[1951) due consideration at the hands of the executive -R.,,., authorities. Janardan ~…,, h 1 d , h 't' f , 1 · and others s t e pomts 1nvo ve m t e petI ions or spec1a v. leave to appeal to this Court against the order of the
The Stat• of High Court refusing to grant relief under article 226 of Hyderabad and the Constitution are the same as those involved in the 0~· petitions under article 32, all the six petitions are
Fau Ali J. dismissed. It may however be observed that in this case we have not considered it necessary to decide whether an application under article 32 is maintainable after a similar application under article 226 is dis-
missed by the·High Court, and we reserve our opinion _19~1 l.tareh 19. .on that .question. Petitions dismissed.· Agent for the petitioners: I. N. Shroff. Agent for the respondents: P. A. Mehta.
RAM DHAN LAL AND OTHERS. v. RADHE SHAM AND OTHERS [SAIYID FAZL ALI, MUKHERJEA and (HANDRASEKHARA AIYAR JJ.) Bengal Alluvion and Diluvion Regulation (Xl of 1825), ss. 2, 4 -Custom of dhar dhura-Incidents-River changing course s11d- denly-River flowing entirely outside the villages which it divided- Whether custom applies-On"s of proof-Reasonableness of custom -Application of Regulation XI-Revival of dhar dhura rights. The meaning of the custom of dhar dhura is that the deep
stream or channel of a river is to be regarded, irrespective of its changes, as the constant boundary between two or more villages, and such a custom is expressly recognised in s. 2 of Regulation XI of 1825.
Whether such custom applies even to cases of sudden changes in the course of a stream or only to gradual alluvial action is a matter which has to be determined upon the evidence adduced in each case. The onus ·of proving that the custom applies to sudden changes also is on the person who sets it up, but such custom is not unreasonable and can be established like any other S.C.R.
custom by cogent evidence. (Their Lordships· upheld the finding lfi5I of the High Court that under the custom prevailing in the villages in question it was applicable also to cases of the stream suddenly Ram Dhan Lal · altering its course.)
and Other a As the custom of dhar dhura implies that the deep stream v. of the river irrespective of the changes in its course, is to be Radhe Sham regarded as a fixed boundary line between two or more villages, and Othera.
it is necessary for the application of this custom that the main stream of the river must flow within the limits of these villages. When the river changes its course so widely that it oversteps the boundaries of the villages concerned and ceases to divide these villages, the rights of the riparian properties can be deter- mined only ·in accordance with the provisions of Regulation XI of 1825.
Obiter. Though a riparian owner cannot claim a land under the custom of dhar dhura so long as the river flows outside the limits of the villages concerned, his rights under the custom would revive as soon as the river again flows within the villages.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Appeal (Civil Appeal No. 41 of 1949) against the judgment and decree of the Allahabad High Court (Allsop and VermaJJ.) dated 8th September, 1942, in First Appeal
No. 473 of 1936, arising out of the decree of the Civil Judge, Bareilly, dated 30th September, 1936, in Original Suit No. 18 of 1934. Walter Dutt (P. S. Sajeer, with him) for the appel-
lants. P.L. Banerjee (Baleshwar Prasad, with him) for the respondents. 1951. March 19. The judgment of the Court was delivered by MuKHERJEA J .-This appeal is directed against an Mukherjoa J. appellate judgment of a Division Bench of the Allaha-
bad High Court dated September 8, 1942, by which the learned Judges reversed a decree made in favour of the plaintiff by the qvil Judge of Bareilly in Original Suit No. 18 of 1934 and dismissed the suit as against
defendants 1 to 4. The suit out of which the appeal arises, was com- menced by one Babu Ram as plaintiff and it was for [1951) a declaration that the lands in suit appertained to a
1 village named Sikha situated in Tehsil Aonla within Ra":.an:;:;.:;• the district of Bare illy, of which the plain tiff was the a v. Zemindar and Lambardar, and that the defendants had
llad./w Sham no right or title to the same. There was a claim for and others. recovery of possession in case the plaintiff was found M ukherjta J. to have been dispossessed from the whole or a portion of the disputed lands with an ancillary prayer for
mesne profits. The original plaintiff died sometime after the plaint was filed and the suit was continued by his two sons, who were brought on the record as his heirs and successors. There were as many as 41 per-
sons impleaded as parties defendants to the suit and they were alleged to have proprietory interest in two contiguous villages named Jhawa Nagla and Gurgan- wan which lie to the south and east of village Sikha.
The allegations as they appear in the plaint, in sub- stance, are that the river Ram Ganga flowed to. the south and east of mouza Sikha belonging to the plaint- iff and according to the custom of Dhar Dhura or
deep stream boundary prevalent in the locality, the main channel of the river constitutes the indisputable, though fluctuating, boundary line between village Sikha on one side and villages Jhawa Nagla and
Gurganwan on the other. Up to Fasli year 1340 the course of the river, it is said, changed several times and the Zemindars of the three villages were deriving gains and suffering losses of land on account of these
alluvial and diluvial changes. In the Fasli year 1340, the Dhar or main stream of the river was at the place marked C, D, E and F in the map attached to the plaint and the plaintiff. as Zemindar of village
Sikha, possessed a tract of land shown on the map to which the dispute now relates and which was situated to the north-west of the stream and stretched on the northern and western side up to the limits of villages
Sisauna, Hazipur and Sheopuri. In the year 1341 the river suddenly changed its course and leaving its old bed altogether began to flow entirely outside the limits of the three villages mentioned above, The "dabri"
or the old bed of the river as it stood in the year 1340 S.C.R. has been shown in the plaint map and constit_utes, according to the plaintiffs, the line of demarcation bet- R ween Sikha on one side and the tw? villages Jhawa
::a_~~~:. al Nagla and Gurganwan on the other. It is alleged by the v. plaintiff that the custom of Dhar Dhura could not Rooke Sham create any title in the defendants, who are the pro-
and Othera. prietors of villages Jhawa Nagla and Gurganwan, to the disputed plot, which is to the north and west of Mukherjea J. the main current of the river as it fl.owed in the year
1340, as the custom applies only when the change in the deep stream is gradual and not sudden and it cannot have any possible application when the river leaves the three villages altogether and ceases to flow
within them as has happened in the present case. The different proprietors therefore should be allowed, ac- cording to the plaintiff, to hold and possess as apper- taining to their Zemindary the lands which were in
their respective possession in the year 1340; and in law and. equity the disputed property should remain in possession of the plaintiff as owner of mouza Sikha. As the defendants were threatening to interfere with the
plaintiff's possession in collusion with the Patwari of the villages, the present suit was instituted. Out of the 41 defendants, written statements were filed by 9 only. Two .of them again admitted the
·plaintiffs' claim and pleaded that they were made parties to the suit unnecessarily. The suit was really contested by defendants 1 to 4 and 30 and they resist- ed the plaintiffs' claim on a number of grounds, most
of which are immaterial for our present purpose. The substantial case made by the contesting defendants was that the custom of Dhar Dhura applied to every sort of change in the deep stream ·of the river irres-
pective of the fu.ct whether the change was gradual or sudden, or whether the river flowed within or outside the villages; and as the river had receded to the north, the defendants were according to this custom entitled
to the lands which had been joined to the lands of their villages up to the main channel of the river. It was asserted that the "dabri" or the old bed of the [1951] river could not be treated as the demarcating line bet-
Ram -;,::n Lal ween the three villages. and Others Thus. the existence of the custom of Dhar Dhura was affirmed by both the parties. The difference bet- liadh• Sham ween them was as regards the extent of the custom. and Others.
ff According to the plainti s, the custom was restricted Mukherjea J. in its operation to gradual accretion and did not extend to cases where old formations were suddenly severed by fluvial action without destroying their identity or
preventing recognition of the land so removed. The second point raised by the plaintiffs was that the custom could not apply when the main stream had shifted entirely beyond the villages between which it
was to form the boundary line. On the first point the decision of the trial court was adverse to the plaintiffs, but on the other point the court decided in their favour. The result was that the
plaintiffs' claim was allowed and a decree was passed in accordance. with. the prayers made in the plaint. Against this decision the defendants 1 to 4 took an appeal to the High Court of Allahabad. The appeal
was heard by a Division Bench consisting of Allsop and Verma JJ. who allowed the appeal to this extent that the plaintiffs' claim was dismissed as against defendants Nos. 1 to 4 who had filed the appeal, though
as regards the rest of the defendants the decision of the trial iudge was kept intact. It is against this judgment that the plaintiffs got leave to appeal to the Privy Council and the appeal has now come up for
hearing by this court. It has been brought to our notice that of the two plaintiffs who filed the appeal, one has since then compromised the suit with the con- testing defendants and the appeal is being prosecuted
before us on behalf of plaintiff No. 1 alone. The learned Counsel appearing in support of the appeal has pressed for our consideration both the two points which were put forward in support of the plaint-
iff's case in the courts below. It has been contended in the first place that the evidence adduced in this case does not establish the custom of Dhar Dhura in S.C.R. such extreme form as would create a change of owner.
ship even when there is transfer of lands by a sudden R Dha Lal change in the course of the deep stream. It is urged :':a Oth"…. that even if such a custom is proved to exist, it should
v. be held to be unreasonable and hence unenforceable Radhe Sham in law. The other contention raised is that in any and Others. view there is no scope for application of the.custom m
h h d h Mukherjea J. the present case w ere the nver as oversteppe t e limits of the three villages and has ceased to be the dividing line between them. As regards the first point, it seems to us that on the
facts admitted and proved, it is not possible for us to take a view different from that taken by both the Courts below. The meaning of the custom Dhar Dhura is that the deep stream or channel of a river is to be regard-
6d. irrespective of its changes, as the constant boundary between two or more villages; Such custom is expressly recognised in section 2 of Regulation XI of 1825 which lays down that "whenever any clear and
definite usage …… may have been immemorially estab- lished for determining the rights of the proprietors of two or more contiguous estates divided by river (such as that the main channel of the river dividing the
estates shall be the constant boundary between them whatever changes may take place in the course of the river, by encroachment on one side and accession on the other), the usage so established shall govern the decision of all claims and disputes relating to alluvial lands
between the parties." That such custom prevails in the locality is proved by the "Wazibularz'' prepared at the last settlement of Monza Sikha and the custom is there recorded as follows:-
"The river Ram Ganga flows on the boundary line of thiS village. The custom of Dhar Dhura prevails between this village andGurganwan,Jhawa Naglaand Rakhara, Pa:rgana Aenla. If any piece of land is includ-
ed in the area of this village on account of the alluvial action of the river, we the Zemindars shall be the owners thereof and if any piece of land of this village is washed away, it shall be owned and possessed by
the Zemindars of the village wherein it appears in the [1951] same way in which we were in possession thereof." The ;;;:: Lal record thus speaks of change by alluvial action of the :'::a 0,;:.,.,
river. It does not say whether such alluvial action v. should be gradual or sudden; by itself, therefore, it Badh• Sham does not indicate with precision the ambit of the right and Others.
that is connoted by the custom. This is a matter which Mukhet"jea J. has got tq be determined upon the evidence adduced by the parties and the onus of proof is undoubtedly on the person who sets up a custom at variance with the
general law. We are in agreement with the view ex- pressed by Oldfield J. in Sibt Ali v. Muniruddin (1) that the court should "scrutinise with care evidence in regard to a custom which would have the effect of
passing from one owner to another land long held and enjoyed and of which the character is in no way alter- ed by river action"; but if cogent and satisfactory evidence is "forthcoming, there is no reason why the
existence of such custom could not be established like any other fact. Apart from the oral evidence that has been adduced in this case there are two Rubkaris of the Col!ectorate and one judgment by a Civil Court
to all of which the predecessors of the parties to the present litigation were parties and they show clearly that demarcation of the lands of the three villages has always been made with reference to the
position of the deep stream of the river at dfferent times and it was regarded as immaterial whether the change in the stream happened gradually or all on a sudden. From the Rubkari (Ex. H. 27) it appears that
in 1283 Fasli the river suddenly altered its course and cut away not only the vacant accretion to Sikha but also a part of the mouza as it existed at the date of settlement. The land thus cut off was treated as an
increment to Jhawa Nagla and Gurganwan and fresh settlement was made with the Zemindars of these villages. It is stated by the Assistant Collector of Barei!ly in this Rubkari that the existence of the
custom was proved by careful local investigation and it was to the effect that the bed of the river should always be held to be the boundary and that it should tll I. J;.. R. 6 All. 479 ot 481,
S.C.R. be so held whether the river suddenly altered its course or gradually encroached on any mouza. The Peshkar, who was deputed to make an enquiry, quoted Ra•;.,,,V~Lal a number of instances where the river altered its
a v. course both ways within the last 30 years prior to Radke Sham this date. This Rubkari, it is to be noted, is dated and OIM.ra. the 8th November, 1876. Ex. D-1 is a judgment of
the Subordinate Judge of Bareilly dated the 29th of MukherJ•a J. July, 1907, and it was passed in a suit instituted by the proprietor of mouza Sikha against the owner of Jhawa Nagla. The que!i_tion raised was whether a
quantity of land appertaining to mouza Sikha which was detached by a sudden change in the course of the river and thrown on the Jhawa N agla village could be claimed by the plaintiff. The answer was given in the
negative, and the decision was based entirely upon the custom of Dhar Dhura which was held to be applicable even when the change was sudden. These documents furnish clear proof of the custom being held applicable
to cases of the river suddenly altering its course and cutting off blocks of land from villages situated on one or other side of its channel. In the face of this clear and definite proof of the usage, we are unable to say
that the decision of the courts below on this point is wrong. lt is urged by the learned counsel for the appellants that such custom is unreasonable and should for that reason be held to be unenforceable in law. It cannot be
denied that the application of the deep stream rule might work injustice in certain cases as the ga~n or loss of property is made to depend upon accidental and uncertain phenomena or mere caprice of nature;
but on the other hand the custom affords a convenient and effective way of avoiding boundary disputes which might otherwise be a fruitful source of strife- and con- tention between riparian proprietors. A custom must
not certainly be against reason, but the reason referred to here is not to be understood as meaning every un- learned man's reason but artificial and legal reason warranted by authority of law (1). It is sufficient if
(1) Vide Coke on Littleton 62 (a.), [1951) no good legal reason can be assigned against it. Pre- Dil4 Lal vention of quarrels and disputes between contiguous Oth".,.. villages and estates is certainly an object beneficial to
v. the community and judged by this test, the custom of Radhe Sham Dhar Dhura cannot be held to be unreasonable. It may and Others. be pointed out in this connection that in some ~hape
or other· this deep stream rule has been recognised in Mukherjea J. J ndia from very early times as a convenient mode of settling boundary disputes and Brihaspati, the Hindu Smriti writer, enunciates the rule in almost
id_i:ntical terms which has been referred to in the writ- ings of later commentators as pointed out by Lal Mohan Doss in his Tagore Law Lectures on the Law of Riparian Rights ('). The first contention of the appel-
lant, therefore, cannot be accepted. The other contention put forward by the appellant raises the question as to whether the custom of Dhar Dhura could have any application to the facts of the
present case where the river is not flowing within the villages at all. On this point, we think that the cor- rect view has been taken by the learned Subordinate Judge and the reasons and the conclusion of the High
Court upon it do not appear to us to be sound. If, as the custom of Dhar Dhura implies, the deep stream of a river irrespective of the changes in its course, is to be regarded as a fixed boundary line bet-
ween two or more villages, it is absolutely necessary that the main stream of the river must flow within the limits of these villages. It is only for the purpose of determining the boundary between certain villages
and estates that the custom of Dhar Dhura can be invoked; and unless the river actually divides the villages or estates, there can be no question of its being regarded as a boundary line between them and in such
circum~tances the deep stream rule cannot possibly have any meaning. A custom which defeats or has no relevancy to the very object for which it came into existence cannot under any circumstance be regarded
as valid. We are not satisfied also that the evidence 11) Ville Doss on the Law of Riparian Righ~s p. 178 S.C.R. in the record establishes the existence of such custom I9n at all.
Section 2 of Regulation XI of 1825 makes it Ram Dfw.m Tm perfectly clear that a custom contrary to the provisions and otheY• of the Regulation would be enforceable only when it is
v. a custom for determining the rights of proprietors of RadheShain two or more contiguous estates divided by the river-. and OtlierB. When the river ceases to divide the estates, the rights Mtik'-J•a .J. of the riparian proprietors can be determined only in
accordance with the provisions made in the Regulation itself. It has been argued by Mr. Banerjee, appearing for the respo11dents. that a·55uming that the custom of Dhar Dhura could not be invoked by the defendants
when the river had receded beyond the limits of mouza Sikha, still the plaintiff in order to succeed in the suit must have to show how he acquired title to the tract of land lying to the north and west of the "dabri" or
the old water course, which is the subject matter of the claim in the present suit. The answer to this argument would clearly be that when the main current of the river was at the place where the "dabri" .stands
at present, the entire stretch of land lying to the north west of the main.stream came to the plaintiff under the custom of Dhar Dhura. In the year 1341 Fasli the river suddenly changed its course and as it
shifted t0 the north and west beyond the limits of mouza Sikha, the custom of Dhar Dhura would no longer govern the rights of the parties and the .title to the plot of land, which is the subject matter of
dispute, must be determined ip. accordance with the provisions of the Regulation itself. As the change in the course of the river was sudden and not gradual and the character and identity of the land hav~
remained intact, the plaintiff would clearly be entitled to possess the land on the strength of his original title as provided for in section 4, clause (2), of Regulation XI of 1825. In our opinion, therefore, the decision of
the learned Judges of the High Court .on this point is not correct and should be reversed. Mr. Banerjee argues further that even if his clients cannot claim the disputed land under the custom of
Dhar Dhura so long as the river fiC1ws outside the limits [1951) of the village, their rights under the custom should Ram Doon LU r.ev~ve as soon as. the rive~ come~ .down within the amt other.
limits of mouza S1kha. This position certainly has v. got to be admitted but as we are concerned with the Radh' Sham state of affair£ existing at the date of the institution of and Other•.
the suit and there is no evidence on the record as to the position of the river at the present moment, the J1.ukherjea J, AJ>Til 9. plaintiff will be entitled to a decree in the form as it
was given by the trial judge, it being clearly under- stood that the rights declared in this suit would be subject to the custom of Dhrtr Dhura which the defend- ants may invoke if and when the proper occasion arises.
Subject to this observation, we allow the appeal and restore the judgment of the trial judge. The plaintiff No. I wiJI be entitled to his costs. Appeal allowed. Agent for the appellants: R. S. Narula.
Agent for the respondents : Tarachand Brijmohan Lal. THE UNITED COMMERCIAL BANK LTD. v. THEIR WORKMEN (and other cases) UNION OF INDIA-Intervener. [SHRI HARILAL KANIA C.J ., SA!YID FAZL Au,
PATANJALI SASTRI, MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN, MUKHERJEA: S.R. DAS and VIVIAN BOSE JJ.J Industrial Disputes Act (XTV of 1947), ss. 7, 8, 12, 16-Rules under the Act, R. 5-Constitution of Tribunal of three membcrs- Absence of one of three members on other duty-Absent member rejoining after some time-Validity of awards made during his absence by the two remaining members, and by all of them after he rejoined-Construction and effect of ss. 7, 8, 12 and Rule ~. The Central Government constituted an Industrial Tribunal
under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, consisting of A, B, and C