March 16 [1964} RAM SHARAN v. THE DEPUTY INSPECTOR GENERAL OF POLICE. AJMER RANGE AND OTHERS [P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, C.J., K. N. WANCHOO, J. c. SHAH. N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR AND S. M. S!KRI, JJ.J
Police Act, 1861 (Act 5 of 1861) s. 2-Rajasthan P&lice- Divisic:;:i of State into range1'-Promotions rangewise-If deny- ing equality before law or equality in matters of public em- ployment-Constitution of India, Arts. 14 and 16.
The system prevailing in the State of Rajasthan for the purpose of promotion of head•constable to the post of Sub- Inspectors of Police was challenged as violative of Arts. 14 and 16(1) of the Constitution. The petitioner, who was promoted to the rrnk of Sub-Inspector of Police from the rank of head constable, was reverted when a permanent Sub-Inspector re- turned to the range as he was the junior most approved head- constable in that range, though in other ranges of the State there were many approved head-constables who were junior
/to him but they continued to officiate as Sub-Inspectors. The petitioners grievance was that if the whole State had been treated as one unit for purpose of promotion to and reversion from the rank of Sub-Inspectors, the petitioner would not have been reverted. He conl'imded, inter alia, that the whole police force being one, the practice of promotion of -head-constables to officiate as Sub-Inspectors rangewise amounted to denial of equal opportunity before the law and was hit by Arts. 14 and 16 of the Constitution; and that the practice of confining pro- motions and reversions to officers serving at a particular point of time in one particular range and at the same time making inter-range transfers freely and frequently and as a: matter of official routine was bound to produce S€rious in- equalities in promotions and reversions and also very hapha- zard changes in seniority amongst the officers inter se.
Held: (i) The system of giving promotions as evolved in the State cannot be struck down as denying equality before the law or denying equality in the matter of employment in public service, on the ground that the police force being
deemed one for the whole State, promotion throughout from constable upw£rds should be on the bas!s of the whole State or simply on the ground of possible cases of hardship. The sys- tem has been evolved for the efficiency of the police in the State as \vell as for administrative convenience.
(ii) If there is wholesale abuse of the power of transfer by the Inspector-General of Police, (for he alone can transfer Sub-Inspectors from one range to another), a case of glaring denial of equality before the law or glaring denial of equal opportunity for employment in the serviee of the State may arise. But a system like this cannot be struck down on the ground that it may be abused. In case of abu~ in this whole- sale manner a case may arise for striking down the abuse and not the system.
(iii) In the face of Government Order of March 1955. directing not to ordinarily transfer officers drawing less than 7 S.C.R. Rs. 250/- p.m. outside their home district, it cannot be accept- ed t~at free and frequent transfers are made as a matter of routme by the Inspector-General of Police in violation thereof Ram Sharaa
Further the material that has been placed on the record by the petitioner is insufficient to come to the conclusion that along TGM. IJ.puty 1"'11"""' · WI.th th" t f t• h eneml of Po"''
is sys em o promo ion, t ere 1s also a prac1ce of free .Aj .d and frequent transfers in Rajasthan as a matter of routine of me'ot,::;:• a Sub-Inspectors from one range to another.
. ~RIGINAL JURISDICTION-Writ Petition No. 175 of 1963. Pet1t10n under Art. 32 of the Constitution of India for the enforcement of fundamental rights. B. D. Sharma, for the petitioner.
S. V. Gupte, Additional Solicitor-General, G. C. Kasli- wal, Advocate-General, State of Rajasthan and B. R. G. K. Achar, for the respondents. March 16, 1964. The judgment of the Court was de-
livered by W ANCHOO, J .-This petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution challenges the system prevailing in the State of Rajasthan for the purpose of promotion of head-constables
to the post of Sub-Inspectors of Police as violative of Arts. 14 and 16(1) of the Constitution. The petitioner was a head- constable in the former State of Ajmer and was duly includ- ed in the approved list of head-constables to be promoted
to the rank of Sub-Inspectors of Police in 1955 and was appointed on July 14, 1956 as officiating Sub-Inspector of Police. On November 1, 1956, the former State of Ajmer merged in the State of Rajasthan under the States Reorgani- sation Act. The petitioner was absorbed in the police service of the State of Rajasthan and a fresh order posting him as officiating Sub-Inspector in Rajasthan was passed on Novem- ber 1, 1956. According to the petitioner, the practice of
Police administration in Rajasthan is that the whole police force of the State is generally under the administrative con- trol of the Inspector General of Police. who is assisted by six Deputy Inspectors General of Police, each Deputy
Inspector General of Police being in-<:harge or administration in one of the six ranges into which the whole State has been divided for administrative convenience. The petitioner how- ever contends that though the State of Rajasthan is divided into six ranges, the Sub-Inspectors in different ranges be- long to one cadre and one service and are governed by the
same rules and regulations and the same conditions of ser- vice as regards pay, leave, pension, promotion, disciplinary action etc. The Sub-Inspectors of Police are also transferable from one range to another. It is usual for the Inspector Gene- ral of Police to pass )orders of transfer from one range to another of three or four Sub-Inspectors every day on an
Wanchoo, J • [1964] average and thus the Sub-Inspectors in the different ranges s.m Sharan are similarly situated and similarly circumstanced in all res- v. pects. The same is the case with head-constables serving in P0h• Dopu1 ·~ lp"'1J'd0' different ranges of the State. The petitioner further contends '"''"
ofice, h h h h 1. f Ajmer Ra11f1• arui t at even t oug t e po ice orce 1s one for the entire State Othera in view of s. 2 of the Police Act, No. 5 of 1861, (hereinafter wanrkoo J.
referred to as the Act) a practice grew up. in the State of Rajasthan of treating the members of police force serving at a particular point of time in each range as a separate and distinct unit for purposes of making promotions and rever- sions. In consequences of this practice, if a vacancy in the cadre of Sub-Inspectors of Police arose in one range, only the seniormost head-constables in that range were consider- ed for promotion to that vacancy, even though there might
be more senior head-constables in other ranges who had also been approved for promotion. These head-constables of other ranges were not considered and promotion was made on the basis of the head-constables in the particular range where the vacancy occurred. Similar was the case where re- version had to be made on account of exigency of public
service. In view of this practice, the petitioner was reverted in April 1957 when a permanent Sub Inspector returned to the range as he was the juniormost approved head-constable in the Ajmer range, though in other ranges there were many approved head-constables who were junior to "him but they
continued to officiate as Sub-Inspeetors. The petitioner's grievance is that if the whole State had been treated as one unit for purposes of promotion to and reversion from the rank of Sub-Inspectors, the petitioner would not have been reverted. He contends that the whole police force being one, the practice of promotion of head-constables to officiate as Sub-Inspector rangewise amounts to denial of equal opportu- nity before the law and is hit by Arts. 14 and 16 of tlie Con- stitution. It is contended that the practice of confining pro- motions and reversions to officers serving at a particular point of time in one particular range (i.e. where the vacancy or the surplusage of posts actually occurred) and at the same time making inter-range transfers freely and frequently and as a matter of official routine is bound to produce serious inequalities in promotions and reversions and also very
haphazard changes in seniority amongst the officers inter se. The practice according to the petitioner allowing free trans- fers produces results which are violative of the equal protec- tion of law and of equal opportunity to public servants in the matter of employment and thus violates Arts. 14 and 16 of the Constitution.
The petition has been opposed on behalf of the State and the system of promotion within the range is justified on 7 S.C.R. SUPREl\IE COURT REPORTS the basis of the administrative organisation of the police force in the State and efficiency of administration for police Ram Sharan
purposes. The organisation of the police force in the State v. h h h 1 f d 1 £The D-:puty nspeclor 1s t at t e w o e orce IS un er an nspector enera o Gener<U of Police, Police; but for administrative efficiency the entire area of Ajmer Range and the State is divided into four ranges each under one Deputy Othtrs
Inspector General of Police. Besides these four ranges there Wan<hoo, J. are two other units of the force which are separate adminis- trative units, each under the charge of a Deputy Inspector General of Police, though they are not ranges. These two
units are (!) Criminal Intelligence Department and Intelli- gence Branch, and (2) Railway and Crime Branch. Under the four ranges are the various district organisations of police under Superintendents of Police. The initial recruitment to the police force is made within a district in the rank of con- stable. These constables are posted in their respective dis- tricts after training. This is done with a view to administra- tive efficiency. as such constables are well acquainted with the conditions, topography, fairs, festivals and customs of their districts. From these constables approved lists are pre- pared for promotion to head-constable and these lists are
prepare:! districtwise by the Superintendent of Police, who has the power to promote a constable to a head-constable within his district Once a constable has been confirmed as a hea~·c0r.stablc, his further promotion as a Sub-Inspector is by the Deputy Inspector General of Police. For this pur- p;:ise, all the head-constables in the range consisting of a number of districts of which the Deputy Inspector General
of Police is the administrative head are considered as one groap for prnmotion to the rank of Sub-Inspectors. Conse- quently the Deputy Inspector General of Police prepares an approvd list of head-constables on the basis of seniority- cum-merit. Whenever a vacancy occurs in the range, the
Deputy Inspector General of Police concerned makes pro- motion from this approved list according to seniority and if reversion is to take place it is the juniormost head-con- stable officiating as a Sub-Inspector who reverts. The Inspec- tor General of Police only keeps a list of confirmed Sub-
Inspectors as he is the officer who has the power to promote Sub-Inspecto:s to the. rank of Inspectors. Thus, according to the State, this th~ee tier system has always been prevalent in the State; promot10n from constable to head-constable is made by t~e Superin~ndent of Police and is confined to the
d1stnct, promot10n from head-constable to Sub-Inspector is made by the Deputy Inspector General of Police·. and is co~fined to the range, or, as the case may be, within the two umts already referred to, and finally promotion from the
rank of Sub-Inspector to the rank of Inspector is on a State-wise basis made by the Inspector .General of Police [1964] l964 The case of the State is that this system, has been evolved Ram Sharan
for administrative efficiency and there is in the circumstances v. no inequality before the law and no denial of equality in the The Deputy Inspector f f b f h f f h' General of Police, matter ? emp oyment o mem ers o t e po ice orce o t is Ajmer Range and descnpt10n. It 1s also contended on behalf of the State that Othm
this system, is necessary not only in the interest of good ad- Wanchoo, J. ministration but also in the interest of efficiency as there are about 20,000 constables, 3,000 head-constables and 1,000
Sub-Inspectors of Police in the whole of the State. It is there- fore an extremely difficult job for the Inspector General of Police to order promotion of a constable to the rank of head- constable, and thereafter promote a head-constable to the
rank of Sub-Inspector. Apart from that, it is averred that officers on the spot, like the Superintendent of Police who promotes a constable to the rank of head-constable within his district and the Deputy Inspector General of Police who promotes a head-constable to the rank of a Sub-Inspector
within his range, or within the two units, know the staff and that is why the rules hav~ provided that promotions would be made either by the Superintendent of Police or the Deputy Inspector General of Police, as the case may be It is not denied that sometimes on account of adminis-
trative reasons or exigencies of service, transfers are made from onL district to another or from one range to another; but it is urged that these are rare. The State has emphatically denied the statement of the petitioner that three or four Sub- Inspectors on an average are transferred everyday from one range to another. It is said that the policy of the Govern- ment is that transfers of subordinate staff even from one
district to another should be rare. In that connection, the State has referred to the Government Order issued to all Heads of Department in March 1955 in which it was said that it had come to the notice of the Government that offi- cers were generally transferred outside their home districts, and sometimes even outside their divisions, thereby causing great hardship to the low paid employees. The Government
had therefore decided to order that all officers drawing less than Rs. 250/- p.m. may not ordinarily be transferred out- side their home districts, and if the transfer is unavoidable it should, as far as possible, be confined to the division. It may be mentioned that the revenue division would ordinarily be of the same extent as a police range, though not neces- sarily so. The State therefore contends that transfers of
'subordinate staff are not freely made as alleged by the peti- tioner from one district to another or from one. range to another and therefore the system of promotion of head-con- stables ~angewise does not ordinarily result in any hardship due to promotion being confined from head-constables to
7 S.C.R. Sub-Inspectors within the range and does not result in any inequality before the law or the denial of equal opportunity Ram Shara• in the matter of employment in the service of the State.
v. The Deputy Jmpedot General of Pc1ict, It is true that under s. 2 of the Police Act, the entire Ajmer Range and police establishment under a State Government is for the Other• purposes of the Act, deemed to be one police force, and
Wanchoo, J, pay and all other conditions. of service of members of. the subordinate ranks of any pohce force have to be detemuned by the State Government. Even so, the Act envisages the
organisation of police administration under the Inspector General of Police by creation of ranges under Deputy Inspec- tors General of Police and districts under District Superin- tendents of Police. Such organisation is obviously necessary for the efficient functioning of the police force and that is why in practically all the States we find that the administra- tion of the police force, though under one Inspector General of Police, is further sub-divided into ranges under Deputy Inspectors General of Police and districts under Superinten- dents of Police. Further it cannot be denied that local know- ledge is generally speaking conducive to administrative effi- ciency in the police force and that is the reason for recruit- ing constables on districtwise basis and providing for their promotion as head-constables also on districtwise basis by the Superintendent of Police who is expected to know their
work. The same idea is apparent in the second tier of the system by which head-constables in a range consisting of a number of districts are treated as one for promotion to the rank of Sub-Inspectbr which is vested in the Deputy Inspec- tor General of Police. By providing promotion within the
range, the area is a little widened as compared to a district: Even so, the advantage of local knowledge is still available when such selections are made on a rangewise basis. It is
only when we reach third tier and come to promotion of Sub-Inspectors of Police as Inspectors of Police that local knowledge is not insisted upon so much as the work of Inspectors of Police and those above them is more of a
supervisory nature. On the other hand so far as the work of a constable, head-constable and Sub-Inspector is concerned they deal with the public directly and in such a situatio; local kno"".ledge ·certainly plays an important part in the mat- ter of efficiency of these ranks of the police force. If the State has evolved the three tier system of giving promotion from constables to head-constables, from head-constables to Sub- Inspe~tors a~d from Sub-Il)sl?ectors to Inspectors, which is done 11) the mter~st of ad~11)1strative efficiency of the police force, 1t cannot m our opm1on be said that such a system
sh?uld be. strnck down on the ground that the police force bemg deemed one for the whole State, promotion throughout [1964] from constable upwards should be on the basis of the whole Ram Sllaran
State. Apart from administrative difficulties which may arise v. if all promotion of members in the police force is concen- T~,;::!i"~} ~~r;;: 0'!rated in the ha!1~s of !he lnspec!or Gene~al of Police which Ajmer Ran,q• and 1s what the pe!It10ner IS contendmg for, 1t seems to us that Oth<r•
there is a good deal of force in the contention of the State Wanchoo, J. that the three tier system works for the efficiency of the police force of these ranks and is designed with that object. It is not denied that it may sometimes happen that in one
range a head-constable may be promoted who may be junior to a head-constable in another range who does not get pro- motion at the same time because the promotion is rangewise. But it is urged that this has to be balanced against consi- derations of efficiency which have led to the evolving of the three tier system of promotion already referred to and there- fore the system should not be struck down, simply because
at times it may happen that a junior head-constable may get promotion while a senior head-constable in another range may have to wait. Balancing the various considerations men- tioned above therefore it seems to us that the system in force in the State of Rajasthan evolved as it has been for the effi- ciency of the police in the State as well as for administra- tive convenience cannot be said of itself to deny equality before the iaw or to deny equality in the matter of employ- ment in public service, even though at times it may happen, because of the system that a junior head-constable in one
range may get promotion as officiating Sub-Inspector while in another range a senior head-constable may have to wait for some time. We are therefore not prepared to strike down this system as denying equality before the law or denying
equality in the matter of employment in the public service, simply on the ground of these possible cases of hardship. It is however urged that the system is capable of abuse and it is possible for the Inspector General of Police to trans- fer some Sub-Inspectors from one range to another with a
view to deprive head-constables of a particular range of their due promotion and also with a view to favour head-constables of another range who might otherwise be junior on the basis of length of service. Now it is not and cannot be disputed on behalf of the petitioner that transfers from one district to another or from one range to another even in these ranks of the police force may have to be made in the exigencies
of public service or for reasons peculiar to a particular of!i- cer; nor has it been contended that such transfers can be m any way illegal under the provisions of the Polic~ ~ct. W.hat is contended is that by means of such transfers 1t 1s possible to create conditions in which equality before the_ law or
equality of opportunity in the matter of employment m pub- 7 S.C.R. lie service may be denied to a head-<:onstable of a particular 19114 range. It is true that if there is wholesale abuse of the power Rom 8hara3
of transfer by the Inspector General of Police, (for it is he v. alone who can transfer Sub-Inspectors from one range to T; D'!'i"'~ ~"'~"°' another), a case of glaring denial of equality before the law Aj;:;';,,. i!:,,ig: ~:.d or glaring denial of equal opportunity for employment in the Oth"''
service of the State may arise. But we cannot strike down w -h- anc ,w, • a system on the supposition that an Inspector General of Police may abuse his power and create glaring instances of denial of equality before the law or of the equal opportunity of employment in the service of the State. A system like this cannot be struck down on the ground that it may be abused. In case of abuse in this wholesale manner a case may arise for striking down the abuse and not the system.
This brings us to the allegation made in the petition that inter-range transfers have been freely and frequently made as a matter of official routine and this therefore has resulted in serious inequalities in promotions and reversions.
The petitioner also stated in this connection that the Inspector General of Police was making three to four transfers of Sub-Inspectors on an average everyday. The State has em- phatically denied this allegation. It is also brought to our notice that the policy of the State Government is that sub- ordinate staff who get less than Rs. 250 /- per mensem should not generally be transferred outside their home district, and if the transfer is essential it should as far as possible be con- fined to the division. Constables, head-<:onstables and Sub Inspectors generally do not receive more than Rs. 250 /- per mensem as pay and therefore the policy of the Government
is that such officers should not as far as possible be trans- ferred outside the district and certainly not outside· the divi- sion as far as possible.. In view of this Government Order transfers of Sub-Inspectors should rarely take place ,outside the range. We are therefore not prepared to accept that there is a policy of free and frequent transfers of-Sub-Inspectors as a mat!er of routine from one range to another, and that makes this _system result in serious inequalities in promotions and revers10ns. In the face of the Government Order of
March 1955 we cannot accep_t free and frequent transfers are ma~e ~s a m~tter of routme by the Jnspector General of Pohce m v1ola!Jon thereof. Further the material that has been placed on the record by the petitioner is insufficient to com_e to the ~onclusion that along with this system of pro- i_not10!!, there is also a practice of free and frequent transfers m Raiasthan as a matter of routine of Sub-Inspectors from
m~e range. to another. In this view of the matter, the petition fads and is hereby dismissed. In the circumstances we make no order as to costs. [1964] Before we part with this petition we should like to sound
Ba• s1w…. a note of warning that the system of promotion of head-con- stables to Sub-Inspectors within a range can be rationally T~::.:r:t~/';.f1:.~' supported on the basis that inter-range transfers of Sub Aj""' Ranu• and Inspectors would be a matter of rare occurrence and would Othtr1
not be effected liberally or for ulterior motives; this is an wanclwo, J. important aspect of the matter which should always be borne in mind by the authorities concerned in Rajasthan in order to avoid any further challenge to the system.
Petition dismissed.