RAM PRASAD AND OTHERS v. THE STATE OF U.P. September 17, 1973 [H. R. KHANNA AND A. ALAGIRISWAMI, JJ.] Indian Evidence Act-Whether every person who has seen_ the incident should be cited as a witness by prosecution in the criminal case-Duty of the prosecution to bring on· record full and material facts.
The apPellants were convicted u/s 148 and 302 read JVith Sec. 149 of the l.P.C. The conviction was challenged in the Supreme CoUrt. inter alia, on the ground that besides the eye witnesses, the F.I.R. mentioned the names of three more persons who had seen the incident but they were not examined by the prosecution. In rejecting th: contention and dismissing the appeal. HELD : Non-examination ot 'some of the eye-witnesses mentioned in the F.I.R. does not introduce any fatal infirmity to the prosecution case. It is no doubt true that the prosecution is bound to produce witnesSes who are essential to' the unfolding of the narrative on which the
prosecution is based. Apart front that, it cannot be laid down as a rule that if a large number of persons are present at the time of the occurrence,.. the prosecution is bound to call and examine each and every one of those persons. The answer to the question as to what is the effect of the non-examination of a particular witness would
depenci upon the facts and circumstances of each case. In case enough number of witnesses have been examined with regard to the actual occurrence and the~r evidence is reliable and sufficient to base the conviction of the accused thereon, the prosecution may well decide t.o refrain from examining the other witnesses.
Likewise, if any of the witnesses is won over by the accused party and as such is not likely to state the truth. thC prosecution would have a valid ground for not examining him in court. The prosecution would not, however, be justified in not examining a witness on the grouild tha_t his evidence even though not untrue would go in favour of the accused. It is as much the duty of the prosecutor as of the court to ensure that full and material facts a~
'brought on the record so that there may be no miscarriage of justice. The discharge of such a duty cannot be affected by the consideration that some of the facts if brought on the record would be favourable to the accused. In case the court finds that the prosecution has not examined witnesses for reasons not tenable or not proper, the court would -be justified in drawing an inference adverse to the prosecution. [654F]
C!uM1NAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 52 of 1970. Appeal from the Judgment and Order dated the 10th October, 1969, of the Allahabad High Court (Lucknow Bench) Lucknow, in Criminal Appeal No. 48. of 1968).
K. B. Rohatgi, for the appellants. 0. P. Rana, for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by c KHANNA, J. This is an appeal by special leave by Ram Prasad (65), his son Udit Narain (22) and their servant Sri Pal (22) against the judgment of the Lucknow Bench of the Allahabad High Court affirming on appeal the judgment of the Additional Sessions Judge Lucknow whereby the three appellants
and three others, namely c ll RAM PRASAD V. U.P. STATE (Khanna,/.) Sarju, Putti and J aganath had been convicted under section 148 and section 302 read with section 149 Indian Penal Code and had been senl/;lnced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of 18 months on the first count and imprisonment for life on the secornl count.
The occurrence giving rise to the present case took place on March 31, 1967 at 2·30 p.m. in front of and inside the tarwaha of the house of J askaran, father of J agannath accused, in
villag~ Gadarian Purwa at a distance of two miles from police station Mandiaon. The person murdered during the course of the occurrence. was Parmeshwar Din ( 35). The prosecuti011 case is that Parme.shwar Din deceased aJJ.d Sita Ram (PW 4) purchased two plots of land situated in the area of village Gadarian Purwa from Paggu
and others for Rs. 3,000 as per sale deed dated December 23, 1966. The possession of these plots had been taken by the vendees about one or two months earlier when they paid Rs. 500 as earnest money. The vendees sowed wheat in those plots. Sarju and Putti accused, who are both brothers, laid claim to those plots. As Ram Prasad accused was an influential person, Sarju and PuUi sought his assistance in obtaining the possession of the plots. Ram Prasad is also stated to have been assured by Sarju and Putti that in case they were successful in getting those two plots, they would give him half of the land. On March 31, 1967, it is stated, Parmeshwar Din was getting the wheat crop standing in the two plots mentioned above
harvested. The plots are at a distance of about 150 paces from the house of Jaskaran, father of Jagannath accused. Umrao (PW 1) as well as Sita Ram (PW 4) ·were also present in the fields along with Parmesh· war Din. The actual work of harvesting was being done by seven labourers, four of whom were women.
The male labourers were Sbankar, Baddal and Bubba. At about 2.30 p.m., it is alleged, Udit Narain accused came to Parme.shwar ·Din and told him that some persons were waiting for him in the abadi of Gadarian Purwa to have some talks with the deceased regarding the two plots in dispute. Parmeshwar Din deceased then went
with Udit Narain. Shortly thereafter, Umrao and Sita Ram PWs heard the cries of Parmeshwar Din .. On looking towards the house of J~skaran, they found that the six accused had surrounded Parmeshwar Din · and were giving banka blows to him in front of that house. The six accused then dragged Parmeshwar Din deceased inside the tarwaha which had a thatched roof.
The tarwaha had one shutterless open- ing. Umrao and Sita Ram then ran towards the .tarwaha and stood· close to the opening of the tarwaha. The labourers engaged in har- ves1'inj!; also followed Umrao and Sita Ram to that place· Chandrika (PW 2) and Mohan (PW 3) were passing that way .at that time B_o~ of them on hearing alarm also came there and saw the accused g1vmg banka blows to ParmeShwar Din.
Umrao and others shouted' to the ·accused not to kill Parmeshwar Din, but they too were threat· ened by the accused. The accused thereafter ran away. Umrao and' '652 SUPREME ~OURT REPORTS
J 1974] 1 s.c.R. uthers then went inside the tarwaha and found Parmeshwar Din ly· ing dead in a pool of blood. A number of persons then collected there. Umrao got report Ka· 1 written by his son Hari Prasad· Umrao thereafter went to police station Mandiaon and lodged there report Ka·l at 5.30 p.m.
Station Officer Tiwari (PW 11) was not present at the police station at the time he report was lodged. On being 'informed about the lodging of the report, the S!ation Officer went to the place of occurrence and arrived there at 6.30 p.m. The Station Officer on arrival recorded the statements of Umrao, Sita Ram and Mohan PWs and prepared inquest report relating to the dead body of the deceased.
The body was thereafter sent to the mortuary where post mortem examination was performed by Dr. J aitle on April 1, 1967. Out of the appellants, Udit Narain and Sri Pal were arrested on April 7, 1967, while Ram Prasad surrendered in court on April 14, 1967.
The six accused in their statements denied the prosecution allega· tions a bout their having participated in the assault on Parmeshwar Din deceased. Sarju and Putti also denied the prosecution allegation ;that Parmeshwar Din and Sita Ram had purchased the land in question .and had brought the same under cultivation. The case of Ram Prasad and Udit Narain was that they had been falsely involved in this case <because of the enmity of Sita Ram PW with whom, according to the'e .accused, Ram Prasad had an altercation on an earlier occasion. The trial court accepted the prosecution case and convicted and •sentenced the six accused as mentioned above. The judgement of the <trial Court was, as already stated, affirmed on appeal by the Hig:h Court.
In appeal before us, Mr. Anthony on behalf of the a,ppellants has .assailed the conviction of the accused-appellants on the ground that the evidence adduced by the prosecution in this case is not reliable and suffers from infirmities.
As against that, Mr. Rana on behalf of the State has canvassed for the correctness of the view taken by •the High Court. It cannot be disputed that Parmeshwar Din deceased. was the
victim of a murderous assault. Dr. Jaitle, who perfof·med post .mortem examination on the dead body of Parmeshwar Din, found as many as 23 injuries on the body, out of which 18 were incised wounds. One of the incised wounds had resulted in cutting the occipital bone and another had resulted in cutting the frontal bone·
The incised injuries, in the opinion of the doctor, had been caused by some heavy sharp-edged weapon. The death of the deceased was due to shock .~n.d .haem0rrhage resulting from the head and
neck injuries. The 1n1unes were sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause <death. c c RAM PRASAD v. U.P. STATE (Khanna, /.) 653, According to 'the prosecution case, the injuries found on the body· of the deceased had been caused by the six accused, including the three appellants. The prosecution, in order to substantiate that alle- gation, examined Umrao (PW 1), Chandrika
(PW 2), Mohan (PW 3) and Sita Ram (PW 4) as eye witnesses of the occurrence· These witnesses supported the prosecution case as given above. The trial court, on consideration of the material on record, accepted the evidence of the four eye witnesses. On appeal the learned Judges of the High Court again examined that evidence and found the same to be convincing, Nothing cogent has been brought to our notice as may justify interference with the concurrent findings of the trial court and the High Court arrived at as a result of the appraisement of the evidence of the four eye witnesses.
It has been pointed out that the statement of Chandrika was recorded during the investigation of the case 25 days after the occur- rence, and as such, not much reliance can be placed upon the testi· mony of this witness.
In this respect we find that the evidence of Chandrika shows that on the morning of the day following the, occurrence, he went to Muzaffarpur in district Barabanki where his father-in-law was lying ill. The witness stayed in Muzaffarpur for about six days and thereafter returned to his village,
In the mean- while, Sub-Inspector Tiwari had gone back to the police station. The Sub- 1-spector subsequently called the witness and recorded his statement on April 25, 1967. Chandrika's name as an eye witness of the occurrence had been mentiou.ed in the first information report which was lodged within about three hours of the oocurrence. In the cir- cumstances, the delay in recording the police statement of Cha.ndrika by the investigating officer would not justify-rejection of Chandrika's testimony. In any case, we find that apart from the statement of Chandrika, the prosecution case is also supported by the evidence of other three eye witnesses.
So far as these witnesses are concerned, their statements were recorded by the investigating officer soon after he arrived at the place of occurrence. Argument has also been advanced on behalf of the
appellants that there is no mention in the first information report that injuries were caused to Parmeshwar Din deceased by the accused before the deceased was dragged inside the tarwaha, while, according to the evidence of the eye witnesses in court, the injl)ries to the deceased were caused by the accused both before he was dragged as welt as inside the tarwaha, Reference to the first information report shows that it is recited therein that the deceased was dragged and given banka blows by the accused. The omission to make an express men· tion in the first information report that banka blows were given to the deceased before he was dragged inside the tarwaha would not in the circumstances, in onr opinion, make much material
difference. ASsuming that banka blows were caused to the deceased inside the tarwaha, this fact would not exculpate any of the aocused. The accused at the time of the occurrence were armed with bankas, They dragged the deceased inside the tarwaha and gave banka blows to [ 1974] 1 s.c.R.
Jtim. It is plain that the injuries were caused to the deceased in prosecution of the common object of all the accused to cause the death of the deceased. The appellants, in t'ie circumstances, cannot
derive any benefit from the inability of the prosec_ution 'Witnesses ID .state as to which particular injury was caused by which of the accused. It has also been argued that the evidence of the eye witnesses is of partisan chatacter and, therefore, 'it is not safe to base the conviction of the accused upon that evidence. We find it difficult to accede to this contention beause the trial court and the
High Court while appraising the evidence of these witnesses, considered all the features of the case and came to the conclusion that the evidence of the wit- nesses was trustworthy and reliable.
We find no cogent ground to >take a different view. Considerable stress has been laid by Mr. Anthony upon the fact that, besides the four eye witnesses who have been examined in tllis tase, the occurrence, according to the first information report, had also been witnessed by Baddal, Shankar and Hubba. These persons were, however, not examined as \Vitnesses at the trial. It is also
pointed out that in addition to these persons, the occurrence was also witnessed by Sham Lal and Hubba (this Hubba is different frmR Hubba whose name was mentioned in the first information report), who also arrived at the scene of occurrence· Sham Lal and Hubba too were not examinec\ as witnesses. . The non-examination of these witnesses, in our opinion, would not introduce an infirmity fatal to the prosecutioa case. It is no doubt true that the prosecution is bound to produce witnesses who are essential to the unfolding of the nar· rative on which the prosecution is' based. Apart from that, it cannot be laid down as a rule that if a large number of persons are present at the time of the occurrence, the prosecution is bound to call and examine each and every one of those persons. The answer
to the question as to what is the effect of the non-examination of a particu- lar witness would de· ~nd upon the facts and circumstances of each case. In case enough number of witnesses have been examined with (egard to the actual occurrence and their evidence is reliable and
sufficient to base the conviction of ihe accused thereon, the prosecution may well decide to refrain from examining the either witnesses. Like- wise, if any of the witnesses is won over by the accused party and as such is not likely to state the truth, the prosecution would have a valid groun,d for not examining him in court.
The prosecution would not, however be justified in not examining a witness on the ground that his evidence even though not untrue would go in favour of the accused. It is as much the duty of prosecutor as of the court to ensure that full and material facts are brought on the record so that there may be no m;<carriage of justice. The discharge of such a duty cannot be affected bv the consideration that some of the facts if brou~ht on the record would be favourable to the accused. In
case the court finds that the prosecution has not examined witnesses c ·E RAM PB.ASAD v. U.P. STATE (Khanna,!.) for reasons not tenable or not proper, the court would be justified in drawing an inference adverse· to the prosecution.
So far as the present case is C<?ncerned, we find that the prosecu- tion has examined four eye witnesses of the occurrence and their evi- dence has been found by the trial court and the High Court t.o be reliable, convincing and sufficient to warrant the conviction of the
· accused. It has not been shown to us that the evidence of the persons who were not e>.amined as witnesses was essential for the unfolding of the narrative on which the prosecution was based. The present is not a case wherein the witnesses not examined could have given evidence on a point regarding which the witnesses actually examined were m>t in a positon to depose. We are, therefore, of the view that the failure of the prosecution to examine the persons mentioned above as witnesses. would not justify interference with the judgments of the High Court and the trial court·
The appeal fails and is dismissed. S.B.W. Appeal dismissed. 2- L392SupCI/74