SANDHYA RANI SARKAR v. SUDHA RANI DEBI AND ORS. February 14, 1978 [M. H. BEG, C. J. AND D. A.,DESAI, J.J Comtitution of India, 1950, Article 136-lnterference by Supreme Court, when condonation of delay was ordered by the Court, exercising its db.ere· tionary powers and H•hen sufficient cause has been shown, propriety-Limifa,. tion Act (36 of 1963 ), 1963, S. 5.
Civil Procedure Code, (Act 5 of 1908), Section 2(2)–Decree-Pre/ilni· nary decree-Decree passed in a suit for specific performance of- contract of sale of immovable property callin!? upon the purchaser to deposit the balance of consideration within the time stipulated in decree' with superadded condf .. tion that in the event of default, the suit would be dismissed is not aj preli· 1ninary decree.
Limitation Act (36 of 1963 ), Section 5-Condonation of delay-Amend· ment of decree-Decree in a suit for specific performance of contract for the sale of immovable property calling upon the. purchaser to deposit balance of consideration within the time stipulated in decree-Order ,extending time to deposit the balance of consideration would not result in amending the decree. Specific Relief Act (47 of 1963), •Section 16(b) and {c)-Specific perform- ance of contract-Decree for specific performance! refused. A contract for Sale of premises No. 88·A Rash 1Behari Avenue, Calcutta was entered into between the appellant and deceased Smt. Paribala Das on 8·2·1956 for a consideration of Rs. 46,000/·. The agreement for sale Ex.I, recites that Rs. 1001/. were paid as earnesti money and subsequently the
defendant vendor received a further sum of Rs. 2000/. J'rom the plaintiff intending purchaser. Parties had agreed to complete the transaction by the end of April '56. The appellant was put in actuGJ possessi.on of the 1st and 2nd floors of the premises by the defendant vendor in her anxiety to complete her Part of the cO!ltract, but the appellant was seeking time on so1ne pretext or the other and ultin1ately filed a suit for specific performance on 28th January 1957, alleging non·performance by the vendor defendant. The trial Court decreed the suit on 30th April, 1962, styling it as preliminary decree. The defendant vendor was directed tto execute and register the deed of sale in favour of the plaintiff on receipt of the amount stated in the order within 30 days of date failing which the plaintiff appellant was directed to file in Court, within 15 days after the expiry of 30 days, the draft of conveyance with stamp therefor. The decree was drawn up on 15·5·1962. The appellant did not comply with the terms of the decree but sought some directions from the Court regarding the excess land and a Commissioner was appointed on 14-5-1964. On 26-8-65, the Court directed the plaintiff appellant to deposit the amount in Court by 22·9·1965; but the appellant filed a revision appli· cation before the High Court which was dismissed on 8-1-1968. The High Court granted 3 weeks' time for depositing the amount and again further time till 8-2-1968. The appellant deposited the money on 6-2-68 and there- upon the vendor defendant No. 1 made an application on ·25·3·1968 request· ing the Court to draw the final decree so as to enable her to prefer first appeal. This application was rejected by the Court on 27th March 1968, and thereafter she preferred First Appeal to the High Court on 11-4-1968 and filed an application for condonation of delay, if any, on 8·8·1972. The High Court held that the appeal was barred by limitation; but on the facts of the case condoned the delay as sufficient cause having been shov.rn, and examined the appeal on merits and allowed the appeal.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 2 S·C·R· Dismissing the plaintiff's appeal, ,by special leave, the Court c HELD (1) '(a) Discretion is conferred on the Court. before which an application for condonation of delay is made and if the Court after keeping in view relevant principles exercises its discretion granting relief unless it is shown to b-e mrinifestly unjust or perverse the Supreme Court would be loathe to interfere \vith it.
[847 C-D] (b) It is un'doubt$!dly true that in dealing \vith the question of condc\1- ing the delay under.section 5, the party seeking relief has to satisfy the Court that he had sufficient cause for not preferring the appeal or making
the application within the prescribed time and this has always been understood to mean that the explanation has to cover the , whole period of delay. How- ever, it is not possible to lay down precisely as to what futs or matters would constitute "sufficient cause'' under Section 5.
But those words Would be liberally construed so as to advance substantial justice when no negligence or any inaction or want of bo11a fides is imputable to a party i.e. the delay in filing an appeal should not have been for reasons which indicate the
party's negligence in not tnking necessary ·-steps which he would have or should have taken. What \Vould be such necessary steps iwill again depend upon the circumstnnces of a particular case.
[847 A-C] Sifarant Ramacliaran v. M. N. Nagarashana, [1960] 1 SCR 875 @ =A.LR. 1960 SC 260 @ pp. 265-66; State of West Bengal v. Adrninistra- tor, Howrah Municipality, [19721 2 S.C.R. 874 ::::: A.LR. 1972 S.C. 749, relied on.
(c) In the instant case. the High Court took into consideration the fact that no affidavit in opposition to the application for condoning delay was filed even though a copy of the application \Vas served on the respondent before the High Court and accordingly it was concluded that averments in the application remained unrebutted.
The High Court also took into considera- tion the relevant fact that plaintiff sought extension of time to deposit balance of consideration from time to time and this is important because if the deposit was .not made the suit for specific performance of contract was liable to
be dismissed as per the decree· of the trial court as well as the order of the High Court in earlier revision application. The High Court recapitulated the events since the judgment of the trial Court and concluded that it was satisfied that the appellant before it had sufficient cause for nOt preferring the nppeal within the period as prescribed in la'v and accordingly condoned the delay in preferring the appeal.
These are vital and relevant consideratio•ns, \vhile considering the prayer for condoning the delay in preferring the appeal and thus no case }-:.n!; been made out for interfering with the sa·mc. {847 E-G] (d) To contend that_..,nssuming that there 'vas delay' on the part of the plaintiIT in Perforn1ing p.er part of the contract once she was put in possession Of a substantial portion Of the property, \Vhich \Vas· intended to be purchased a decree for specific performance should not be refused is not always correct and again it depends on lhe facts of each case. [850 G-H]
~Villian1s v. Greatrex. [1956] All. E.R. 705 quoted with approval, 2. (a) Tn a suit for specific performance of contrnct for sr.te of immov- able property it is incumbent upon the plaintiff to affirmati,;ely establish that all throughout he or she, as the casei may Pe, was \Villing to perform bis or her part of the ,contract, and that the failure on the part of the 'plaintiff to petform the contract or willingness to perform her part of the contract may in an appropriate case disentitle her to relief, one such situation being where there is ·inordinale ·delay on the part of the plaintiff to perform his or her 'part of the contract. [849 B-Cl
(b) The question 'vhether relief .of specific performaTice of the contract for 'the purchase of immovable property should be granted or not always depends on the facts and circumstances of each case and the Court would not grant such a relief if it gives the plnintlff (an unfair advantage over the defend•nt. [850 A-BJ
SANDHYA RANI v. SUDHA RANI (Desai, !.) . (c) In the instant case, by the terms of the contract the. Yeondor had to put the purchaser in possession of the. property when conveyance is execut- ed and balance of consideration is paid 1and that was to be done by the end of April 1956. Even though the plaintiff purchaser had failed to perform any portion of her part of the contract by the end of April 1956, the vendor put the plaintiff in actual possession of the first and second floors of the premises to be sold pn 28th April 1956, and the plaintiff is in possession of the same till today that is after a lapse of more than 20 years. On the other
hand he deposited after struggle and procrastination the balance of consi- deration on· 6th Febru:i1ry 1968 that is nearly 12 years after the date of agree- ment. The plaintiff thus enjoyed actual '\Possess.ion of the property from April 1956 to February 1968 when she parted with consideration without paying a farthing for the use and occupation of the premises which, on a reasonable
construction of the ccntract, she was not entitled to at all, till she parted with the full consid'eration and took the conveyance. The stages within which the contract was to be completed were actually demarcated, and set out in the contract itself and: by the land of April 1956, the· transaction was to. be completed. In her anxiety to see that the transaction was com- pleted, the defendant vendor put the plaintiff in possession of a substantial portion of the property even when the plaintiff had not paid a major part of the consideration. The procrastination on the part of the :plaintiff put the defendant in such a disadvantageous position that she was forced to sell the adjacent property to raise enough money to pay off the dues in respect oil the properly which the plaintiff desired to purchase. [849 D·H, 850 E-FJ (d ) The High Court was justified in refusing the decree for specific per- formance of the contract, on the ground that while the defendant did every- thing within her power to meet the requests made by the plaintiff, the latter avoided performing her part of the contract under one or the other pretext. [850 F-G]
(e) The contract was to be completed by April 1956. It was not com- pleted till 1957, even though the defendant after satisfying the queries of the plaintiff fixed different dates on different occasions calling upon the plain- tiff to complete the transaction.
Thereafter the plaintiff filed a suit. The suit was decreed on 30th April 1962. The Plaintiff by that decree was called upon to deposit. the balance of consideration within 30 days of the date of the decree. She did not deposit the amount by the stipulated date. She asked for extension of time. lIL fact, it prominently appeared /that the plain- tiff put off performing her part of the contract presumably because she had not the necessary wherewithals to take the conveyance when she could be obliged to pay the balance of consideration and having obtained possession hung on to it without meeting her obligation. If in this background the
High Court interfered within the decree of the trial Court, there was nothing objectiona.ble in it. [853 C-G] Jitendra Natl! Roy v. Smt. Malieshwari Bose, A.f.R. 1965 Cal. 45, Bank of India Lrd. v. Jamsetj,i A . H . Chinoy and' A.nr., 77 IA, 76 discussed. 3. To assert that the decree made in a .suit for specific performance :of contract for sale of immovable property calling upon the purchasers to deposit the balance of consideration within the time stipulated in the decree with super ;added condition that in the event of default the suit would stand dis· missed, is a preliminary decree, is to ignore the relevant provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure which require in certain types- of suits to pass preliml·· nary decree. Such a suit when contested, each party would be accusing the opposite party of committing breach of contract.
TJie right to ask for specific performa•nce of contract would be adjudicated ur.~1n and i•.1 fact in this case it was adjudicated upon. The trial court did call .upon the defend- ant to execute the conveyance on receipt of consideration. Such a decree could never be said to be preliminw:y decree. [841 E·OJ
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1389 of 1976. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 6-6-74 of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal from Original Decree No. 1056 of 1968.
c SUPREME COURT REPORTS Purushottam Chatterjee and Rathin Das, for the Appellant. 0. M. Mukherjee and N. R. Chowdhury, for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
~ESAI, J.-This appeal by special leave by the original plaintiff questions the correctness of the decree dismissing her suit for specific performance of contract for sale of premises No. 88-A, Rash Behari A venue, Calcutta, entered into between her and deceased Smt. Paribala Das on 8.th February 1956 for a consideration of Rs. 46,000/-. The agreement of sale, Ext. I, recites that Rs. 1001/- were paid as earnest money ani:J subsequently the defendant vendor received a further sum of Rs. 2,000/ – from the plaintiff intending purchaser. Various terms of agreement would be referred to in the course of this judgment. The plaintiff filed the suit for a decree for specific performance of the con- tract alleging that even though she is ready and willing to perform her part of the contract the defendant No. 1 has not completed the tran- saction and, therefore, a decree for specific performance should be made in favour of the plaintiff. In this suit she impleaded vendor defendant No. 1 and her son Hrishikesh Das as defendant No. 2. The suit was resisted by the defendanfs, inter alia, contending that the plaintiff was not ready and willing to perform her part of the contract more particu- larly saying that the vendor was in urgent need of money to pay off the mortgage debt and, therefore, she had entered into contract for sale of property and that time was of the essence of the contract and yet the plaintiff under one or the other fa)se pretext put off performing her part ot the contract so that the vendor was compelled to sell another valuable property bearing No. 86-A, Ra$h Behari A venue, Calcutta. The trial Court after an elaborate examination of the evidence decreed the suit on 30th April 1962 directing "defendant No. 1 to execute and register a deed of sale in favour of the plaintiff in respect of the pre- mises No. 88A, Rash Behari Avenue, Calcutta, on receipt of the balance of consideration of Rs. 42,999 and a further sum of Rs. 500 if there be an excess land of 1 cottah 88 sq. ft. beyond 2 cottahs 2 cbittaks 38 sq. feet or any money proportionate to the extent of the excess land, amicably within 30 days, of date, failing which the plaintiff do deposit in Court the consideration thus due, toge~her with the cost of execution and registration and the draft of the conveyance with stamp for the conveyance within 15 days of the expiry of that 30 days for having the conveyance executed and registered through Court. . . . In case of default on the part of the p~aintiff in complying with the above order the suit shall stand dismissed with costs and that the sum of Rs. . . . . be paid by the . . . . to the . . . . on account of the costs of this suit, with interest thereon at the rate of …… per cent per annum from this date to date of realii;ation". The decree in terms of the operative portion hereinabove mentioned was drawn up on 16th May 1962. Since the date of the decree certain events occurred whici1 would be noticed while examining the first contention on behalf of the appellant herein. Suffice it to say that the vendor preferred first appeal to the High Court of Calcutta on 11th April 1968. When the appeal appeared on the cause list and was taken up for hearing, an appli~a tion under s. 5 of the Limitation Act supported by an affidavit was …. __
– -t SANDHYA RANI v. SUDHA RANI (Desai, J.) I filed on 8th August 1972 requesting the Court that in case the appeal is found to be barred by limitation the appellant- before the High Court was prevented by a sufficient cause from preferring the appeal in time and, therefore, the delay should be condoned. The application for con- donation of delay and the appeal were heard together and the High Court while holding that the appeal was barred by limitatlon, was further of the opinion that the vendor appellant before it was pre- , vented by a sufficient cause from preferring the appeal in time, and accordingly condoned the delay. On merits, the High Court held thaf the vendor was always ready and willing to perform her part of tile contract but the plaintiff purchaser u~der one pretext or the other deferred performing her part of the contract beyond reasonable time and was, therefore, not entitled to a decree for specific performance. Ac~r~ingly, the ~igh. Court allow~ the appeal and dismissed the plaintiff purchaser s smt. Hence this appeal by the plaintiff pur- chaser.
The first contention raised on behalf of the appellant is that the appeal before the High Court preferred by the respondent vendor was barred by limitation and the vendor bad failed to make out any cause, much leis a £ufficient cause, preventing her from preferring the appeal in time and the High Court was in error in exercising the discretion condoning the delay and admitting the appeal to file.
On behalf of the vendor rCipondent it was submitted that the appeal before the High Court walil in time and at any rate the discretion exerci'sed by the High Court could not be styled as perverse or unreasonable and this Court shOuld not interfere with the same. Simultaneously, it was sub- mitted that tho material on record would unquestionably establish that the appellant before the High Court was prevented by a sufficient cause from preferring the appeal in time.
Some relevant and material dates may now be noticed. Agreement of 'sale, Ext. I on which suit was founded was executed on 8th February 1956. Suit for specific perfonnance of this agreement was instituted on 28th January 1957. It was decreed on 30th April 1962. The decree was drawn up on 25th May 1962, the first appeal was preferred p
on 11th April 1968. An application under s. 5 of the Limitation Act supported by an affidavit was presented on 8th August 1972. There are certain events that occurred after the decree was drawn up on 25th May 1962 and before 11th April 1968 when appeal was preferred by the vendor of which brief note would be necessary.
The material portion o.f the decree has been set out in extenso above and at first glance it would appear that the purchaser had to pay the amount therein mentioned to the vendor within 30 days from the date of the decree and the vendor had to execute the deed of conveya,nce failing which the amount was to be deposited in the Court within 15 days from the expiry of the first mentioned 30 days and submit the draft of conveyance to the Court for getting it executed and registered through the Court. The decree further directed that if the purchaser failed to deposit the amount within the stipulated time the suit would stand dismissed. The vendor interpreted the decree to be a preliminary decree and awaited the purchaser to perform her part of the decree by depo'siting the amount in the Court. The purcha11er failed to deposit the amount within the SUPREME
COURT REPORTS [1978) 2 S·C·R• stipulated time but ~n 14th June 1962 she sought iOtne directions from the Co~rt for makmg the deposit. There was some dispu~e between · the parties abou! ~he. extra ~and which was to be sold and its price. An or~er . was made by the tnal Court on 14th May 1964 directing the plamt1ff ~urchaser to take steps for appoin_tment of a Commis~ioner to determme the area of extra land and the price to be paid for such. l~nd ~nd she W?~ required to take steps by 22nd May 1965. A further dJrect~on was given on 26th August 1965 directing the plaintiff to· deposit Rs. 42999 plus Rs. 500 by 22nd September 1965 'pursuant to· the maps and report submitted by the Commissioner.
Plaintiff pur- chaser preferred Civir Revision Application No. 3195 of 1965 challeng· ing the repor~ of the Commissioner and the direction of the Court. The Civil Revision Application was dismissed by the High ·Court on ~th January 1968 and the High Court simultaneously extended the time- for depositing the balance of consideration by three weeks from the: date of the order making it conditional that in the event of default the suit would stand dismissed. This order wa·s modified by the High Court on 2nd February 1968 extending the time to make the deposit till 8th February 1968 retaining the original condition.
The purchaser de- posited the balance of consideration on 6th February 1968 whereupon the vendor defendant No. 1 made an application on 25th March 1968 requesting the Court to draw the final decree so as to enable her to prefer first appeal. This application was rejected by the Court on 27th March 1968 and thereafter the appeal was preferred to the High Court on 11th April 1968. As stated earlier, an application reque'sting the Court to condone the delay in preferring the appeal was filed on 8th Augu~t 1972.
Ef. °The appeal against the decree dated 30th April 1962 preferred on 11th Ap):'il 1968 was obviously barred by limitation. To assert that the decree made in a suit for specific performance of contract for sale of immovable property
calling upon the purchaser to deposit the balance of consideration within the time stipulated in .the decree with super added. cc ndition that in the event of default the suit would stand dismissed, is a preliminary decree, is to ignore the relevant provisions ·F
of the Code of Civil Procedure which require in certain types -of suits to pass preliminary decree. Such a suit when contested, each party would be accusing the opposite party of committing breach of contract. The right to ask for specific performance of contract would be adjudi- cated upon and in fact in this case it was adjudicated upon. The trial court did call upon the defendant to execute the conveyance on receipt of consideration. Such a decree could never be said to be preliminary decree. If defendant vendor was contesting the right of the plaintiff to ask for 'specific .performance and that was concluded adverse to her and if the vendor wanted to challenge the finding, -it was incumbent upon her to prefer an appeal within the prescribed period of limitation. Similarly, it is also not possible to entertain the contention that the orders extending the time to deposit the balance of consideration would result in amending the decree and as the appeal is preferred after such last amendment the appeal would be in time. Reliance was placed on Sm. Soudrimini Das v. Nabalak Mia Bhuiya and others,( 1) but that (1) A.1.R. 1931 Calcutta 578.
·I ….,. SANDHYA RANI v. SUDllA RANI (Desai, !.) decision would no! assist the respondent and in fact the High Court treated that fact as sufficient ~or extension of time under s. 5. The decision in Jagat Dhish Bhargava v. Jawarhar Lal
Bhargava and others( J) proceeds on the basis that litigant deserves to be protected against the default committed or negligence shown by the Court or its officers in the discharge of their duties. In that case litigant had applied for certified copy of the decree ·soon after judgment was pronounced but as the certified copy was not given, appeal was filed without pro- ducing certified copy of the decree and it was contended that under the relevant rules appeal was not competent. Such is not the case. Present respondent, if she wanted to question the clecre~ directing her to execute conveyance, ought to have preferred appeal against the decree dated 30th April 1962. That has not been done a,nd obviously the appeal preferred on 11th April 1968 was barred by limitation. The High Court rightly held that the appeal was barred by limita- tion, and then proceeded to examine the submis'sion of the appellant before it that the appellant was prevented by a sufficient cause from preferring the appeal in time and the delay should be condoned. The High Court having examined all the relevant materials placed before it, has exercised its discretion in favour of the appellant by condoning the delay and admitting the appeal to file. In the facts and circums- tances of this case, could it be said that the High Court committed an error in exercising its discretion in favour of the appellant before it ? At the outset it was urged that the cause shown by the respondent which prevented her from preferring the appeal in time is not the one accepted by the High Court, but the High Court has made out entirely a different ground not pleaded for condoning delay. We have gone through the application filed by the appellant before the High Court praying for condoning delay. It was asserted that the appeal, is within time and alternatively it was prayed that delay, if any, be condoned. The High Court examined both limbs of the contention. We see no contradiction in what is stated in the application and what the High Court found as a fact. The contention i's that decree was a preliminary decree and on deposit it became a final decree. Alternatively it was contended that various events that occurred since the decree did create an impression in the mind of the vendor appellant that till the balance of purchase price was deposited the right to tile an appeal did not arise and that a final decree would be made. That was pleaded and that has been a::cepted. Therefore, there is no merit in this con:ention. Very serious exception is taken to one observation of the High Court that an application for condoning the delay was submitted simultan- eously with filing the appeal though in fact it was done nearly four years after filing of the appeal, and that -the office of the High Court was misled by certain _averments made in the Memo of Appeal which the Registry prima facie accepted and numbered the appeal without insisting upon an application for condonation of delay or bringing that fact to the notice of the Court on whose cause list the appeal was listed for admission. Now, it is undoubtedly true that the application ——-
(1) A.T.R. 1961 S.C. 832. c . [1978) 2 S·C·R· A for condoning the delay was i:nade OJ! 8th August 1972 and there is some factual error in· stating in the judgment that the application was simultaneously filed with the appeal. But this aspect is not very mater- ial as the delay had to be explained till the date of filing of the appeal and not at any rate after filing of the appeal or till the application for condoning the delay was made. It is true that in the Memo of Appeal it has been stated that the appeal is directed against the judg- ment and decree dated 30th April J962 as amended and/or modified by orders dated 8th January 1968 and 2nd February 1968.
The aver- ments are factually correct and, therefore, it could not be said that they were made with a vie~ to misleading the Registry of the High Court. By the ~ecree dated _30th April 1962 purchaser was. p~cted to deposit the balance of consideration within the stipulated time and at the request of the purchaser the time was first extended by the trial Court and then by the High Court in Civil Revis.ion Application No. 3195 of 1965 on two different occasions, viz.; on 8th January 1968 and 2nd Febru~ry 1968. Therefore, no exception can be taken to those avertments which are factually correct though the appeal would lie obviously against the decree dated 30th April 1962. It, however, appears that as the appeal was numbered and was even admitted, though the application for condoning delay was not made till the appeal was D placed on the cause list and was adually taken up for hearing when an objection was raised that the appeal was barred by limitation. It is obviously at that stage that the application for condoning delay was made.
. The appellant before the High Court did honestly believe that the decree was a preliminary decree and only after the deposit as directed th~rein was made by the plaintiff purchaser that ~ final decree would be made; The learned trial judge has also styled it as a preliminary decree.
Subsequent steps which have been listed in detail above clearly show that the plaintiff purchaser did not deposit the amount and in fact got a Commissioner appointed for determining the area of excess Ian~ and when the repO!t of the Commissioner was accepted by the trial Court, that decision was questioned by the plaintiff- in Civil Revision No. 3195/65. If since the decree the plaintiff sought extension of time for depositing the amount which was the obligation imposed by the decree the performance of which will make the decree executable against judgment-debtor, the judgment-debtor may honestly, though
erroneously, believe that there was no decree against which she could appeal unless the deposit was made. The decree also provided that failure to deposit would entail dismissal of the suit.
The defendant may honestly believe that if the consideration is not deposited the suit would stand dismissed and it would not be necessary to prefer an appeal at all. Such a contention may. not stand the scrutiny of a law Court but the question to which we must address ourselves is whether the denfen- dant vendor on account of this peculiar situation could be said to be prevented by a sufficient cause from preferring an appeal in time ? Soon after the deposit was made she first requested the Court to draw up a final decree which request was turned down and she immediately preferred the appeal.
These are relevant considerations while examin- ing a request for condoning the delay in preferring an appeal . and on ;…._ __ _ —·< SANDHYA RANI v. SUDHA RANI (Desai, J.) these relevant considerations if the High Cour.t is satisfied simultaneously keeping in view the conduct of the plaintiff since the date of the decree, a case for condoning t}le delay is made out, and no exception can be taken to it. It is undoubtedly true that in dealing with the question of condoning the delay under s. 5 of the Limitation Act the party see)cing relief has to satisfy the Court that he had sufficient cause for not preferring the appeal or making the application within the prescrib- ed time and this has always been understood to mean that the e4- planation has to cover the whole period of
delay, vide Sitaran~ Rancharan etc. v. M. N. Nagarshana & Others( 1). However, it is not possible to lay down precisely as to what facts or matters would constitute 'sufficient cause' under s. 5 of the Limitation Act. But those
words should be liberally construed so as to a_dvance substantial justice when no negligence or any inaction or want of bona fides is imputa\Jle to a party, i.e., the delay in filing an appeal should not have been for reasons which indicate the party's negligence in not taking necessary steps which he would have or should have taken.
What would be such necessary steps will again depend upon the circumstances of a particular case (vide State of West Bengal v. Administrator, H!YWrah MuniCipality and others('). Discretion is conferred on the Court before which an application for condoning delay is made and if the Court after keeping in view relevant principles exercises its discretion granting relief unless it is shown to be manifestly unjust or perverse, this Court would be loathe to interfere with it.
The High Court took into consideration the fact that no affidavit in o_pposition to the application for condoning delay was filed even though copy of the application was served on the present appellant who was respondent before the High Court and accordingly it was con- cluded that averments in the application remained unrebutted. The High Court _also took into consideration the relevant fact that plaintiff spught extension of time tci deposit balance of consideration from time to time and this is important because if the deposit was not made the suit was likely to be dismissed as per the decree of the trial Court as well as the order of the High Court in Civil Revision Application No. 3195 of 1965. The High Court recapitulated the events since the judg- ment of the trial Court and concluded that it was satisfied that the appellant before it had sufficient cause for not preferring the appeal within the period as prescribed in law and accordingly condoned the delay in preferring the ap11eal.
In our opinion these are vital and relevai;it considerations whll~ considering the prayer for condoning the delay m preferring the appeal and no case is made out for interfering with the same.
And now to the merits of the contentions raised in the appeal. Plaintiff's suit for specific performance had been decreed by the trial Court and on appeal by the vendor _defendant, the suit has been dis- missed.
Plaintiff is here be.fore us praying for a decree for specific (I) [19701 I S.C.R. 875 at 889. (2) (19721 2 S.C.R. 874. c SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 2 S·C·R· / I performance of the contract.
Let it be recalled that the contract of which plaintiff seeks performance is dated 8th February 1956 and the parties ·had agreed to complete the transaction by the end of April 1956.
The contract provided that within a week from the date of the agreement the vendor shall give to the purchaser for proper inspec- tion all original documents of title and other papers connected therewith and necessary information and the purchaser shall within a period of one and half months from such inspection of the documents lJcnd other papers and receipt of other particulars and information complete her searches in respect of the property and the vendor's title being proved good and marketable Jo the satisfaction of the purchaser the deed of conveyance will be executed and registered within fifteen days _thereof in favour of the purchaser or her nominee or nominees at tlie cost of c
the purchaser or such nominee or nominees. The vendor also agreed and undertook to deliver to the purchaser vacant and peaceful posses- sion of the property to be sold with the execution of the deed of con- · veyance.
Keeping in view these important terms, Mr. Purshottam Chatterjee contended that the High Court was in error in holding that the vendor complied with all the requests of the purchaser and it was submitted that the vendor had committed a default in complying with the requests. It was submitted that the plaintiff purchaser wanted to inspect title deeds as evidenced by Ext. 2 dated 17th February 1956 to which a reply was sent on behalf of the defendant vendor that these documents were filed in title suit No. 10 of 1956 and were jyiiig in the Third Court of the Sub-Judge at Alipore and that it was as late as 9th August 1956 that the defendant vendor asked the purchaser to inspect the documents in the Court and also failed either to pro- duce the original documents or certified copies as undertaken in the contract for_ sale of property. It was, therefore, contended that the vendor committed a breach of the terms of the agreement wnen she failed to produce the title deeds for inspection of the purchaser within the prescribed time schedule. It appears that the cpntention in the form it was canvassed before ns was not ra)sed before the High Court. Nor does it appear to have been contended before the trial Court. However, it must be stated that in a slightly different form this con- tention was pressed before the trial Court in support of the submis- sion that the plaintiff was entitled as per terms of the contract to one foot of land to the north of the property to be purchased and the trial Court which had in fact decreed the plaintiff's suit, had on this point held against the plaintiff.
Mr. Mukherjee for the respondent submit- ted that title was approved by the plaintiff by 30th April 1956 and then she was put in possession of a substantial portion of the premises. At any rate, during the extended period the title of the vendor was accepted by the plaintiff and the draft of conveyance deecj prepared by her attorney was accepted by the vendor and yet the plaintiff failed to take conveyance by the date next fixed for the same and-raised an untenable controversy about 1 foot of land to the north of the property to be sold to her.
Therefore, even if vendor failed to submit title deeds in time it loses all significance. Save this, the finding of the High Court that the defendant had complied with all the requests made by the plaintiff to complete the transaction in time could not be
assailed. SANDIIYA RANI v. SUDHA RANI (Desai, !. ) The High Court reversed the decree of the trial Court holding that the plaintiff purchaser had under one pretext or other put off the taking of the deed of conveyance and delayed performing her part of the contract.
The correctness of this finding was seriously assailed on behalf of the appellant. lt was urged that the High Court itself has found in this case that time was not the essence of the contract nor was it made essence of the contract because the date for performance was extended on number of occasions.
It was urged that this dis- closes a self-contradictory approach on the part of the High Court when on the one hand it holds that time was neither the essence of the contract nor was it made essence of the contract but on the other refuses decree for specific performance on the onJy ground that the plaintiff delayed performing her part of the contract. It is undoubtedly true that the High Court has recorded a finding (p. 32) that time was not the essence of the contract nor was it made essence of the contract by a specific notice, but it is equally true that the plaintiff seeks relief for specific performance of contract and it is incumbent upon the plaiuc tiff to affirmatively establish tha_t .all throughout he or she, as the case may be, was willing to perform his or her part of the contract, and that the failure on the part of the plaintiff to perform the contract or willing- ness to perform her part of the contract may in an appropriate case disentitle her to relief, one such situation being where there is inordi- uate delay on the part of the plaintiff to perform his or her part of the contract and that is how the High' Court has approached the matter in this case.
One aspect of the case which deserves notice is that by the terms of the contract the vendor had to put the purchase in posses- sion of the property when conveyance is executed and balance of
consideration is paid and that was to be done by the end of April 1956. Even though the plaintiff purchaser had failed to perform any portion of her part of the contract by the end of April 1956, the vendor put the plaintiff in actual possession of the first and second floors of the premises to be sold on 28th April 1956 and the plaintiff is in posses- sion of the same till today that is after a lapse of more than 20 years. On the other hand, she deposited after struggle and procrastination the balance of consideration on 6th February 1968 that is nearly 12 years after the date of agreement.
The plaintiff thus enjoyed actual posses- p sion of the property from April 1956 to February 1968 when she parted with consideration without paying a farthing for the use and' occupation of the premises which, on a reasonable construction of the contract, she was not entitled at all, till she parted with the full consi- deration and took the conveyance.
This has undoubtedly weighed with the High Court in coming to the conclusion that the plaintiff is disentitled to a relief of specific performance of contract. Mr. Chatterjee contended that delay on the part of the plaintiff would not disentitle her to a decree for specific performance unless it can be shown that time was of the essence of the contract or was made essence of the contract or delay on the part of the
plaintiff amounted to abandonment of the contract. Our attention was drawn to Article 466, Halsbury's Laws of England, III Edition, Vol. 36, p. 322 where it is observed that delay by a plaintiff in performing his part of the contract is a bar to his enforcing specific performance, pro- SUPREME
COURT REPORTS [1978] 2 S·C·R· vided that ( 1) time was in equity originally of the essence of the contract; or (2) was made so by subsequent notice; or (3) the delay has been so great as to be evidence of an abandonment of the contract. It was then said that in view of the finding of the High Court that time was not of the essence of the contract or was not so made, the decree could not be refused on the ground of delay. The question whether relief of specific performance of the contract for the purchase of immo- B veable property should be granted or not always depends on the facts and circumstances of each case and the Court would not grant such a relief if it gives the plaintiff an unfair advantage over the defendant. A few relevant facts of the case would unmistakably show that if a decree for specific performance in this case is granted it would give the plaintiff an unfair advantage over the defendant.
The defendant was obliged to sell the property because it was mortgaged with Hindustan Co-operative ~nsurance Society Ltd., and the mortgagee Company had filed Title Suit No. 10/656 for realisation of mortgage dues.
The vendor then had thus a compelling necessity to sell the pro- perty to save the property from being sold at a Court auction. It is in this hackground that we have to appreciate' the conduct of the plain- tiff.
The stages within which the contract was to be completed were clearly demarcated and set out in the contract itself and by the end of April 1956 the transaction was to be completed.
In her anxiety to see that the transaction was completed the defendant vendor put the plaintiff in possession of a substantial portion of the property even when the plaintiff had not paid a major part of the consideration. This
would clearly evidence the anxiety of the defendant to successfully complete the contract within the stipulated time. To repel this sub- mission on the flimsy ground that mortgage was not referred to in the contract for sale is to ignore the letter on behalf of the defendant dated 25th February 1956 in which it is specifically stated that the title deeds of the property in question were lying in the court of Sub-Judge at Alipore in which Hindustan Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd., had filed a suit for realisation of mortgage dues.
And the procrasti- nation on the part of the plaintiff put the defendant then in such a disadvantageous position that she was forced to sell the adjacent pro- p perty 86A, Rash Behari Avenue to Hindu Maha Sabha to raise enough money to pay off the dues in respect of the property which the plain- tiff desired to purchase. If in this background the High Court took into consideration the ·fact that while the defendant did everything within her power to meet the requests made by the plaintifi, the latter avoided performing her part of the contract under one or the other pretext and, therefore, is disentitled to a decree for specific perform- ance, no serious exception can be taken to this finding.
Mr. Chatterjee, however, contended that assuming there was delay on the part of the plaintiff in performing her part of the contract, once she was put in possession of a substantial portion of the property which was intended to be purchased, a decree for specific performance could H not be refu'sed.
In this connection he invited our attention to para 471, Halsbury's Laws of England, III Edition, Vol. 36, p. 325, where it is observed that delay does not, however, bar a claim to specific per- formance if the plaintiff has been in substantial possession of the benefits ;–,
SANDHYA RANI v. SUDHA RANI (Desai, !.) under the contract and is merely claiming completion of the legal estate. Reference was also made to Williams v. Greatrex.( 1) In that case the delay was of 10 years before bringing an action for specific performance.
During the entire period of 10 years neither side gave notice requiring the other to complete the transaction. In this back- ground the fact that the intending purchaser was put in possession of the plots acquired considerable importance and after considering the question of !aches, a decree for specific performance was granted. But the conclusion was reached on the facts of that case. In the case before us the defendant had on as many as three differ;;nt occasions invited the plaintiff to complete the transaction. By Ext. 2H, 17th July 1956 was fixed as the date for execution and registration and by Ext. 2J dated 9th August 1956, 12th August 1956 was fixed as the date for exe- cution and registration of the conveyance. Again by letter dated 27th August 1956, Ext. 2P, the plaintiff was informed that if the transaction was not completed within a week from 26th August 1956, the defen- dant would treat the agreement of sale as cancelled, forfeit the earnest money and claim damages for wrongful use and occupation of the pre- mises.
In this background it is not possible to accept the submission that even if the plaintiff was guilty of delay in performing her part of the contract, in view of the fact that she is in possession of a substantial portion of the property which is the subject-matter of this appeal, the delay should be overlooked and a
decree for specific performance should be granted. The correspondence that passed between the parties prominently brought out three points of dispute between the parties. The plaintiff claimed sale of one foot of land to the north of the property involved in dispute. Reliance was placed in support of the submission on the map annexed to the agreement. The map prepared by the Commis- sioner was also referred to. It is not necessary to examine evidence on this point becau'se both the trial Court which decreed the plaintiff's suit and the High Court which held against the plaintiff have recorded a concurrent finding that the plaintiff was not entitled as part of the agree- ment to purchase one foot of land to the north of the property. In fact, it has been held that this claim was purposely invented by the plaintiff fully knowing that to the north of the premises 88A, Rash Behari Avenue there was no land appurtenant to the said premises. Even if both the maps are compared it is not possible to come to the conclusion that there was any such land which was included in the agreement of sale. If there was no such land which could be sold to the plaintiff and yet if the plaintiff persisted in making this demand, the High Court and the trial Court were both amply justified in coming to the conclusion that t~is claim was invented with a view to pufting off the date for performtng her part of the contract. But in this con- nection Mr. Chatterjee contended that the plaintiff purchaser wanted demarcation of boundary as per Ext. 2E and instead of agreeing to make arrangement for demarcation, the defendant contended
that demarcation was aready effected. By letter Ext. 2K the plaintiff denied any such demarcation. It was also urged that' there is no document on record which would show that any joint demarcation of (1)
[1956] All E. R. 705. c n SUPREME COURl; REPORTS (1978) 2 S·C·R· the boundary was undertaken and demarcation 'was made. In this connection, the letter Ext. 2P on behalf of the defendant clearly shows that demarcat1o_n of the boundary was already done.
The dispute about demarcat10n has hardly any relevance. In fact, the dispute is raised by the plaintiff when she claims one foot of land to the north of property. Even if one relies upon the map annexed to the agree-
ment, the claim is not substantiated. Both the trial court and the High Court have concurrently fonnd that no such land was agreed to be soid. If the plaintiff still persists in making such a demand she is asking the defendant to perform an agreement which was not entered into between the parties.
However, this matter can be looked at from a slightly different angle also in that when the Commissioner prepared the map. the plaintiff questioned it in the High Court and the High Court accepted the Commissioner's map showing which was the pro- perty to be sold by the defendant to the plaintiff and this map did not contain one foot of land to the north of the property.
The conten-· tion trbout one foot of land to the north was already negatived and could not be reagitated before the High Court. Even apart from this technical aspect substantially on evidence also the plaintiff fails on this point.
Yet she delayed performing her part by insisting upon buying one foot of la.nd. Another dispute between the parties was with regard to the claim of Rs. 2,000/- which the plaintiff appears to have paid to the tenant to get him vacate a portion of the premises so that she could take over possession.
Both the trial court and the High Court have reject- ed this claim observing that if the plaintiff voluntarily paid something for her own benefit she could not claim the same from the defendant. There is nothing to show that this amount was paid by the plain- tiff on behalf of the defendant or with the consent or concurrence of the defendant.
The plaintiff, till 1968 when she deposited the balanco of consideration in the Court, was not entitled to be put in actual possession and yet if she was put in possession of a substantial portion of the premises and she for her own benefit paid something to the tenant in a portion of the premises to vacate the same so that she can enjoy it, it was a voluntary payment made by her for her own benefit and not for the benefit of the vendor.
That amount was used 'by her for her own benefit and could not be reco'1ered from the defendant. On the contrary, this claim would show that the plaintiff was putting hurdles in the way of performing the contract. Mr. Chatterjee argued that the High Court clearly committed. an error in law in holding that the plaintiff had no wherewithal to pay the balance of consideration and it was further argued that the High Court took into consideration extraneous circumstances snch as the insol- vency of the husba.nd of the plaintiff to come to the conclusion that the plaintiff had not necessary wherewithal with her to pay the balance of consideration.
In this connection the plaintiff's case is that the amount of Rs. 2,000 /- paid as earnest money was advanced by her husband and she was to procure the balance of consideration by sell- ing her ornaments which she had with her.
The plaintiff has not stepped into the witness box. There is no material to show that she had enough ornaments which would have fetched nearly Rs. 45,000/-. \ ,__ –""\ SANDHYA RANI v. SUDHA RANI (Desai, J.)
But reliance was placed on the pass books of the plaintiff's husband. The pass books show an overdraft account in the na.me of the husband of the plaintiff. Assuming that the entries in the pass book show that the husband of the plaintiff could have procured the amount, the plaintiff's case is that she was to sell the ornaments to procure the balance of consideration. If that was the case, she wanted to make out, it was incumbent upon her to step into the witness box. Now, as against this, there are some tell-tale facts on record which permit an irresistible inference that the plaintiff did not have necessary where- withal to pay the balance of consideration and, therefore, she put forth one or ·the other excuse to avoid the performance of her part of the contract.
TWo such pretexts can be readily pointed out, one when she insisted for the sale of one foot of land to the north of the property which claim was thoroughly unjust and improper, and second, the demand of lls. 2,000/- spent by her in making the tenant vacate a c
portion 9f the premises. The contract was to be completed by April 1956, It was not completed till 1957 even though the defendant after satisfying the queries of the plaintiff fixed different dates on
different occasions calling upon the plaintiff to complete the transac- tion. Thereafter plaintiff filled a suit. The suit was decreed on 30th April 1962. We have already at another place referred to this deeree
to point out that the plaintiff by that decree was called upon to deposit o the balance of consideration within 30 days of the date of the decree. This would mean that she _had to deposit the balance of consideration by the end of May 1962. She did not deposit the amount by the stipulated date.
She asked for extension of time. Thereafter she moved an application for ascertai11ing the area of excess land which was being sold to her. Under this pretext she did not deposit the
balance of consideration. Thereafter when the Commissioner pre- pared the map and the Court fixed another date to deposit the amount, she questioned the order of the Court in th~ High Court and after the High Court dismissed her revision application and called upon her to deposit the balance of consideration _she again sought extension and ultimately deposited the amount on 6th February 1968. This would show that at the material point of time she did not have the necesary wherewithal to pay the balance of consideration and to take the conveyance and this would provide tell-tale evidence to exp1aiii her conducf_ in putting forth one or the other impediment in the path of performance of the contract. If in the background of this evidence the High Court reached the conclusion that she did not have – the necessary wherewithal with her to pay the balance of consideration and take the deed of conveyance, one cannot take any exception to it.
But in this connection Mr. Chatierjee contended that the plairl- tiff seeking specific performance of the contract is not required to show that she has at all material time necessary cash with her to per- form her part of the contract. It is enough if the plaintiff can show that she was _in a position to raise the money required at or about the time when the contract was to be performed and she discharges the obligation of proving readiness and willingness so far as the financial aspect is concerned.
Reliance was placed on Jitendra Nath Roy v. Smt. Maheswari Bose(!). Undoubtedly, the auestion would be (I) A.I.R. 1965 Calcutta 45. 16-119 SCIJ78 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 2 S·C·R·
A while examining the readiness a11d willingness of the plamtiff to per- form her part of the contract to find out whether she would be in a position to take the conveyance by paying the balance of considera- tion and that the enquiry may well br, made whether she would be in a position to raise the money.
Reference was also made to Bank of India Ltd. v. Jamsetji A. H. Chinoy and Another('), where it was held that the plaintiff seeking to prove that he was ready and willing B to fulfil his financial obligations has not necessarily to produce the mo'ley or to vouch a concluded scheme for financing the transaction. After the High Court dismissed her revision application and fixed lhe date 8th January 1968 for depositing the amount, she had no further contention to put forth and she should have deposited the amount yet she sought extension of time.
And along with this, one must keep in view her contention that she had to sell her ornaments to raise C the amount for which she did not step into the witness box to prove her contention.
In this background it does appear that the plaintiff had not the. necessary wherewithal to perform her part of the con- tract. It was next contended that the relief for specific performance being D discretionary and the trial Court having exercised its discretion one way in favour of the plaintifl', the High Court should not have inter- fered with the same.
It may be recalled. that on major points of dis- pute between the parties the trial Court and the High Court recorded concurrent findings to wit the claim of the plaintiff for sale of one foot of land to north of property and the demand of Rs. 2,000/- 'pent E by the plaintiff for removing the tenant. The third dispute was about removal of fixtures from the northern wall by the defendant. The
trial court held that the defendant committed default in removing the fixtures. Our attention was drawn to the relevant correspondence on the subject. It was urged that the defendant was required to remove the futures on the northern wall.
On this point the trial court held that the defendant committed default in removing the fixtures. In F fact, the correspondence would show that the fixtures could br, remov- ed in a short time and the defendant was always willing to remove the fixture.
But the trial court held that the defendant committed a default in this behalf and recorded a finding that as both the plaintiff and the defendant committed default law must take its own course, viz., the plaintiff should get a decree for specific performance or the' contract.
The High Court examined this contention meticulously. So have we done here. In fact, it prominently appears that the pfain- -G tiff put off performing her part of the contract presumably hecause she had not the necessary wherewithal to take the conveyance when she would be obliged to pay the balance of consideration and having obtained possession struck on to it without meeting her obligalion. If in this background the High Court interfered with the decree of the trial court, we see nothing objectionable in it.
The decree for speci- fic performance in this case has been rightly refused and this appea 1 is liable to be dismissed. · "' " .. · "" f (I) 77 I.A. 76. . .-A SANDHYA RANI v. SUDHA RANI (Desai, /.)
At one stage Mr. Chatterjee wanted us to work out the equities of A the situation but as we J1Ie of the opinion that the plaintiff is not •entitled to a decree for specific performance of the contract, we need not examine the same.
Accordingly, this appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. :S.R . Appeal dismissed. B