RATILAL JHAVERBHAI PARMAR AND ORS. versus STATE OF GUJARAT AND ORS.

10. The impugned order is part of the records. At the beginning of the said order, “ORAL ORDER” is printed in bold font, i.e., it is supposed to be an order which has been dictated in open court. However, the appellant has alleged something rather serious : that the learned Judge had passed the reasoned order more than a year after 1st March, 2023 and ante-dated the same to project that the reasoned order was passed on 1st March, 2023.

11. Such allegation prompted us to seek, by an order dated 12th August, 2024, a report4 from the Registrar General of the High Court as to whether the allegation of the appellant that the reasoned order bearing the date 1st March, 2023 was communicated to him for the first time on 30th April, 2024 is correct or not. A report has since been filed by the Registrar General and on perusal thereof, we have found the allegation of the appellant to be substantially correct. It is revealed that the learned Judge dictated the reasoned order on 12th April, 2024 to His Lordship’s personal secretary, whereafter such order was uploaded on the website of the High Court on 30th April, 2024 as well as communicated to the appellant’s counsel by the IT Cell.

12. Having regard to the nature of controversy raised by the appellant, we also had the occasion to witness (on the virtual platform) the the report, hereafter [2024] 10 S.C.R.  Ratilal Jhaverbhai Parmar and Ors. v. State of Gujarat and Ors. recorded version of the proceedings dated 1st March, 2023 before the learned Judge of the High Court. After briefly hearing counsel for the appellant and his adversary, the learned Judge was heard to say, “I will dismiss” and a few seconds thereafter, pronounced the outcome of the petition as “dismissed”. Counsel representing the appellant before the High Court being present could hear what the learned Judge said while his adversary acknowledged that he was “grateful”. Immediately thereafter, the next item on the board was called. This is precisely what happened on 1st March, 2023, while dealing with the petition.

13. There can be no two opinions that if not the appellant, but his counsel certainly did have knowledge of dismissal of the petition by the learned Judge; also, we have no doubt that the appellant feigned complete ignorance and deliberately did not plead that his counsel was well and truly aware of the outcome of the petition moments after hearing stood concluded before the learned Judge.

14. At the same time, from the proceedings of the court of the learned Judge available on the virtual platform, it is patently clear that His Lordship did not even express that the ‘reasons would follow’ for the dismissal of the petition. Not having so expressed, His Lordship practically rendered the court functus officio. We say so because it is not too clear as to whether any order of dismissal was signed by His Lordship on 1st March, 2023, or at any point of time immediately thereafter, although we have noted from the report that the Disposal Log Report of 1st March, 2023 of His Lordship’s court duly recorded that the petition stood disposed of. In Vinod Kumar Singh v. Banaras Hindu University,5 this Court held that when a judgment is pronounced in open court, parties act on the basis that it is the operative judgment and that signing is a mere formality; however, in exceptional circumstances, an order pronounced in open court can be amended or even altered before the same has been authenticated by the Judge by signing the order but such a course ought to be adopted judicially, sparingly and for adequate reasons and upon putting the parties to notice. Such is not the case here. We are inclined to the view that the learned Judge not having expressed that reasons for the dismissal would follow, His Lordship ceased (1988) 1 SCC 80 2234 to retain jurisdiction over the petition and foreclosed assignment of reasons for the dismissal.

15. Assuming that His Lordship were to express that reasons for the dismissal would follow, still there could be no valid reason to write a detailed reasoned order after lapse of a year having expressed “dismissed” and upload such order on the website. No doubt, as per the good practice prevailing in the High Court, the order was communicated to the appellant’s counsel by the IT Cell but that is little consolation in a case of the present nature.

16. Having said thus, and bearing in mind the onerous responsibilities that learned Judges of the high courts across the country have to shoulder on a daily basis, we are persuaded to think that the duty and responsibility of assigning reasons for dismissal of the petition completely escaped the mind of the learned Judge. Perhaps, there is hardly any individual including any Judge who can truly claim to have committed no mistake in his life. It is a feature of human fallibility that people are prone to commit mistakes. It is how lessons that individuals learn from mistakes which facilitate in putting the past behind for moving forward.

17. Nonetheless, we regret to observe that the learned Judge having realised in April, 2024 of having omitted to assign reasons for dismissal of the petition although His Lordship had pronounced “dismissed” in open court proceedings on 1st March, 2023, could have avoided committing an act of indiscretion, by breaching all norms of ethics, in proceeding to assign reasons more than a year later. In accordance with the highest standards of fairness, propriety and discipline, the need of the hour required the learned Judge to bring the matter back on board once again, recall the verbal order of dismissal and place it before the Hon’ble the Chief Justice of the High Court for assigning it to some other Bench for fresh consideration.

18. It cannot be gainsaid that in today’s world, particularly when more and more people are showing interest in court proceedings and there is wide coverage thereof on social media platforms, the presiding officers of courts are equally at the centre of attention as the controversy that is involved and the manner of its resolution. The society expects every Judge of a high court, so to say, to be a model of rectitude, an epitome of unimpeachable integrity and unwavering principles, a champion of moral excellence, and an embodiment of [2024] 10 S.C.R.  Ratilal Jhaverbhai Parmar and Ors. v. State of Gujarat and Ors. professionalism, who can consistently deliver work of high-quality guaranteeing justice. Although, on the whole, the weight of work on learned Judges of the high courts across the country is immense and the Judges have also been performing commendably despite various odds, instances such as the one under consideration, which we view as nothing more than an aberration, bring disrepute to the judicial system of the country and show the entire judiciary in poor light. This, in our opinion, could have well been avoided with a little bit of care and caution, and deference to the decisions on the point by this Court.

19. The situation presents us with an opportunity where we feel it expedient to share our thoughts only for the purpose of future guidance to overcome adversity. Having regard to the demands of changing times, one of the significant aspects of judging that has been at the forefront of discussion in many a conference/conclave or legal circle is the need for prompt ‘pronouncement of judgments’. Order XX of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 ordains that a judgment can be pronounced, in an open court, either at once or as soon thereafter as may be practicable on a future day. Guided by the principles enshrined in Order XX, number of learned Judges scrupulously follow the same. Learned Judges do come across cases requiring short orders which, in their assessment, may not consume more than 15/20 minutes. These orders are generally dictated in open court immediately after a hearing is over. On the other hand, if in any given case the judgment could justifiably be reserved after hearing of extensive arguments, it would not be proper to criticize a learned Judge if he dictates the judgment in open court notwithstanding the length of time to be taken therefor. As per the ordainment of Order XX, the learned Judge would be perfectly justified in doing so. In such cases, it could roughly take any time between 20 minutes to a couple of/few hours or even more spilling over to the next day (in rare cases) to accomplish the task. This approach could result in the board (if it is heavy) getting choked and the remaining cases on the board having slim chances of being considered. As the saying goes, necessity is the mother of invention. The necessity to strike a balance, in turn, has led to an innovative approach (many a times followed even by this Court) which, though not strictly in tune with Order XX, has transitioned into a regular practice by passage of time. This contemplates a rough 2236 assessment made by a learned Judge of the time to be taken for dictating a judgment after hearing in a matter is concluded and if, in such assessment, it is likely to take more than 20/25 minutes, the learned Judge proceeds to pronounce the operative part together with the outcome while expressing “reasons to/would follow” and then concludes the exercise of pronouncing the final judgment by providing the reasons as soon as possible thereafter. Having regard to the exploding docket of a majority of the high courts, learned Judges consider it wise and prudent to make optimum use of judicial time by not dictating lengthy judgments in court. This practice, no doubt, seeks to serve a salutary purpose. People unversed with the functioning of the judicial system are perhaps unaware as to how development of this practice has contributed to saving of precious judicial time, which the learned Judges invariably devote and utilize for hearing more cases that are on board in the anxiety to consider and decide as many cases as are possible during the scheduled working orders. Burdened though with immense pressure of work and brushing aside fatigue, which is quite likely to develop, the learned Judges after retiring for the day dictate the judgment in their court chambers or in their residential offices either on the same day or within a few days thereafter. The hearing having concluded not too long back, the arguments remain fresh in the mind of the learned Judges and it becomes all the more easy to dictate the judgment. While this approach without a doubt has its own benefits, recent happenings leave us to lament that reasons for the conclusion reached are being placed in the public domain much too late, as in the case of Balaji Baliram Mupade (supra) as well as this case. In an attempt to save time to attend to as many cases as possible, certain learned Judges unwittingly are contributing to justice being delayed in given cases which, concomitantly, have been giving rise to criticism of unpleasant flavours. Critics of such practice (to pronounce the operative part with the outcome and to provide the reasons later in detailed final judgments) could and do legitimately argue in favour of reserving judgments as required by the procedural laws if the particular case so demands but as Judges, we know, reserving too many judgments has its own pitfalls. Once the files pile up, it becomes increasingly difficult to remember the minute details of the case and the arguments advanced by the parties in support of their respective cases which leads to a shift to rely [2024] 10 S.C.R.  Ratilal Jhaverbhai Parmar and Ors. v. State of Gujarat and Ors. on the written notes of arguments. However, if only written notes were enough, there would be no need of oral hearing in court. Additionally, drawing from our experience on the bench, we can safely say that inclination of learned Judges to reserve judgments is invariably the course adopted where cases involving complex and intricate points of law do call upon learned Judges to craft well-researched and well-reasoned judgments. That apart, there are cases arising from recent enactments involving questions of law not having arisen hitherto and consequently such questions have never been answered. Such categories of cases demand the high courts to lay down the law in clear terms for comprehension of all concerned. Obviously, this process is time consuming and the time limit for delivering judgments by the high courts as laid down in Anil Rai vs State of Bihar,6 at times, is breached. We have full trust and confidence in the learned Judges of the high courts since they are well-equipped to tackle any kind of pressure situation. However, while it would be prudent to leave it to the learned Judges to pick any one of the three options [(i) dictation of the judgment in open court, (ii) reserving the judgment and pronouncing it on a future day, or (iii) pronouncing the operative part and the outcome, i.e., “dismissed” or “allowed” or “disposed of”, while simultaneously expressing that reasons would follow in a detailed final judgment supporting such outcome], it would be in the interest of justice if any learned Judge, who prefers the third option (supra), makes the reasons available in the public domain, preferably within 2 (two) days thereof but, in any case, not beyond 5 (five) days to eliminate any kind of suspicion in the mind of the party losing the legal battle. If the pressure of work is such that in the assessment of the learned Judge the reasons in support of the final judgment cannot be made available, without fail, in 5 (five) days, it would be a better option to reserve the judgment. Also, if the ultimate order would have the effect of changing the status of the parties or the subject matter of the lis, it would always be advisable to stick to the course envisaged in Order XX. Since, the fraternity of learned Judges of all the courts are interested to preserve the dignity of the respective judicial institutions with which they are associated, (2001) 7 SCC 318 2238 all learned Judges must be mindful of the impact of their actions on the society at large. Dealing with lakhs of litigation is no mean task, but at the same time we must realize that instances do emerge leaving absolutely no margin for error. It is our duty as Judges to stand tall and rise to the challenge.

20. While concluding, we are reminded of the universal truth “to err is human, to forgive is divine” emphasizing the human tendency of committing mistakes and the importance of forgiving a human error.

21. Conscious that we are of learned Judges of the high courts working overtime to render justice to the litigants by conducting judicial proceedings, at times, by sitting in excess of normal working hours, discharging administrative duties in addition to judicial work, etc, and in the process overlooking health issues and sacrificing all pleasures of social life, we need to look at the issue wearing glasses of grace and compassion. As has been held by this Court in Tirupati Balaji Developers (P) Ltd. vs State of Bihar,7 in the unified hierarchical judicial structure that we have under the Constitution, vertically the Supreme Court is placed over the high courts; but if the Supreme Court and the high courts were thought of as brothers, we as Judges of the apex court in the country remain as the elder brother only to the extent of exercise of appellate jurisdiction. Promoting empathy and understanding by encouraging forgiveness, which is a divine quality transcending human limitation, should be preferred to anything else in the given circumstances, particularly when the learned Judge has not been put on notice and is unable to place His Lordship’s version. This approach is considered to be a better option rather than remarking adversely or giving unsolicited advice.

22. We, thus, allow the controversy to rest here.

23. It is now time for us to give our decision. Notwithstanding that the appellant has not been entirely clean in his approach but having regard to the famous words of Lord Hewart, the Lord Chief Justice of England in R. vs Sussex JJ., ex p McCarthy 8 that “justice must not only be done, but must also be seen to be done”, meaning thereby that the outcome of proceedings should be visibly just, the (2004) 5 SCC 1 (1924) 1 KB 256 [2024] 10 S.C.R.  Ratilal Jhaverbhai Parmar and Ors. v. State of Gujarat and Ors. impugned order bearing the date 1st March, 2023 has to be set aside which we do hereby order. This would result in revival of the petition of the appellant and it shall stand restored on the file of the High Court. The Hon’ble the Chief Justice of the High Court is requested to place the petition before the learned Judge currently having the assignment to hear the same.

24. Needless to observe, the petition shall be considered and decided by the High Court uninfluenced by any observation made in the order bearing the date 1st March, 2023.

25. The appeal stands allowed on the aforesaid terms.

26. We make it clear that we have not examined the rival claims on merits. Result of the case: Appeal allowed. †Headnotes prepared by: Niti Richariya, Hony. Associate Editor (Verified by: Liz Mathew, Sr. Adv.)