S.C.R. would be of no avail to them when the alienation is not binding on the whole estate but only on the woman's estate of Rashmoni." In our opinion the view taken by the High Court is
quite proper. On this finding the security bond could operate only on the widow's estate of Rashmoni and it was that interest alone which passed to the purchaser at the mortgage sale.
The subsequent transferee could not claim to have acquired any higher right than what his predecessor had and it 1s immaterial whether he bona fide paid the purchase money or took
proper legal advice. The result is that in our opinion the decision of the High Court is right and this appeal must stand dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed. RATIAN ANMOL SINGH
AND ANOTHER ti. ATMA RAM AND OTHERS. [MuKHERJEA, VIVIAN BosE and VENKATARAMA AYYAR JJ.] Representation of the People Act, 1951 (XLill of 1951), ss. 2 (J)(k), 33(1) and (2), 36(2)(d) and (")-Representation of the People (Conduct of Elections and Election Petitions) Rules, 1951, r. 2(2)- Nomination paper-Subscribed by illiterate proposer and seconder- Containing thumb-mark instead of signatures-No attestation thereof -Validity
of-Attestation-Whether a necessary formality-At what stage it must exist~Whether can be validated at scrutiny .stage. Under section 33( 1) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, each nomination paper should be "subscribed" by a proposer and a seconder. Where the proposer and the seconder of a nomi- nation paper (as in the present case)
arc illiterate and so place thumb-marks instead of signatures and those thumb-marks arc not attested, the nomination paper is invalid as attestation in the prescribed manner in such a case is necessary because of rule 2(2) of the Representation of the People (Conduct of Elections and Election Petitions) Rules, 1951, which requires it.
Signing, whenever signature is necessary, must be in strict accordance with the requirements of the Act and where the signa- ture cannot be written it must be authorised in the manner
prescribed by the Rub. &.a X•li1luaker Dt11 tmtl Anolher v. Dhirmdra Nath Polro and Qlhus M~ '"'· '95+ JWj1 .. AlllflOI Singh ~d {ftWlher v. Atma' Ram and Others. [1955] Attestation is' not a mere ttchnical or
unsubstantial requir.e- ment within the meaning of section 36( 4) .of the Act a11d cannot be dispensed with. The attestation and the satisfa,ction must exist at the presenta- tion stage and a total omissiOn of
such an essential feature can- not be subsequently validated at the scrutiny stage any more than the omission of a candidate to sign at all could have been. Section· 36 of the Act is mandatory and enjoins the Returning Officer to refuse any nomination when there has been "any failure to comply with any of the provisions of section 33."
CiV1L APPELLATE JuRISDICTION: Civil Appeals No" 213A and 2!3B of 1953. Appeals by Special Leave against the Judgment and Order dated the 24th June, 1953, of the Election Tribunal,
Ludhiana, m Election Petition No. of 1952. Daphtary, Solicitor-General for lndia. (Harbans Singh Doabia and Rajinder Narain, with himJ for the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 213A. Tilak Raj Bhasin and Harbans Singh for respond-
ent No. 2 in Civil Appeal No. 213A and the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 213B. N aunit Lal for respondents Nos. 3 and 19 in both the appeals. r 1954. May 21. The Judgment of the Court was
delivered by BosE J.-These are two appeals against the decision orthe Election Tribunal at Ludhiana. The contest was for two seats in the Punjab ' Legislative Assembly. The constituency
1s a double member constituency, ·one seat being general and the other reserved for a Scheduled Caste. The first respon- dent 1s Atma Ram. He was a candidate for the reserved seat
but his nomination was rejected hy the Returning Officer at the scrutiny stage and so he was unable to contest the election. The successful candi- dates were Rattan Anmol Singh, the ~ppellant in Civil
Appeal No. 213-A of 1953, for the general seat and Ram Prakash, the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 213-B .of 1953, for the reserved. Atma Ram filed the present election petition. The Election Tribunal decided
in s:e.R. his favour by a majority of two to one and declared the whole election void. Rattan Anmol Singh and Ram Prakash appeal'here. The main question we have to decide is whether the
Returning Officer was right in rejecting the petitioner's nomination papers. The facts which led him to do so .are as follows. The Rules require that each nomination paper should be "subscribed" by a proposer and a
seconder. The petitioner put in four papers. In each case, the proposer and seconder were illiterate and so placed a thumb-mark instead of a signature. But these thumb-marks were not
"attested". The Returning ·Officer held that without "attestation" they are invalid and so rejected them. The main question is whether he was right in so ho1ding. A subsidiary question also
.arises, namely, whether, assuming attestation to be necessary under the Rules, an omission to obtain the required attestation amounts to a technical defect of an unsubstantial character which the Returning Officer
was bound to disregard under section 36( 4) of the Representation of the People Act, (XLIII of 1951). Section 33 ( 1) of the Act requires each candidate to "deliver to the Retur:ning Officer …… a nomination
paper completed in the prescribed form and subscribed by the candidate himself as assen'.ting to the nomina- ·tion and by two persons referred to in sub-section (2) as proposer and seconder."
Sub-section (2) says that- . · "~y person whose name is registered etc.. . . • . . may ·subscribe as proposer or seconder as many nomination papers as there are vacancies to be filled …… "
The controversy centres on the word "subscribed" ·which has not been defined in the Act. The prescribed nomination form referred to in sub- section ( 1) of section 33 is to be found in
Schedul~ II. ln this form we have the following :- "9. Name of the proposer … ,,,, ………… t•••········· 12. Signature of the proposer t~ ~1 .. Airmol Sinth 11nd ,'111DI~ v.
AllM &Ill and Otkrs. Bose :f· [1955l •95{ 13. Name of the seconder R.in ..1-i Sirt1h """ "1Ndtlr Alma Rm 1-4 Ol/wr1, s.,, J. ………. "'" …………………. . 16. Signature of the seconder."
The Oxford English Dictionary sets out thirteen shades of meaning to the word "subscribe", most of them either obsolete or now rarely used. The only two· which can have any real relation to the present matter
are the following : I. "To write (one's name or mark) on, originally at the bottom of a document, especially as a witness. or contesting party ; to sign one's name to." This meaning is described as "rare."
2. "To sign one's name to ; to signify assent or- adhesion to by signing one's name ; to attest by . . " stgnmg. This appears to be its modern meaning, and is. also one ·of the meanings given to the word "sign",
namely "to attest or confirm by adding one's signature ;: to affix one's name to (a document) etc." One also finds the following in Stround's Judicial: Dictionary, 3rd edition : "Subscribe. ( 1) 'Subscribe' means to write under·
something in accordance with prescribed regulations where any such qist ………… But though this is the- strict primary meaning of the word, it may sometimes, e.g., in the attestation of a will, be construed as 'to·
tt-· give assent to, or to attest or written upon ……….. . . "(3) 'Subscription is a method of signing; it is not the only method' ; a stamped, or other mechanical impression · of a signature is good, in the case of·
e ecttoneenng papers ……. . It is clear that the word can be used in various senses to indicate different ·modes of signing and that it includes the placing of a mark. The General Clauses
Act -also says that- '". ' . h f h . sign …….. wit re erence to a person w o ts . unable to write his name, includes 'mark' ". But this is subject to there being nothing repugnant
m the subject or context· of. the- Act, . fo. ·our- opinion, the crux of the matter lies there. We have to see- S.C.R. from the Act itself whether "sign" and "subscribe" mean the same thing and whether they can be taken
to include the placing of a mark. The majority deci- sion of the Tribunal holds that "sign" and "subscribe" are not used in the same sense in the Act because a special meaning has been given to the word "sign" and
none to the word "subscribe", therefore, we must use "subscribe" in its ordinary meaning ; and its ordinary meaning is to "sign" but not to "sign" in the special way prescribed by the Act but in the ordinary way ;
therefore we must look to the General Clauses Act for its ordinary meaning and that shows that when it is used in its ordinary sense it includes the making of a mark. We agree with the learned Chairman of the Tribunal
that this is fallacious reasoning. The General Clauses Act does not define the word "subscribe" any more than the Representation of the People Act, and if it is improper to exclude the special meaning given to
"sign" in the Representation of the People Act because the word "sign" is defined and not "subscribe," it is equally improper to import the special definition of "sign" in the General Clauses Act because that also
defines only "sign" and not "subscribe," and also because the "subject" and "context" of the Repre- sentation of the People Act show that the writing of a signature and the making of a mark are to be treated
differently. The learned counsel for the respondent analysed the Act for us and pointed out that the word "subscribe" is only used in Chapter I of Part V dealing with the Nomination of Candidates while in every other place
the word "sign" is used. We do not know why this should be unless, as was suggested by the learned Solicitor-General, the Legislature wished to underline the fact that the proposer and seconder arc not merely
signing by way of attesting the candidate's signature to the nomination form but are actually themselves putting the man forward as a suitable candidate for election and as a person for whom they are prepared
to vouch, also that the candidate's signature imports more than a mere vouching for the accuracy of the 195+ Reitan Anmol ·SU.th nd Anoth11 Alma Ram a1td Others BOSI}. Rattan AnmOl
Sl•th and AnQlh1t v. Atma Ram and Olhl". BoJ' ]. ~86 SUPREME COUR'P REPORTS [1955] facts entered in the form. It imports assent to his nomination. We think· the learned Solicitor-General
is probably right because section 33 speaks of "a nomination paper completed in the prescribed form and subscribed by the candidate himself as assent- ing to the nomination." But however that may be, it is evident from the form
that "signatures" are required. It is also evident from the definition of "sign" that the Legislature attached special importarice to the fact that in the case of illiterate persons unable to write their names it is
necessary to guard against misrepresentation and fraud by requiring that their signatures should be formally authenticated in a particular way. A special statutory cloak of protection is thrown around them just as the
9rdinary law clothes pardanishin women and illiterate and ignorant persons and others likely to be imposed on, with special protective covering. Now it is to be observed that section 2 calls itself an
"interpretation" section. It says- " (I) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,,. (k) 'sign' in relation to a person who ts unable
to write his name means authenticate in such manner :is may be prescribed." It is evident then that wherever the element of "signing" has to be incorporated into any provision of the · Act it must · be construed in the sense set out
above. Therefore, whether "subscribe" 1s a synonym for ''sign" or whether it means "sign" plus something else, namely a particular assent, the element of "sign- 4f ing" haS" to be present: the schedule
places that beyond doubt because it requires certain "signatures." We are consequently of opinion that the "signing," whenever a "signature" is necesary, must be in strict accordance with the requirements of the Act and that
where the signature cannot be written it must be authorised in the manner prescribed by the Rules. Whether this attaches exaggerated importance to the authorisation is not for us to decide. · What is beyond
J._ S.C.R. dispute is that this is regarded as a matter of special moment and that special prov1S1on has been made to meet such cases. We are therefore bound to give full effect to this policy.
Now if "subscribe" can mean both signing, properly so called, and the placing of a mark (and it is clear that the word can be used in both senses), then we feel that we must give effect to the general policy of the Act by
drawing the same distinction between signing and the making of a mark as. the Act itself does in the definition of "sign." It is true the word "subscribe" is not defined but it is equally clear, when the Act is read as
a whole along with the form in the second schedule, that "subscribe" can only be used in the sense of making a signature and as the Act tells us quite clearly how the different types of "signature" are to be made,
we are bound to give effect to it. In the case of a person who is unable to write his name his "signature" must be authenticated in "such manner as may be pres- cribed." The prescribed manner is to be found in
rule 2(2) of the Representation of the People (Conduct of Elections and Election Petitions) Rules, 1951. It runs as follows : "For the purposes of the Act or these rules, a person who is unable to write
hi~ name shall, unless otherwise expressly provided in these rules, be deemed to have signed an instrument or other paper if he has placed a mark on such instrument or other paper m
the presence of the Returning Officer or the presiding officer or such other officer as may be specified in this behalf by the Election Commission and such officer on ·being satisfied as to his identity has attested the mark as being the mark of such person."
In view of this we are clear that attestation m the prescribed manner is required in the case of proposers and seconders who are not able to write their names. The four nomination papers we are concerned with
were not "signed" by the proposers and seconders m the usual way by writing their names, and as their marks are not attested it is evident that they have not oJ"~ been "signed" m the special way which the Act
'9.5+ Rdllaff Anmol Sin1h and Affolh " Atma R11m 11nd Othm. Bo11 J. 195• Rattan .A.nm•l ·Singh an.d .Anotlur v. Atam Ram} . and Oth111. • Bos1J. [1955] requires in such cases. If they are not "signed" either
in one way or the other, then it is clear that they have not been "subscribed" because "subscribing" imports a "signature" and as the Act sets out the only kinds of "signatures" which it will
recognise as "signing" for the purposes of the Act, we are left with the posi- tion that there are no valid signatures of either a proposer or a seconder in any one of the four nomina-
.tion papers. The Returning Officer was therefore bound .to reject them under section 36(2)(d) of the Act because there was a failure to comply with section 33, unless he could and should have had resort to section 36(4).
That sub-section is as follows : "The Returning Officer shall not reject any nomina- tion paper on the ground of any technical defect which is not of a substantial character." ..__
The question therefore is whether attestation is a mere technical or unsubstantial requirement. We are not able to regard it in that light. When the law enjoins the observance of a particular formality
it cannot be disregarded and the substance of the thing must be there. The substance of the matter here is the satisfaction of the Returning Officer at a particular moment of time about the identity
of the person making a mark in place of writing a signature. If the Returning Officer had omitted the attestation because of some slip on his part and it could be proved that he was satisfied at the proper time, the matter might be
different because the element of his satisfaction at the proper time, which is of the substance, would be there, and the omission formally to record the satisfaction could probably, in a case like that, be regarded as in
unsubstantial technicality. But we find it impossible to say that when the law requires the satisfaction of a ·particular officer at a particular time his satisfaction can be dispensed with altogether. In our opinion, this
provision is as necessary and as substantial as attesta- tion in the cases of a will or a mortgage and is on the same footing as the "subscribing" required in the case of the candidate himself. If there is no signature and
: no mark the form would have to be rejected and their S.C.R. absence could not be dismissed as technical and unsubs- tantial. The "satisfaction" of the Returning Officer which the rules require
is not, in our opinion, any the less important and imperative. The next question is whether the attestation can be compelled by the persons concerned at the scrutiny stage. It must be accepted that no attempt was made
at the presentation stage to satisfy the Returning Officer about the identity of these persons but evidence was led to show that this was attempted at the scrutiny stage. The Returning Officer denies this, but even if
the identities could have been proved to his satisfaction at that stage it would have been too late because the attestation and the satisfaction must exist at the presentation stage and a total omission of such an
essential feature cannot be subsequently validated any more than the omission of a candidate to sign at all <::ould have been. Section 36 is mandatory and enjoins the Returning Officer to refuse any nomination when
there has been "any failure to comply with any of the provisions of section 33 …….. " The on! y jurisdiction the Return- ing Officer has at the scrutiny stage is to see whether
the nominations are in order and to hear and decide objections. He cannot at that stage remedy essential defects or permit them to be remedied. It is true he is not to reject any nomination paper on the ground of
any technical defect which is not of a substantial character but he cannot remedy the defect. He must leave it as it is. If it is technical and unsubstantial it will not matter. If it is not, it cannot be set right.
We agree with the Chairman of the Election Tribunal that the Returning Officer rightly rejected these nomina- tion papers. The appeals are allowed with costs and the order of the Election Tribunal declaring the elections of the two successful candidates to be wholly void is
set aside. The election petition is dismissed, also with costs. Appeals allowed. 195+ Rattan Anmol Sinth and .A.nath<r v. Alma Ram and Olh<rs. Bose J.