S.C.R. SARJU PERSHAD v. RAJA JWALESH\VARI PRATAP NARAIN SINGH AND OTHERS [SAIYID F AZL ALI, MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN and MUKHERJEA JJ.J Practice-Appellate court-Finding of fact depending on credi- bility of witnesses-Interference-Correct principle.
When there is conflict of oral evidence of the parties on any matter in issue and the decision hinges upon tbe credibility of the witnesses, then unless there is some special feature a.bout the evidence of a particular witness which has escaped the trial judge's notice or there is a sufficient balance of improbability to displace his opinion as to where the credibility lies, the appel- late court should not interfere with tho finding of the trial judge on a question of fact.
It would not detract from tbe value to be attached to a trial judge's finding or fact if the judge does not expressly base his conclusion upon the impressions he gathers from the demeanour of witnesses.
The rule is, however, only a. rule of practice and docs not mean that the court of first instance can be treated as illfallible in deterrnining which, side is telling the truth or is refraining from exaggeration.
[Where the High Court reversed a finding of fact arrived &t by the trial court depending on oral evidence on the ground that the rule that the appellate court should be slow to differ from the conclusions arrived at by the trial judge who had seen and heard the witnesses did not apply to the case as the trial judge did not ba.se bis conclusions on the impressions created in hie mind by the witnesses who deposed before him, but upon the inherent impl'Obabi!ity of
the circumstances deposed to, the Supreme Court held that the High Court's approach to the case was not proper and, alter weighing the whole evidence in the case, reversed the finding of the High Court.]
W. O. Macdonald v. Fred Latimer (A.LR. 1929 P.O. 15 at p.18), Watts v. Thomas ([1947] A.O. 484 at p. 486), Saraveeraswami v. Talluri (A.I.R. 1949 P. C. 32), Netherlandsche Handel Maatschappij v. R. M. P. Ohettiar Firm and Others (A.I.R. 1929 P.O. 202, 205), referred to.
APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. LXX of 1949. Appeal from the judgment of the Allahabad High Court (Verma and Yorke JJ.) dated the 22nd April, 1943. JOO Nov. 1!. [1950] t95o
M. C. Setalvad, Attorney-General for India (Sri Narain Andley, with him), for the appellant. SarJU Pershad (H j U 'th h' ) f th . Banerjee mrigar, w1 1m , or e Raia respondents. Jwaleshwari
Pratap Narain 1950. November 14. The judgment of the Court S.ngh .t Others was delivered by Mukherjea J. MuKHERJEA J.-This is an appeal against a judg- ment and decree of a Division Bench of the Allahabad
High Court dated April 22, 1943, which reversed on appeal those of the Civil Judge of Basti dated 6th of November 1939. The suit, out of which the appeal arises, was com- menced by the plaintiff, whose successor the present
appellant is, to recover a sum of Rs. 11,935 by enforce- ment of a simple mortgage bond. The mortgage deed is dated the 8th of March 1926 and was executed by Raja Pateshwari Partap Narain Singh, the then holder
of Basti Raj which is an impartible estate governed by the rule of primogeniture, in favour of Bhikhiram Sahu, the father of the original plaintiff Ramdeo, to secure a loan of Rs. 5,500 advanced by the mortgagee on
hypothecation of certain immovable properties apper- taining to the estate of the mortgagor. The loan carried interest at the rate of 9 per cent. per annum and there was a stipulation to pay the mortgage money
within one year from the date of the bond. The mortgagor and the mortgagee were both dead at the time when the suit was instituted, and the plaintiff in the action was Ramdeo Sahu, the son and heir of the
mortgagee, while the principal defendant was the eldest son of the mortgagor who succeeded to the Basti estate under the rule of primogeniture. It was stated in the plaint that absolutely nothing was paid by the mort-
gagor or his successor towards the mortgage dues and the plaintiff claimed the principal amount of Rs. 5,500 together with interest at the rate of 9 per cent. per annum up to the date of the suit.
A number of pleas were taken by the contesting defendant in answer to the plaintiff's claim, most of which are not relevant for our present purpose. The Iii S.C.R. substantial contentions raised by the defendant were
of a three-fold character. In the first place, it was urged that the document sued upon was not a properly Sariu Ptrshad attested or validly registered document and could not 1;~ia
operate as a mortgage instrument in law. The second Jwal••hwar; contention raised was that there was no consideration Pratap Narain in support of the transaction, at least to the extent of Singh .t Othm. Rs. 2,000, which was represented by items 3 and 4 of
the consideration clause in the document. The third Mukhorjea J. and the last material defence related to a claim for relief under the United Provinces Agriculturists' Relief Act.
The trial Judge held in favour of the defendant on the last point mentioned above and negatived his other pleas. The result was that he made a preliminary decree for sale in favour of the plaintiff for recovery of the principal sum of Rs. 5 ,500 with interest at certain
rates as are sanctioned by the U. P. Agriculturists' Relief Act; and agreeably to the provisions of that Act the decretal dues were directed to be paid in a number of instalments.
Against this decision, the defendant took an appeal to the High Court of Allahabad which was heard by a Division Bench consisting of Verma and York J J. The learned Judges reversed the judgment of the trial
Judge and dismissed the plaintiff's suit on one ground only, viz., that the bond was not attested in the manner required by law and consequently could not rank as a mortgage bond ; and as the suit was instituted
beyond 6 years from the date of the bond, no money decree could be claimed by the plaintiff. It is against this judgment that the plaintiff has come up on appeal to this court, and the main con-
tention raised by the learned Attorney.General, who appeared in support of the appeal, is that in arriving at its decision on the question of attestation, the High Court approached the matter from a wrong standpoint
altogether and on the materials in the record it had no justification for reversing the findings of the trial court on that point. The question for our consideration is undoubtedly
one of fact, the decision of which depends upon the [1950] appreciation of the oral evidence adduced in the case. In such cases, the appellate court has got to bear in S(l,rju P~rshad
d d h" h h v. min that it has not the a vantage w ic t e trial Raja Judge had in having ·the witnesses before him and of Jwal.,hwari observing the manner in which they deposed in court. Pratap Narai" This certainly does not mean that when an appeal lies Si·•gh & Othera, on facts, the appellate court is not competent to reverse 1 k-;:–.
J a finding of fact arrived at by the trial Judge. The rule u " 1'a · is -and it is nothing more than a rule of practice –that when there is conflict of oral evidence of the parties on
any matter in issue and the decision hinges upon the credibility of the witnesses, then unless there is some special feature about the evidence of a particular witness which has escaped the trial Judge's notice or
there is a sufficient balance of improbability to displace his opinion as to where the credibility lies, the appel- late court should not interfere with the finding of the trial Judge on a question of fact('). The gist of the nume- rous decisions on this subject was clearly summed up by
Viscount Simon in Watt v. Thomas('), and his observa- tions were adopted and reproduced in extenso by the Judicial Committee in a very recent appeal from the Madras High Court('). The observations are as
follows: -· "But if the evidence as a whole can reasonably be regarded as justifying the conclusion arrived at at the trial, and especially if that conclusion has been arrived at on confliciting testimony by a tribunal which saw
and heard the witnesses, the appellate court will bear in mind that it has not enjoyed this opportunity and that the view of the trial Judge as to where credibility lies is entitled to great weight.
This is not to say that the Judge of first instance can be treated as infallible in determining which side is telling the truth or is refraining from exaggeration. Like other tribunals, he
may go wrong on a question of fact, but it is a cogent circumstance that a Judge of first instance, when (11 Vid9 Lord A•kin's obsetva.tions ·in lV. 0. Macdonald v. Pr~d Latimer, A.LR. 1929 P.O. 15, 18.
(2) [1947] A.O. 484, alp. 48r.. (3) Vide Saravedrcuwami v. Talluri, A.LR. 19i9 P.O. p. 32, S.C.R. estimating the value of verbal testimony, has the advantage (which is denied to Courts of appeal) of 8
. -P- d h th "t b f h. d b th ar;u 6'sha avmg e w1 nesses e ore 1m an o servmg e v manner in which their evidence is given." Raia It is in the light of these observations that we pro-
Jwal,.hwali pose to examine the propriety of the decision of the Pratap Nar•m h Singh ~Others. learned udges of t e High Court m the present case. _ It will appear that the mortgage deed besides contain· Mukherjea J. ing the signature of the executant, purports to bear the
signatures of three other persons, two of whom are described as attesting witnesses <tnd the third one as the scribe. Harbhajan Lal and Jawala Prasad Tewari purport to have signed the document as attesting wit-
nesses and Jawala Prasad Patwari is the person who has signed it as the scribe. Jawala Prasad Tewari was admittedly dead when the suit was brought and Harbhajan Lal, the only surviving
attest- ing witness was called on behalf of the plaintiff to prove the execution of the deed as is required under section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act. Harbhajan Lal stated in the witness box that he did sign the
document as a witness and so did Jawala Prasad Tewari, but neither of them signed it in the presence of the mortgagor; nor did the mortgagor sign in their presence. On this statement being made, the witness
was declared hostile and he was allowed to be cross- examined by the plaintiff's Counsel. He was cross- examined by the defendant also and in answer to the questions put to him by the defendant's lawyer, he
stated that he signed the deed at the Co!lectorate Kutchery, meaning thereby the Bar Library, where he used to sit as a petition writer and the document was taken to him at that place by Bhikhi Ram Sahu, the
mortgagee, Ghur Lal, a Karinda ot the mortgagor, and Jawala Prasad Patwari, the scribe. Jawala Prasad Tewari signed the deed after him. The mortgagor certainly did not come to that place and his signature
was already on the deed when the witness signed it. The details of the defendant's version relating to execution of this document were given by Jawala Prasad Patwari, who was the principal witness on the
[1950] side of the defendant. He says that he prepared the draft at the sherista or the office of the Raja Sahib SMju Porshad h" h . "d h" K t Th d ft v w lc lS outs1 e ls o or pa ace.
e ra was Raja prepared under instructions from Bhikhi Ram, the Jwaleshwari mortgagee. and Ghur Lal, the Karinda of the mort- Pmtap Narain gagor, both of whom were present when the draft was Singh & Othm prepared. After the draft was fair copied and stamp- Mukhe,Jea J. ed, the witness signed it as the scribe and then it was taken by Bhikhi Ram and Gbur Lal to the Kot or
palace of the Raja for his signature. After obtaining the Raja's signature, Bhikhi Ram went away to his house and some time later he as well as Bhikhi Ram and Gbur Lal went to the Collectorate Kutchery,
where they took the signatures of Harbhajan Lal and Jawala Prasad Tewari. They then went to the registration office, where the document was presented for registration by Jainarayan Sukul who held a
general power of attorney for the Raja. As against this, there is a completely different version given by the plaintiff himself and his witness Buddhu Lal. According to the plaintiff, the docu-
ment was executed and attested at one and the same sitting in the Kot or palace of the Raja; the terms had been settled beforehand between Bhikhi Ram and the mortgagor and on the 8th of November 1926 the
plaintiff himself, and not his father, went to the Raja's palace at about 10 or 11 A. M. in the morning to get the document executed. He was accompanied by three persons to wit Harbhajan Lal, the deed
writer of his father, Buddhu Lal, an old servant of the family, and Jawala Prasad Tewari who was also well known to the plaintiff and was taken to bear witness to the deed. They found Jawala Prasad Patwari
already with the Raja when they reached the Kot. The draft was prepared by Buddhu Lal at the sugges- tion of the Raja. It was the plaintiff's desire that the final document should be scribed by Harbhajan Lal
but as the Raja wanted to oblige Jawala Prasad Patwari, who was the Patwari of Basti proper, the deed was faired out and scribed by Jawala Prasad Patwari. After the Raja had put his signature on the
S.C.R. document in the presence of Harbhajan Lal and mo Tewari, both the latter signed the document in the f l R · Th b d Sarju Pershad presence o tie aia. e su sequent events narrate
by the plaintiff relate to the registration of the docu- n:ja ment and we do not consider them to be material for Jwaleshwari our present purpose. Pratap Narnin This story of the plaintiff is supported materially Singh~llim. and on all points by Buddhu Lal, who was an old .•lukhecjea J. servant of the family, though he was no longer in
service when he deposed in court. There were thus two conflicting versions placed before the court and each side attempted to sub- stantiate its case by verbal testimony of witnesses.
The trial Judge was to decide which of the two versions was correct and he accepted the story of the plaintiff and rejected that of the defendant. The learned Judges of the High Court in dealing
with the appeal do observe, at the beginning of their discussions, that on a question of fact the appellate court should be slow to differ from the conclusions arrived at by the trial Judge who had seen and heard
the witnesses; but in their opinion, this rule did not apply to the present case as the trial Judge here did not base his conclusions on the impressions created in his mind by the witnesses who deposed before him.
What the trial Judge relied upon, it is said, was not the demeanour of the witnesses as index of their credibility but upon the inherent improbability of the circumstances deposed to by the defendant's witnesses.
It is observed by the High Court that the trial Judge, when he found the defendant's story to be improbable, should have considered whether or not there were improbable features in the plaintiff's case also, and
_whether the evidence of the plaintiff and his servant Buddhu Lal merited credence at all. The learned Judges of the High Court then proceed to examine and discuss at great length the different reasons put
forward by the trial Judge in support of his finding that the defendant's case was unreliable. These reasons are held to be inconclusive and unsound and tne High Court further found that the plaintiff's story
.. , [1950] 19;0 as narrated by him and his servant is improbable and not worthy of belief. Swju Pershad v. In our opinion, the High C0urt's approach to the Raia case has not been proper and its findings are un-
Jwaleskwari supportable on the materials in the record. :rat~p,t;;:'" Here was a case where the controversy related to a mg"__ ""pure question of fact which had to be determined by ,\fakheriea J. weighing and appraising of conflicting oral testimony adduced by the parties. It cannot be denied that in
estimating the value of oral testimony, the trial Judge, who sees and hears the witnesses, has an advantage which the appellate court does not possess. The High Court was wrong in thinking that it would detract
from the value to be attached to a trial Judge's finding of fact if the Judge does not expressly base his con- clusion upon the impressions he gathers from the demeanour of witnesses (I). The duty of the appellate
court in such cases is to see whether the evidence taken as a whole can reasonably justify the conclusion which the trial court arrived at or whether there is an element of improbability arising from proved circum-
stances which, in the opinion of the court, outweighs such finding. Applying this principle to the present case, we do not think that the High Court was justi- fied in reversing the finding of the trial Judge on the
question of attestiation of the document. In the opinion of the High Court the story narrated by the plaintiff and his servant is untrue, and the main reason given is that it is not at all probable that the plaintiff and
not his father Bhikhi Ram was present at the palace of the Raja when the document was executed. The mortgagor, it is said, was an influential person in the locality occupying a very high social position and it
would be indecorous and against Indian customs for a man like Bhikhi Ram not to be personally present when the Raja was going to execute a document in his favour. The learned Judges seem to think that the
plaintiff was not really at the spot when the mortgage deed was executed and as Bhikhi Ram was dead, this story was manufactured by the plain tiff in order to fll Vida ihe observa.tions of Lord Carson in Netherlatt.dsche Handel .\faatscha:ppij v, R.M,P. Ghetti~r Firm a~d Others, A.LR. 1929 P.C. 20J, '..105, S.C.R.
enable him to prove attestation. Mr. Banerjee appear- 1s5o ing for the defendant respondent went to the length of suggesting that it was only after Harbhajan Lal sar,u Persha<i turned hostile in the witness box and denied that he
R;j. attested the document that the new story was invent- Jwaleshwari ed by the plaintiff. Pratop Narain We think that this argument rests on an extremely Smgh .t OthM. flimsy basis which does not bear examination. It Muk;;;;.a J. may be that the Raja was a man of high social posi-
tion, but it should be remembered that he was in the position of a borrower and moreover it was not the first time that he was borrowing money from Bhikhi Ram. As, however, he was the Raja of Basti, the
document was executed at his palace and not in the house of the mortgagee and if as the plaintiff says, the terms were already settled between Bhikhi Ram and the Raja and the only thing left was to embody
the agreed terms in writing, we fail to see why it was absolutely necessary for Bhikhi Ram to wait upon the mortgagor personally; and why his adult son, who was sufficiently old and experienced in business
affairs, could not represent him in the transaction. The suggestion of Mr. Banerjee that the new story was invented after the plaintiff had seen Harbhajan Lal giving evidence against him in the witness box 1s
not worthy of serious consideration having regard to the fact that the plaintiff himself stepped into the witness box immediately after Harbhajan Lal had finished his deposition. It seems to us also that the presence of Harbhajan
Lal and Buddhu Lal at the sitting when the mortgage transaction took place was quite a probable and natural thing which cannot give rise to any suspicion. It appears from the evidence on the record that
Harbhajan Lal, who was a professional deed writer, was usually employed for writing deeds of the plaintiff's father and he figured either as a scribe or as an attest- ing witness in various documents to which the plaint-
iff's father was a party. It was quite natural for the plaintiff in such circumstances to take Harbhajan Lal _ along with him to the Raja's palace on the day that th(! [1950] mortgage bond was executed and we see no reason to
. — disbelieve the plaintiff's statement that his original 8"'1u p.,,had intention was to have the deed scribed by Harbhajan v. Raja Lal. It is said by the High Court that in the mofussil
Jwaleshwari districts in the United Provinces the Patwari is the Pratap Narain person generally .employed for drafting and scribing Singh & Others. deeds. This cannot mean that all the people in the
district of Basti used to have their deeds drafted and Jfukherjea J. scribed by the Patwari. We have exhibited docu- ments in the records of this case where the name of Harbhajan Lal appears as the scribe; and so far as the
plaintiff's father was concerned, there is no doubt what- soever that Harbhajan Lal was the scribe ordinarily employed to do his work. In this case also if Jawala Prasad Patwari had not been present on the spot, the
plaintiff would certainly have the document scribed by Harbhajan Lal, as so many documents in favour of the plaintiff's father had been scfibed by this man on previous occasions. We see nothing improbable in the
story that it was out of deference to the wishes of the Raja that the plaintiff consented to the document being scribed by Jawala Prasad Patwari. As regards Buddhu Lal, it is not disputed that he
was an old and a trusted servant of the plaintiff's family. That he was trusted in business matters is clear from the fact that his name appears as a witness in the registered receipt (Ex. 10) given by Sheo Balak
Ram, to whom a sum of Rs. 500 was paid by Bhikhi Ram under the terms of the disputed mortgage deed. We fail to see why it was improbable that Buddhu Lal would accompany the plaintiff to the Raja's palace
on the day of the execution of the document. The trial Judge relied to some extent upon the fact that the signatures of the executant and Harbhajan Lal were in the same ink in support of his conclusion
that Harbhajan Lal signed the document at the place of its execution and not at the Collectorate Kutchery as alleged by him. Speaking for ourselves, we do not attach much importance to the similarity in the ink
which is after all not a very reliable test ; but we do agree with the trial Judge in holding that Harbhajan …. S.C.R. SUPREME COURT H.EPORTS Lal must have signed the document at the time when
it was executed and not afterwards; and it is really Sarju Pe,.shad inconceivable that an old and experienced deed writer v. like him did not know the requirements of proper Raja attestation. On his own evidence he had attested
Jwaleshwari numerous documents and he could not recall a single Pratap Narai" ·instance where he signed the document in such manner Singh &o Others. as he did in the present case. The way in which the Mukherjea J. learned Judges of the High Court have attempted to
explain away this part of Harbhajan Lal's evidence does not appear to be satisfactory. The other obser- vation made by the High Court in this connection that in this particular province there are many persons who
are acquainted with law but do nnt care to comply with its requirements on accouut of carelessness, indifference, sloth or over-confidence is not relevant and need not be taken seriously.
Whatever that may be, we have no hesitation in holding that Harbhajan Lal knew perfectly well what attestation means in law and he did sign the document as an attesting witness at the Raja's Kot after the document was executed.
Jawala Prasad Patwari is apparently a man under the control of the defendant and cannot be trusted. Why Harbhajan Lal did go over to the defendant's side is a ·question which may not admit of an easy
answer. The trial Judge seems to be of opinion that it was probably due to the influence exercised by Jaw ala Prasad Patwari, who is a co-villager of Harbhajan. We think it unnecessary to speculate upon these
matters, for ill our opinion Harbhajan Lal stands con- demned by his own statement in court. Our conclusion is that the finding of the trial Judge on the question of attestation is perfectly consistent
with the circumstances and probabilities of the case and the learned Judge did not omit anything which ought to have been present to his mind in coming to a conclusion. The evidence on the record taken as a
whole fully supports the finding, and in our opinion the High Court has reversed it on totally inadequate grounds. The result is that the appeal must be il\1Jw~d ind the judgment of tlle Higl1 Court should be
[1950] set aside. As the High Court, however, has dismissed the suit only on the ground of non-attestation of the Sarju Pmhad mortgage bond and did not consider the other points ;;ja
which were raised before it, the case must go. back to Jwaleshw>ri that court m order that the other matters, which have Prntap Narain been left undecided, may be heard and decided by the Singh & Others. learned Judges and the case disposed of in accordance with law. The plaintiff appellant is entitled to costs of
~fakherjea J. this hearing as well as the costs of the High Court Nov. 30. against defendant No. 1. Appeal allowed. Agent for the appellant: Rajindar Narain. Agent for the respondents: 5. P. Varma.
A. M. MAIR & CO. v. GORDHANDASS SAGARMULL. [SAIYID FAZL Au, PATANJALI SASTRI and MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN JJ.] Arbitration-Contract by bro~er for sale of goods by "sold" and "bought" notes-Arbitration clause-Seller denying right of b•roker to enforce arbitral ,;nn
clause-~J urisdiction of arbitrators- Valid,ity of award-Construction of contract. The appellants, a firm of brokers, entered into a' contract for the sale and purchase of a quantity of jute under a ''sold note" addressed to the respondents which they signed as " A & Co., brokers" and a "bought note" of the same date and for the
same quantity of jute addressed to a third person in which also they signed as ' 1 A & Co., brokers". The" sold note" contained the usual arbitration clause under which '' all matters, questions, disputes, differences and/.or. cla.ims, arising out of and/or con- cerning, and/or in connection and/or in consequence of, or relating to, the contract ……… shall be referred to the arbitration of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce."
A dispute having arisen with regard to a matter wbich admittedly arose out of the contract evidenced by the sold note, the appellants referred the dispute for arbitration. The respondents raised before the arbitrators
the further contention that as the appellants were only brokers they were not entitled to refer the matter to arbitration. The arbitrators made an award in favour of the appellants.
The respondents wade an application to the High Court under the Indian Arbitration Act for setting aside the award: Held that,. assuming that it was open to the respondents to raise this objection at that stage, inasmuch as this further dispute