court or in the High Court and we cannot allow a new case to be set up before us for the first time.
Finally on this aspect of the case the learned counsel referred to the observations of Lord Cranworth in Ramsden v. Dyson(') which are as follows: "If a stranger begins to build on my land supposing it to be his own and I (the real owner) perceiving his mistake, abstain from setting him right, a!nd leave him to persevere in his error, a court of equity will not allow me afterwards to
assert my title to the land, on which he has expended money on the supposition, that the land was his own. It considers that when I saw the mistake in which he had fallen, it was my duty to be active and to state his
adverse title; and that it would be dishonest in me to remain wilfully passive on such an occasion in order afterwards to profit by the mistake which I might have prevented. The doctrine of acquiescence cannot afford any help to the appel- lants for the simple reason that Maddanappa who knew the true state of affairs could not say that any mistaken belief was caused (') L. R. 19 I.A. 20~.
(') L. R.I. JI. L. App. 129, 140. ~UPREME COURT REPORTS (! 965) 3 S.C.R, in his mind by reason of what the first defendant said or did. According to the learned counsel, even if the first defendant's claim to the half share in the suit property cannot be denied to her she must at least be made to pay for the improvements effected by Maddanappa, according to her proportionate share in the suit pro- perty. As already stated the appellant was .in enjoyment of the~e proportion after his wife's death and though fully aware of the fact that they belonged to the daughters he dealt with them as he chose. When he spent moneys on those properties he knew what he was doing and it is not open to him or to those who claim under him to say that the real owners of the properties or either of them should' be made to pay for those improvements. No man who, knowing fully well that he has no title to property spends money on improv- ing it can be permitted to deprive the original owner of his right to possession of the property except upon the payment for the im- provements which were not effected with the consent of that person. In our view, therefore, neither was defendant No. 1 estopped from claiming possession of half share of the properties nor can she be made liable to pay half the costs of improvements alleged to have been made by the second- defendant.
Now regarding the second point, this objection is purely technical. The plaintiff sued for partition of the suit properties upon the ground that they were inherited jointly by her and by the first defendant and claimed possession of her share from the other defendants who were wrongfully in possession of the properties. Sl'e als;i alleged that the first defendant did not co-operate in the matter and so she had to institute the suit. The first defendant ad- mitted the plaintiff's title to half share in the properties and claimed a decree also in her own favour to the extent of the remaining half share in the properties. She could also have prayed for the trans- position as a co-plaintiff and under Order I, rule 10(2) C.P.C. the Court could have transposed her as a co:plaintiff. The power unde~ this provision is exercisable by the Court even suo motu. As pointed out by the Privy Council in Bhupender v. Rajeshwar(') the power ought to be exercised by a court for doing complete justice between the parties. Here both the plaintiff and the first defendant claim under the same title and though defendants 2 to 8 had urged special defences against the first defendant, they.have been fully consider- ed and adjusted upon by the High Court while allowing her-appeal. Since the trial court upheld the special defences urged by defen- dants 3 to 8 and negatived the claim of the .first defendant it may have thought it unnecessary to order her transposition as plaintiff. But the High Court could. while upholding her claim, well have done so. Apparently it either over-looked the technical defect or felt that under 0. XLI, rule 33 it had ample power to decree her claim. However that may be, the provisions of s. 99 would be a bar to interfere here with the High Court's decree upon a ground such as this.
(') L.R. 58 l.A. 22~. c r R.S. MADANAPPA '<'. CHANDRAMMA (Mudholkar, J.) fhe only other question for consideration is whether the High Court was justified in awarding mesne profits to the first defendant even though she was not transposed as a plaintiff. According to the learned counsel mesne profits cannot be awarded to a successful party to a suit for possession unless a claim was made in respect of them. The learned counsel is right in so far as mesne profits prior to the suit are concerned but in so far as mesne profits subsequent to the date of the institution of the suit, that is future mesne profits are concerned, the position is governed by Order XX, rule 2, C.P.C. which is as follows:
"(]) Where a suit is for the recovery of possess'on of im- movable property and for rent or mesne profits, the Court may pass a decree – (a) for the possession of the property; (b) for the rent or mesne profits which have accrued
on the property during a period prior to the insti- tution of the suit or directing an inquiry as to such rent or mesne profits; (c) directing an inquiry as to rent or mesne profits
from the institution of the suit until: – (i) the delivery of possession to the decreeholder, (ii) the relinquishment of possession by the judg- ment debtor with notice to the decree-holder
through the Court, or ('ii) the expiration of three years from the date of the decree, whichever event first occurs. (2) Where an inquiry is directed under clause (b) or clause (c) a nnal decree in respect of the rent or mesne profits
shali be passed in accordance with the result of such inquiry." The learned counsel, however, relied upon the decision of this Court in Mohd. Amin and others v. Vakil Ahmed and others('). That was a suit for a declaration that a deed of settlement was void and for possession of the property which was the subject matter of the settlement under that deed. The plaintiffs had not claimed mesne profits at all in their plaint but the High Court had passed a decree in the plaintiff's favour not only for possession but also for mesne profits. In the appeal before this Court against the decision of the High Court one of the points taken was that in a ca;e of this kind, the court has no power to award mesne profits. While upholding this contention Bhagwati J. who delivered the judgment of the Court has observed thus:
"The learned Solicitor-Genera! appearing for the plaintiffs conceded that there was no demand for mesne profits as such but urged that the . claim for mesne profits would. be included within __!_he expression 'awarding
I') [1952] S.C.IL 1!33, 1144. )!/B(N)3SCl-6 (1965) 3 S.O.R. possession and occupation of the property aforesaid together with all the rights appertaining thereto'. We· are afraid that the claim for mesne profits cannot be
included within this expression and the.High Court was in error in awarding to the plaintiffs mesne profits though they had not been claimed in the plaint. The provision in regard to the mesne profits will therefore
have to be deleted from the decree." In order to satisfy ourselves whether these observations related to the award of past mesne profits or to the award of future mesne profits we sent for the original record of this Court and· we found that the High Court had awarded past as well as future mesne profits. Mr. S. T. Desai, appearing for the respondent No. 1 stated that a Full Bench in Babburu Basavayya and four others v. Babburu Gar(Jvayya and another(') following the decision of the Judicial Committee in Fakharuddin Mohomed Ahsan v. The Official
Trustee(') has held that even after the passing of the preliminary decree, it is open to the court to give appropriate direction&y amongst other matters regarding future mesne profits either suo motu or on the application of the parties in order to prevent multi- plicity of litigation and to do complete justice between the parties. This decision has been followed in a large number of cases. In Bachepalli Atchamma v. Yerragupta Rami Reddy(') Simma,
Krishnamma v. Nakka Latchumanaidu and others(') Kasibhaticl Satyanarayana $astrulu and other$ v. Kasibhat/a Mallikarjuna Sastru/u(') and Ponnuswami Udayar and another v. Santhappa(') the decision of this Court was cited at the Bar and has been consi- • dered. The learned Judges have said that the authority of the .. decision in Babburu Basavayya and four others v. Babburu Gura- vayya(') is not shaken by what this Court has said. One of the grounds given is that the former relates to a suit for partition while the latter to a suit for possession simpliciter. It is not necessary for us to consider whether the decision of this Court can be distinguish- ed upon this ground, but we feel that when a suitable occasion arises it may become necessary to reconsider the decision of this Court as to future mesne profits. In the present case the plaintiff did claim not only partition and separate possession of her half share of the properties but also past mesne profits. The defendant No. 1 admitted the plaintiff's claim and in substance prayed for a similar decree in her favour. The decision of this Court would, therefore, not apply to a case like the one before us.
In the result therefore we uphold the decree of the High Court and dismiss the appeal with costs. (') I.L.R. 1952 Madras 173. (') 8 Cal. 178 (P. C.). I') A.LR. 1957 A.P. 52. (') A.I.R. 1958 A.P. 520.
1') A.I.R. 1980 A.P. 45. (') A.I.R. 1963 Mad. 171. Appeal dismissed. c