c RAM RATAN alias RATAN AIDR AND OTHERS v. THE STATE OF BIHAR AND ANOTHER September 22, 1964 (A. K. SARKAll, K. N. WANCHOO AND RAGHUBAR DAYAL JI.) Cattle Trespass Act, (1 of 1871) s. !{}-Cattle
damaging crop- Seiture under statute-Seizure not justified-Whether amounts to theft -Owner whether can rescue cattle invoking right of private defence of property-Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860), ss. 97. 378. The appellanlS seized cattle from a field which they claimed to be in their possession. They were taking them to the cattle-pound, purport- ing to act under s. 10 of· the Cattle Trespass Act, 1871. The com- plainants to whom the cattle belonged tried to rescue them and in the fight that ensued several persons on both sides were
injured and one member of the complainant-party died. The Sessions Judge found that the cattle had been seized illegally as the field from which they had been taken belonged to the complainants. However he acquitted the appellants on the ground that they had the right of private defence of person against the complainants who wanted to rescue their cattle by force, having no right of private defence of property. The High Court, in appeal against the acquittal held that the complainants had a right of private defence of property and could rescue the cattle by force. On this finding it convict- ed the appellants who came to the Supreme Court by special leave. The main question for consideration was whether a person who seizes cattle illegally, purporting to act under s. 10 of the Cattle Trespass Act, 1871, commits offence of theft or robbery or not, for on that would depend which side had the right at private defence.
HELD : (i) When a· person seizes cattle on the ground that they were trespassing on his land and causing damage to his crop or produce and gives out that he was taking them to the pound, he commits no otfenee of theft however mistaken he may be about his light to that land or crop.
[305BJ. Queen v. Preonath Banerjee,· 5 W.R. 68 (Criminal), Wazuddin v. Rahimuddin, (1917) 18 Cr. L.J. 849, Abdul Khaliq v. Emperor, A.I.R. 1941 Lah. 221, Paryag Rai v. Arju Mian, I.L.R. 22 Cal. 139 and Queen Empress v. Sri Churan Chungo, I.L.R. 22 Cal. 1017, held inapplicable. Empress v. Ramjiawan, (1881) 1 All. W.N. 158 and Dayal v. Em- peror, A.I.R. 1943 Oudh 280, approved.
(ii) Mere seizure of cattle is not theft. For theft dishonest move- ment of cattle ,stolen is also necessary. The person who seizes cattle found to be damaging his crops and takes them to the pound does so in accordance with the specific direction given in s. 10 of the. Act His act being in accordance with the provisions of the Act cannot be considered, prima facie, to be dishonest. Nor can an intention to cause wrongful loss to the owner of the cattle or wrongful gain to himself be attributed to him unless bis avowed intention ,ofltaking the catile to the pound is found to be a cover for some other intention
which may be inferred from circum5tances. There is, in fact, no wrongful gain or wrongful loss to either party by the impounding of cattle. [303B-E; 304E·H). K. N. Mehra v. State of Rajasthan [1957] S.C.R. 623,
relied on. USupf.64-6 [1965] I S.C.R. (iii) The remedy of the owner of cattle seized under s. JO of the Act is to take action under s. 20 of the Ac!. He has no right to use force to rescue Lhe cattle so seized.
The complainants who \vent armed with sharp-edged weapans and lathis to rescue the cattle had no right of defence of their property against the appellants. [3058-C]. (iv) In the circumstances the appellant• who could reasonably ap· prehcnd that the complainants would cause lhem gre\'ious hurt for the
purpose of rescuing their cattle, had the right of private defence and II they committed no offence in cau>ing injuries ro the other party and the death of one of its members. [306F-GJ.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 29 of 1963. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated December 13, 1962, of the Patna High Court in Government
Appeal No. 24 of 1960. Nuruddin Ahmed, B. P. Singh and U. P. Singh, for the appellants. B. P. J ha, for respondent No. I. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Ragbubar Dayal J.
This appeal, by special leave, raises the question whether a person who seizes cattle illegally, purporting to act under s. I 0 of the Catt!~ Trespass Act, 1871, hereinafter called the Act, commits the offence of theft or robbery or n:». The question arises in this way.
On the morning of November 28, 1957, a number of cGltle belonging to several persons, including Shamnarain Singh, were observ~d by a number of persons, including Ramnandan Singh and Ram Rattan alias Ratan Ahir, grazing in a kurthl field about which there was a dispute between the authorities of th~ F Basic School and Shamnarain Singh each of them claiming the field.
Ramnandan Singh and others seized those cattle and proceeded lo take them 10 the pound at village Tilauthu. These persons were armed with sharp-edged weapons and /athis. The report of the seizure of the cattle reached Shamnarain Singh and other people in the village.
A number of people, variously armed, started from the village to rescue the cattle. They were joined by others on the way. This party, includiag Sllkhari Mahto, Dcocharan, Sheodutt, Hari Mahto and Ramdeo, caught up with the other party a short distance from the cattle pound and asked that party to release t11e cattle.
Altercation tooli: place between. the parties and then they fought together. According to the prosecution case, members of the appellants' RAM RATAN v. STATE (Raghubar Dayal J.) A party attacked Shamnarain Singh and his companions.
Accord- ing to the appellants it was the other party which attacked them. As a result of the fight five persons got injured on the side of Shamnarain Singh. Of them, Ramdeo got one gaping punctured
wound in the righ(thigh with a spear. He died as a resiilt of the injury received. Sukhari Mahto received 16 injuries includ- B ing 4 incised wounds. The other three injured persons received
ordinary injuries. Deocharan had an abrasion, Sheodutt Singh got a lacerated wound, a swelling and an abrasion and Harl Mahto had a lacerated wound. On the side of the appellants,
four persons got injured. Ramnandan Singh received 12 injuries, including 4 incised woupds and 3 punctured wounds. Ratan C Ahir got three injuries including 2 punctured wounds. Sheo-
rattan got 5 injuries including 2 punctured wounds. Rajkumar Singh got 2 injuries including one punctured wound. Reports were made at the police station on behalf of the two parties.
Harl Mahto lodged a report on behalf of the complainant- D party against 20 persons. Ratan Ahir lodged a report against 26 persons. The police, as a result of investigation, sent up 28
persons for trial. The Additional Sessions Judge, Arrah, acquit- ted all of them. He found that ( 1) Shamnarain Singh was in lawful possession of the kurthi field in question on the date of occurrence .and that the supposed claim thereto raised on behalf ·E
of the defence was not in good faith; (2) the cattle were seized in the presence of the charwahas in spite of their protest; ( 3) even though the seizure of the cattle from the kurthi field by the accused party in these circumstances was an unlawful act, the conduct of the complainant-party, who were fully armed, in following them in order to release the cattle, was not justified F as it showed ll determination on their part to get their cattle released by use of force and that therefore there did not exist any right on the part of the owners of the cattle to the extent of securing the release of their cattle from the hands -0f those who had seized them earlier by use of force; ( 4) there was strong probabiliey in favour of the view that it was the prosecution-party G which created the crisis and took the aggressiot\' to initiate the assault and that the prosecution narration as to the manner in which the assault commenced at the scene of occurrence where the assault took place, did not commend itself to him and that part of the prosecution story appeared to suffer from material H suppression, and that, in these circumstances, the accused party had the reasonable apprehension of suffering grievous hurt or death at the hands of the prosecution party and they were justified in the exercise of their right of private defence of their bodies in (1965] l S.C.R.
causing such injuries to the men on the prosecution side as might cause death, the death so caused being justifiable homicide. The State of Bihar appealed against the acquittal of the 28 accused.
The High Coun allowed the appeal against 13 res- pondents and convicted Ratan Ahir under s. 302 I.P.C. and the others under s. 326 read with s. 149 I.P.C. and of some other offences.
It may be mentioned that one of the respondents had died and 14 others were acquitted. The High Court agreed with the Sessions Judge that the plot in suit was in the possession of Shamnarnin Singh and that the seizure of the
cattle by the accused-party was illegal. The learned Judges, however, were of opinion that the Sessions Judge had taken a wrong view of the Jaw in thinking that the members of the prosecution party were not entitled to rescue the cattle by means of force only because the respondents had succeeded in taking away the cattle for some distance. Thcv hckl that once the seizure of cattle was found to be illegal, members of the accused party were in the position of thieves-rather dacoits-when they had seized the cattle by show of force to the cowherd boys, and that therefore the members of the prosecution party had the right of private defence of property and could recover their cattle by use of force, subject to the limitation that force in excess of what was necessary be not used. It also found that the prosecution party, in their attempt to rescue the cattle. had been violently attacked by the party of the accused. The learned Judges probably did not agree with the view of the Sessions Judge that the attack was opened by the prosecution party as there was no material in support of the view on the record, but held that even the opening of the attack by the prosecution party would not give any justification to the defence party for it was bound to defend itself in the act of rescuing the cattle. To consider the question of law raised in this appeal, we
accept the findings of the High Court to the effect that the plot in suit was in the possession of Shamnarain Singh, that the appellants and others seized the cattle grazing in that plot alleg- mg that they were damaging their crops and that they would take them to the pound, that Shamnarain Singh and others anned, went to rescue the cattle and on meeting the accused party asked them to release the cattle and that arter some altercation the
accused party opened the attack. It is no: disputed-and it has been alleged from the very beginning in the reports lodged by both the parties-that the appellants and others had seized the cattle alleging that they RAM KATAN v. STATE (Raghubar Dayal J.)
A were damaging their crops. It follows that they putported to seize the cattle in pursuance of the provisions of s. 10 of the Act.- In view of the finding that the plot was in possession of
Shamnarain Singh and that he had raised the crop, such seizure was illegal. It is thus that the question arises whether by so seizing the cattle the appellants committed the offence of theft. lit is necessary to determine this point as it is only when the appellants and others had committed the offence of theft in so seizing the cattle that any right of private defence of property arises in favour of Shamnarain Singh and his party who went to rescue the cattle. If the act of the appellants and _others did not amount to theft, they committed no offence and therefore no c right of private defence of property arose in favour of Sham- narain Singh and others as such a right arises against the commission of an "offence" as defined in s. 40 l.P.C. i.e., an act which amounts to a thing made punishable by the Code. It may be mentioned that no other offence is alleged to have been committed by the appellants and others which would have given D the right of private defence of property to Shamnarain Singh and others.
To determine the question raised, it is desirable to refer to the provisions of the Act ·in order to find what actions of the appellants would be in accordance with its· provisions, what would be against them and to what they would be liable if they acted against such provisions.
Section 10 authorizes certain per- sons having interest in the crops grown on any land to seize or cause to be seized cattle trespassing on it and doing damage there- to or to ~y crop or produce thereon. It requires them to send the cattle so seized, within 24 hours, to the pound established for F the village in which the land is situate. It further provides that all officers of police shall, when required, aid in preventing resist- ance to such seizures and rescues from persons making such seizures.
Secion 11 authorises certain persons to seize cattle which G damase public roads, canals, embankments and other thin~ mentioned in that section. Section 12 provides for the levy of
fine for every head of cattle impounded. ff Chapter V deals with complaints of illegal seizure or detention, and has four sections, ss. 20 to 23. Section 20 reads: Power to make complaints. Any person whose cattle
have been se\zed under this Act, or, having been so [1965] I S.C.ll. seized, have been detained in contravention of this Act, may, at any time within ten days from the date of the
seizurs, make a complaint to the Magistrate of the District or any Magistrate authorized to receive and try charges without reference by the Magistrate of the district." Section 21 deals with the procedure on such complaint and s. 22 reads:
"Compensation for illegal seizure or detention. If the seizure or detention be adjudged illegal, the Magistrate sha:ll award to the complainant, for the loss caused by the seizure or detention, reasonable compensation, not
exceeding one hundred rupees, to be paid, by the person who made the seizure or detained the cattle, together with all fines paid and eii:penses inclJrfed by the complainant in procuring the release of the cattle.
Release of cattle. And, if the cattle have not been released, the Magistrate shall, besides awarding such compensation, order their release, and direct that the fines and expenses leviable under this Act shall be paid
by the person who made the seizure or detained the cattle." c Section 23 provides that the compensation and expenses men- tioned in s. 22 may be recovered as if they were fines imposed by the Magistrate.
Section 24 provides penalty for forcibly opposing the seizure of. cattle liable to be seized under the Act or for rescuing such cattle after seizure, either from a. pound or from any person taking or about to take them to a pound.
The punishment on conviction is not to exceed six months' imprisonment or a· fine of five hundred rupees . . The Act does not make the illegal seizure of cattle punishable as 31J offence.
The person seizing cattle illegally is made liable to pay compensation for the loss caused to the owner of the cattle on account of the illegal seizure of cattle or of detaining the cattle in contravention of the Act.
He is also liable to pay the fines and expenses paid in procuring release of the cattle. 1be expression "under this Act" in s. 20 does not mean "in accord- a11Ce- with the provisions of the Ace' but means "purporting to be H in accordance with the provisions of the Act" as "seizure" under the Act i.e., "seizure ib iu;cordauce with the prcwisious of the RAM RA TAN v. STATE (Raghubar Dayal J.)
Act" could never be illegal, and s. 20 deals with complaints cif illegal seizure or detention. The expr~ion used in s. 24 is different and makes the forcible opposition of the seizure of cattle punishable when the cattle sei7.ed were liable to be seized under the Act. If the cattle were not liable to be seized, forcible oppo- sition to their seizure would not be punishable under s. 24. Section 25 of the Act provides a mode for the recovery of
penalty for mischief committed by causing cattle to trespass. It thus takes notice of the offence under the Penal Code committed by the person who causes cattle to trespass on other's land, and provides that any fine imposed for the commission of that offence c
can be recovered by sale of all or any of the cattle by which tres- pass was committed, whether those cattle were seized in the act of trespassing or not and whether they were the property of the person con~cted of the olfence or were only in his charge when the trespass was committed.
Section 26,- inter alia, provides for penalty for damage caused D by pigs through neglect or otherwise to crops etc., or public roads or damage by cattle generally if the State Government so notifies. Section 29 expressly provides that nothing in the Act prohibits any person whose crops or other produce of land have been
damaged by trespass of cattle from suing for compensation in any competent Court, and s. 30 provides that any compensation paid to such person under the Act by order of the convicting Magistrate shall be set off and deducted from any sum claimed by or awarded to him as compensation in such suit.
There is no provision in the Act for the award of compensation to the person whose crops or other produce of land had been damaged by tres,Pass of cattle. Section 30, therefore, appears to refer to
the award of compensation to such person under s. 545 Cr. P.C. by the Magistrate convicting the person, whose cattle had caused damage, of the offence of mischief under the Penal Code or of the offences under ss. 24 and 26 of the Act.
The Act has not any provision, comparable to the provisions of ss. 29 and 30, stating that a person _whose cattle had been illegally seized or detained may sue for compensation in a com- petent Court and that compensation awarded by the MagiStrate under s. 22 of the Act be deducted from any sum awarded to him in such proceedings.
The Act does not make the illegal u seizure or detention of cattle an offence. It appears that the legislature intended that the provisions of Chapter V of the Act would deal comprehensively with the
I 1965] I S.C.R. case of illegal seizures or detentions of cattle and that the remedy available to a person whose cattle had been so seized or detained would be the one provided by s. 22 of the Act and no other and that illegal seizure or detention of cattle would amount to no offence under the Penal Code.
There appears to be good reason for this as the object of the Act was the protection of crops and other produce of land from the damage by cattle trespassing on the land and of the cultivators and occupiers of land from conse- quent loss and injury.
The Cattle Trespass Act of I 87 I was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to trespass by cattle. The first Cattle Trespass Act was Act III of 1857 and its preamble reads: "Whereas loss and injury are suffered by cultivators
and occupiers of land from damage done to crops and other produce of land by the trespass of cattle; and whereas damage is done to the sides and slopes of public roads and embankments by cattle trespassing
thereon; and whereas it is expedient to authorize the seizure and detention of cattle doing damage as afore- said and also to make provision for the disposal of cattle found straying in any public place : It is enacted as
follows:" c s~ction II of the 1857 Act empowered the cultivator or occupier of any land to sci7.e or cause to be seized ;iny cattle trespassing on his land and doing damage to any crop or produce thereon. Section 10 of the Act gave such right to other persons as well. It did not however give the right to seize cattle damaging the crops to everyone who might notice the cattle damaging
the crops. Though the power to seize cattle trespassing on a person's land was given only when the cattle were damaging the land or the crop thc~con, it should have been considered a difficult matte!' for the person authorized to seize cattle to determine first whether the cattle bad caused damage tp his land or crop and thereafter to seize them.
The person so authorized would instinctively first seize the cattle on his land presuming that they must have damaged the crop or the land and that any further presence of the cattle in the field without their being seized would lead to further damage. Further, s. I 0 of the Act directs all officers of police, when required to do so, to aid in preventing resistance to such seizures and rescues from persons making such seizures.
The person seizing the cattle Is thus given police protection. The police officers required to aid would not, in the circumstances, be RAM RATAN v. STATE (Raghubar Dayal/.) determining, before rendering aid, whether the seizure of cattle was legal or not.
They have to prevent resistance to seizures and rescue of cattle from persons making seizures if they are called upon by the persons seizing the cattle to prevent resistance to the seizure or the rescue. · This
emphasizes the view that seizures of cattle whether legal or illegal are protected from interference. The remedy of the person whose cattle are illegally seized is contained in the provisions of Chapter V. In view of these realistic considerations, the person happen- ing to seize the caule which had not actually caused damage was considered to be acting under the Act as ewressed in s. 20, so that no action not authorized by the Act be taken against him for conduct which be not strictly leg a I.
At the same time the interest of the person whose cattle are seized even when they had not caused damage to the crop had to be protected. It was also bound to happen at times that persons not authorized to seize cattle in the exercise of thei;-
hrger duty to the people whose crops were being damaged, may be inclined to take action against the cattle they might notice damaging the crops. Such persons would be actuated by good intentions, but actually they would not be acting in accordance with the pro- visions of the Ac_t and might be liable for damages in civil courts or possibly also criminally if the seizure of cattle could amount to an offence under the Penal Code or any other law. It was on a balancing of ~
interest of the persons purporting to seize the cattle to protect crops and the interest of the owners of the cattle that these provisions of Chapter V seem to have been made. In view of these considerations, we are of opinion that the provJsions of Chapter V comprehensively deal with the cases of such seizure of cattle which had been seized in the exercise of the power conferred by the Act <,>r in furtherance of its objects though not in full accordance with the provisions of the Act. In view of these considerations based on the provisions of the Act it does not appear that illegal seizure of cattle by persons purporting to act in accordance with the provisions of the Act could be an offence of theft under the Penal Code.
We arrive at the same conclusion by a scrutiny of the provisions of the Penal Code. We may now CO!lSider what acts constitute the offence of theft tinder the Penal Code. 'Theft' is defined in s. 378 thus:
"Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person [I 965] I S.C.R. without that person's consent, ·moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft."
This Court had occasion to consider at length what commission of theft consists of, in K. N. Mehra v. The State of Rajasthan('). It said at p. 630: "Commission of theft, therefore, consists in ( 1)
a moving a movable property of a person out of his possession without his consent, (2) the moving being in order to the. taking of the property with a dishonest inten- tion. Thus, ( 1) the absence of the person's consent at the time of moving, and (2) the presence of dishonest inten-
tion in so teking and at the time, are the essential ingredients of the offence of theft." At p. 631 it said: "It is rightly pointed out that since the definition of theft requires that the moving of the property is to be
in order to such taking, 'such' meaning 'intending to take dishonestly' the very moving out must be with the dishonest intention." After stating the provisions of ss. 23 and 24 of the Indian Pena 1 Code, this Court said:
"Taking these two definitions together, a person can be said to have dishonest intention if in taking the pro- perty it is his intention to cause gain, by unlawful means, of the property to which the person so gaining is not
legally entitled or to cause l~, by wrongful means, of property to which the person so losing is legally entitled. It is further clear from the definition that the gain or loss contemplated need not be a total acquisition or a total
deprivation but it is enough if it is a tempor- ary retention of property by the person wrongfully gaining or a temporary 'keeping out' of property from the person legally entitled. This is clearly brought out
in illustration (I) to s. 378 of the Indian Penal Code …. " The Court did not express an opinion with respect to the sub. mission that the Penal Code makes a distinction between intention to cause a particular result and knowledge
or flkelihood of causing a particular result and that the maxim that every person must be taken to intend the natural consequence of his act is a ell (19S7J s.c.R. 623. RAM RATAN v. STATE (Raghubar Dayal J.)
:103 A legal fiction which is not recognized for penal consequences in the Indian Penal Code. Till the property is moved, no offence of theft can be com- mitted even if the a!Ieged offender had intended to take dis- honestly th~_property out of the possession of any other person B without his consent. Mere seizure of cattle found trespassing on land does not amount· to mdving the cattle.
The act of moving the cattle would be subsequent to seizing them. It follows therefore that the seizure of cattle, .though illegal, cannot amoun1 to llie offence of theft. c It is after the seizure of cattle that the person seizing them moves them in order to take them to the pound.
This act of taking them to the pound is what he is directed to do by the Act, Section 10 specifically directs so. Of course, the direction is in regard to the cattle seized for damaging the land or crop, but the same direction will be deemed to be operative when the D cattle are seized in the purported exercise of the right to seize them under s. 10 of the' Act, specia!Iy when s. 20 speaks of such seizure as being under the Act.
An act done in accordance with the provisions of the Act cannot be considered, prima facie, to be a dishonest act, and would not justify the conclusion. that the taking of the cattle to the pound amounted to the offence of theft.
A person is said to do a thing dishonestly when .he does any- thing with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person. In the case of illegal seizures and impounding of cattle, the person seizing the cattle d0es not F gain anything.
He simply takes the cattle to the pound. He does not use them for his purpose. He, in fact, exercises no greater dominion over those cattle than that of being in their custody on their journey to the µound. It is said that it causes wrongful loss to the owner of the cattle inasmuch as he keeps the owner out of possession of the cattle as he was wrongfully deprived G of the property for the time being, it being not necessary that the deprivation of property be of a permanent character. We do not think that in such circumstances, the owner of the cattle can be said to be deprived of his property.
The person seizing the cattle can act in either of these three ways. He can keep them himself. This may, in certain circumstances, make him H guilty of theft. He can let them loose after taking them out of
the field. This action will not remove the danger of the cattle trespassing again on the land. He can take them to the pound. SlJPRB1E C01JRT REPORTS (1965) I S.C.R. In so doing he not only acts as directed by the Act but also in •h; interests of both himself and the owner of the cattle.
He avoid,; 1 hc risk or fu'1her harm to himself and protects the interest of the O\\'ncr by having the cattle in safe custody and keeping them irom doing any further damage to anyone's land or crop.
The owner can get back the cattle from the pound on payment of the fine and expenses in accordance with the provisions of s. 15 of the Act. Whatever he would have to pay for getting the cattle
released, he can reimburse himself hy suitahlc action under s. 20 of the Act, as the Magistrate dealing with his complaint is empowered under s. 22, to order the payment of fines and ex- penses paid by him in addition to the compensation for any loss that he 54.\ffers.
The owner of the cattle illegally seized is thus not only reimbursed for the fine and expenses which he paid but also for llny loss that he has suffered on account of nlegal seizure. This means that in the ultimate analysis the owner of the cattle, seized illegally, suffers no loss and that therefore the act of
illegal seizure of cattle does not cause any wrongful loss to the owner of the cattle. ll ·follows that the person seizing cattle purporting to act under the provisions of the Act does not cause any wrongful loss to the owner of the cattle.
Even if it be assumed that some sort of loss which is wrong- ful in nature is caused to the owner of the cattle by illegal seizure and impounding them, the question arises whether the person seizing the cattle illegally from a field with the avowed ohkct of tal:ing them to the pound on the ground that it W'1:, damaging the field or the crop can be imputed the intention to take the cattle dishonestly.
The effect of his seizing the cattle illegally may be assumed to cause wrongful loss to the owner of the cattle, but did he so intend? We are of opinion that he did not so intend.
His intention at the time, though based on his wrong notions that he was entitled to seize the cattle, was to take them to the pound as required by the Act so that no further damage be done to the land or property.
It is true that intention is mostly gathered from the consequences of the act committed hv the accused but that is so because it is not often that the inten- tion with which an act is committed can be definitely known from any previous fact.
When a person does a certain act by openly expressing his intention in committing the act there seems no reason why his intention should be gathered by the conse- quence> of his act except in those cases where it is found that lhc avowed intention was a mere cloak for some other real
c RAM RATAN v. STATE (Raghubar Dayal!.) A intention which is then to be determined in the same way as it is determined in cases of non-expressed intention. In view of the various considerations mentioned above, we
are of opinion that when a person seizes cattle on the ground that they were trespassing on his land and causing damage to his crop B or produce and gives out that he was taking them to the pound. he commits no offence of theft however mistaken he may be
about his right to that land or crop. The remedy of the owner of the cattle so seized is to take action under: s. 20 of the Act. He has no right to use force to rescue the cattle so seized.
c We may now briefly consider the cases referred to in support of the contention that illegal seizure of cattle amounts to theft. These cases were not of the seizure and impounding of cattle in the purported exercise of the powers under s. 10 of the Act. -They are: Queen v. Preonath Banerjee('); Wazuddi v. Rahimuddi(2 ); Abdul Khaliq v. Emperor( 3 ); Paryaf? Rai v. Arju Mian('): D Queen Empress v. Sri Churn Chungo('). In these cases seizure of cattle was not made even ostensibly on account of their causing damage to any land or crop.
They were seized and taken away by persons in order to get their claims against the owners satisfied or in order to cause them loss otherwise. Such seizures of cattle was rightly held to amount to 'theft'.
On the other hand there are cases which held that no offence is committed by a person seizing cattle illegally. In· Empress v. Ram;iawan( 6 ) it was held that illegal seizure of cattle under the Act was not an offence of mischief under the Penal Code and that the> remedy of the owner of the cattle was to be found in F the provisions of ss. 20, 21 and 22.
In Dayal v. Emperor(') persons who had seized cattle from a pound and impounded them in retaliation of the action of the owners of the cattle in justifiably impounding their cattle a day earlier, were held not to have committed the offence of mischief G .under s. 425 I.P.C. inasmuch as 'driving the cattle to the pound did not in any way lead· to the diminution in the utility or value of the cattle and not to have committed the offence of theft as no wrongful loss was caused to the owners of cattle even though thev would have had to incur expenses in order to get them releas~d. 11) S W.R. 68 (Criminal).
(2) (1917) 18 Cr!. L.J. 849. (3) A.LR. 1941 Lah. 221. (4) I.LR. 22 Cal. 139. (5) I.LR. 22 Cal. !017. (6) [1881] I All. W.N. 158. (7) A.l.R. 1943 Oudh. 280. [1965] I S.C.R. We theref~re hold that in the
circumstances of this case, . Rattan and others, appellants, who had seized the cattle from the disputed field. committed no offence of theft even if they had no right to that field and that therefore Shamnarain Singh and others who went armed with sharp-edged weapons and lathis to rescue the cattle had no right of defence of their property, against Rattan ·and others.
The learned Sessions Judge was inclined to the view that Shamnarain Singh's party was the aggressor. · The view cannot be said to be unreasonable even though the prosecution witnesses did not actually state so. The circumstances of the case, how- ever, indicate that norinally Shamnarain Singh's party would c . have been the aggressors. It is they who were aggrieved at the conduct of Rattan and others and deliberately followed those persons in order to rescue their cattle and therefore would have, in that state of temper; started the attack.
The fact that four persons in Rattan's party received more injuries than five persons in Shamnarain's party and the number of serious injuries was also larger on their side support this view. These four persons received 8 punctured wounds and 4 incised woundS out of the total of 26 injuries on them all. The five persons on Shamnarain's side received 22 injuries which included only one punctured wound, the oiily one on Ramdeo deceased, and 4 incised wounds on Sukhari Mahto.
.D · Even if Shamnarain Singh's party were not the aggressors and the attack was started by the party of Rattan, as appears to be the view of the High Court, that would not give any right of private defence of person to Shamnarain's party as Rattan and others could have apprehended, in the circumstances, that Sham- narain's party was not peacefully inclined and would use force against them in order to rescue the cattle and that the force likely to be used could cause grievous hurt. We are of opinion. that Rattan and others, appellants, committed. no offence in causing injuries to persons in Shamnarain's party and in causing the death of Ramdeo who was in that party.
We accordingly allow the appeal, set aside the conviction of Rattan Ahir under s. 302 · I.P.C. and of others under s. 326 I.P.C. and also their conviction of the other offences they were, convicted of. They will
be released forthwith frcim custody. · Appeal alloweli.