SEKAR @ RAJA SEKHARAN v. STATE R\'!:P. BY INSPECTOR OF POLICE, T. NADU OCTOBER 3, 2002 [ARJJIT PASAYAT AND S.B. SINHA, JJ.] Penal Code, 1860-Sections 302, 304 Part I, Exception IV to Section 300 and Sect/on 96-:-Murder and Culpable Homicide not amounting to murder-Right of private defence-Availability of-Altercation between parties C developing Into assault leading to death of one person-Accused taking plea /hat assault made in exercise of right of private defence-Trial Court rejecting the plea, convicting accused under section 302 and sentencing him to life impr/sonmf!nt-Hlgh Court upholding conviction-On appeal held, courts below right in rejecting the plea since the accused inflicted a further blow on the deq(#ased. after deceased fell down-Since there was no pre-meditation and D assaults were given by the accused during the course of sudden quarrel, case ffllls under exception IV to section 300 !PC, hence accused convicted under secti<;m J04 Part /–Sentence reduced to ten years imprisonment. Aocordlng to the prosecution one P impounded a sheep that was clestroylng his crops. Appellant-accused and others untied it from the rope E which led to exchange of hot words between P and appellant-accused. It is 111leged that accused lnntcted blows to Pas a result of which he fell down. Appellant-accused again Inflicted another blow on his neck which led to his death. There were eye-witnesses to the occurrence. FIR was lodged. Appellant-accused pleaded that he was falsely implicated and assaults were p made In exercise of right of private defence. Trial Court placed reliance on evidence of prosecution witnesses and convicted appellant-accused under section 302 IPC. High Court upheld the conviction. Hence the present appeal.
Appellant contended that trial court and High Court brushed aside G the evidence of witnesses examined to substantiate the stand of right of private defence; and that section 302 IPC was not applicable since as per prosecution version assaults were made in course of a sudden quarrel. Respondent-State contended that after analysis of the factual H .113
A position, trial Court as well as High Court concluded that the accused was responsible for the death of the deceased and right of private defence was not available to the accused.
c Partly allo~ing the appeal, the Court HELD: LI. To claim right of private defence extending to voluntary causing death, the accused must show that there were circumstances giving rise to reasonable grounds for apprehending that either death or grievous hurt would be caused to him. The burden is on the accused to show that he had a right of private defence which extended to causing of death. (118-H; 119-A-BI
1.2. l\ plea of right of private defence canllilt be based on surmises and speculation. In order to find whether the right of private defence is available to an accused or not, it is not relevant whether he may have a chance to inflict severe and mortal injury on the aggressor. The entire D incident must be examined with care and viewed in its proper setting. The injuries received by the accused, the imminence of threat to his safety, the injuries caused by the accused and the circumstances whether the accused had time to have recourse to public authorities are all relevant factors to be considered. (118-E, F; 119-D-El
Muashi Ram v. Delhi Administration, AIR (1968) SC 702; State of Gujarat v Bai Fatima, AIR (1975) SC 1478; State of U.P v. Mohd Musheer Khan, AIR (1977) SC 2226; Mahindra Pal v. State of Punjab, AIR (1979) SC 577; Sa/ima Zia v. State of U.P. AIR (1979) SC 391; Lakshmi Singh v. State of Bihar, AIR (1976) SC 2263 and Jai Dev v. State of Punjab, AIR p (1963) SC 612, referred to.
2.1'. In the instant case, in view of the evidence of prosecution witnesses implicating the accused, plea of the accused about his innocence cannot be accepti;d. In fact, the occurrence has been accepted but the plea was one of exercise of right of private defence. The plea relating to exercise G of right of private defence has been rightly rejected by the courts below since it is in evidence that accused dealt a further blow on the neck, after the deceased had fallen down after receiving blows on other parts of the body. ( 116-F, GI
2.2.'There was an altercation between the accused and the deceased. SEKAR@RAIA SEKHARAN "·STATE REP. BY INSPECTOR OF POLICE, T. NADU [PASAYAT,J.] 115 There was no pre-meditation and the assaults were given by the accused A during the course of the sudden quarrel. Thus it brings the case within the ambit of Exception IV to Section 300 IPC. Even otherwise, it appears to be a case of accused exceeding the right of private defence. Therefore, the accused is convicted under Section 304 Part I IPC. (119-E, F] 2.3. While awarding the sentence, factor which weighed with this B Court was that the accused and deceased belonged to economically distressed class; that they were illiterate daily wage earners; that they fought over a sheep and the minimal damage done by it to the crops; that there was no previous enmity and that a spur of the moment loss of faculties led to the unfortunate occurrence. Therefore, the sentence is C reduced to 10 years. (119-G, H; 120-A]
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. I SS of 2002. From the Judgment and Order dated I 5.10.1999 of the Chennai High D Court in Crl. A. No. 467 of I 990. Ms. D. V. Padma Priya for the Appellant.
A.V. Rangam, A. Ranganadhan, Buddy A. Ranganadhan, C.K.V. Dhruva E and Ms. Revathy Raghavan for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ARIJIT PASA YAT, J. The accused is in appeal before this Court against judgment of the Madras High Court upholding his conviction for F offence punishable under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short "IPC") and consequential sentence of imprisonment for life. The factual scenario as described by the prosecution need to be noted in brief. On 19.8.1989, there was exchange of hot words over the release of a sheep. Palaniswamy (hereinafter referred to as "the deceased") impounded G the sheep which, according to him, was destroying his crops. Accused and others went to the place where the sheep was tied and they untied it from the rope. This led to exchange of words between the deceased and the accused. When the deceased fell down after receiving injuries on his hand and left shoulder, the accused again inflicted another blow on his neck. The occurrence H 116 '
A was witnessed by PW-I, PW-2 and PW-3. Information was lodged at the police Station and on completion of investigation, charge-sheet was placed and the accused faced trial. The accused took the plea of false implication and alternatively pleaded that the assaults were made in exercise of right of private defence. The trial court placing reliance on evidence of PW-I, PW- 2 and PW-3 came to hold that the accused was responsible for the death of B the deceased. Plea of the accused that the assaults were made in exercise of the right of private defence was not accepted, more particularly in view of the. fact that even after the deceased had fallen down, the accused inflicted a further blow on the neck.
In appeal, the High Court did not find any merit in the submissions made to the effect that this was a case which was clearly covered by the accused's exercise of right of private defence. Having rejected this stand of the accused, the High Court analysed the evidence to conc)ude that the conviction was justified.
Learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the evidence of witnesses examined to substantiate the stand of right of private defence has been lightly brushed aside by the trial cou11 and the High Court. The accepted prosecution version being that the assaults were made in course of a sudden quarrel, Section 302 !PC has no application. Learned counsel for the State of E Tamil Nadu, on the other hand, submitted that after analysis of the factual position, the trial court as well as the High Court have come to conclude that the accused was responsible for the death of the deceased and this is not a case where the right of private defence can be pressed into service by the accused.
In view of the categorical evidence of PW-I, PW-2 and PW-3 implicating the accused, we find no reason to accept the plea of the accused about his innocence. In fact, the occurrence has been accepted but the plea was one of exercise of right of private defence. The plea relating to exercise of right of private defence has been rightly rejected by the courts below. It is in evidence G that accused dealt a further blow on the neck, after the deceased had fallen down after receiving blows on other parts of the body.
Section 96, !PC provides that nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence. The Section does not define the expression 'right of private defence'. It merely indicates that nothing is an H offence which is done in the exercise of such right. Whether in a particular SEKAR@RAJA SEKHARAN '" STATE REP. BY INSPECTOR OF POLICE, T. NADU [PASAYAT, J.] 117 set of circumstances, a person acted iri the exercise of the right of private A defence, is a question of fact to be determined on the facts and circumstance of each case. No test in the abstract for determining such a question can be laid down. In determining this question of fact, the Court must consider all the surrounding circumstances. It is not necessary for the accused to plead in so many words that he acted in self-defence. If the circumstances show that B the right of private defence was legitimately exercised, it is open to the Court to consider such a plea. In a given case, the Court can consider it even if the accused has not taken it, if the same is available to be considered from the material on record. Under Section I 05 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (in short the 'Evidence Act') the burden of proof is on the accused, who takes c the plea of self-defence, and, in the absence of proof, it is not possible for the Court to presume the truth of the plea of self-defence. The Court shall presume the absence of such circumstances. It is for the accused to place necessary material on record either by himself adducing positive evidence or by eliciting necessary facts from the witnesses examined for the prosecution. An accused taking the plea of the right of private defence is not required to D call evidence; he can establish his plea by reference to circumstances transpiring from the prosecution evidence itself. The question in such a case would be a question of assessing the true effect of the prosecution evidence, and not a question of the accused discharging any burden. Where the right of private defence is pleaded, the defence must be a reasonable and probable E version satisfying the Court that the harm caused by the accused was necessary for either warding off the attack or for forestalling any further reasonable apprehension, from the attacker. The burden of establishing the plea of self- defence is on the accused and the burden stand discharged by showing proponderance of probabilities in favour of that plea on the basis of the material on record. See Muashi Ram v. Delhi, Administration, AIR (1968) F SC 702; State of Gujarat v. Bai Fatima, AIR (1975) SC 1478; State of U.P. v. Mohd. Musheer Khan, AIR (1977) SC 2226 and Mahindra Pal v. State of Punjab, AIR (1979) SC 577. Sections JOO and IOI define the extent of the right of private defence of body. If a person has a right of private defence of body under Section 97, that right extends under Section JOO to causing G death if there is reasonable apprehension that death or grievous hurt would be the consequence of the assault. The oft-quoted observation of the Supreme Court in Salima Zia v. State of U.P., AIR (1979) SC 391; runs as follows: "It is true that the burden on an accused person to establish the plea of self-defence is not as onerous as the one which lies on the prosecution and that, while the prosecution is required to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt, the accused need not establish the plea to. the nllt and may discharge his onus by establishing a mere preponderance of probablliiies either by laying basis for that 1'lea in the cross-examination of the prosecution witnesses or by adducing defence evidence."
The accused need not prove the existence of the right of private defen..:e beyond reasonable doubt. It is enough for him to show as in a civil case that the preponderance of probabilities is in favour of his plea. The number of injuries is not always a safe criterion for determining who the aggressor was. It cannot be stated as a universal rule that whenever the injuries are on the body of the accused persons, a presumption must necessarily be raised that the accused persons had caused injuries in exercise of the right of private defence. The defence has to further establish that the D injuries so caused on the accused probabilises the version of the right of private defence. Non-explanation of the injuries sustained by the accused at about the time of occurrence or in the course of altercation, is a very important circumstance. But mere non-explanation of the injuries by the prosecution may not affect the prosecution case in all cases.
This principle applies to cases where the injuries sustained by the accused are minor and superficial E or where the evidence is so clear and cogent, so independent and disinterested, so probable, consistent and credit-worthy, that it far outweighs the effect of the omission on the part of the prosecution to explain the injuries. (See Lakshmi Singh v. State of Bihar, AIR (1976) SC 2263). A plea of right of private defence cannot be based on surmises and speculation. While p considering whether the right of private defence is available to an accused, it is not relevant whether he may have a chance to inflict severe and mortal injury on the aggressor. Jn order to find whether the right of private defence is available to an accused, the entire incident must be examined with care and viewed in its proper setting. Section 97 deals with the subject matter of right of private defence. The plea of right comprises the body or property (i) of the G person exercising the right; or (ii) of any other person; and the right may be exercised in the case of any off enc~ against the body, and in the case of offences of theft, robbery, mischief or criminal trespass, and attempts at such offences in relation to property.
Section 99 lays down the limits of the right of private defence. Sections 96 and 98 give a right of private defence against H certain offences and acts. The right given under Sections 96 to 98 and l 00 SEKAR@RAJASEKHARAN 1·. STATE REP. BY INSPECTOR OF POLICE, T.NADU [PASAYAT,1.J ) ) 9 to I 06 is controlled by Section 99. To claim a right of private defence A extending to voluntary causing of death, ihe accused must show that there were circumstances giving rise to reasonable grounds for apprehending that either death or grievous hurt would be caused to him. The burden is on the accused to show that he had right of private defence which extended to causing of death. Sections 100 and IOI, IPC define the limit and extent of B right of private defence.
Sections I 02 and I 05, IPC deal with commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of body and property respectively. The right commences, as soon as a reasonable apprehension of danger to the body arises from an attempt, or threat, or commit the offence, although the offence C may not have been committed, but not until that there is that reasonable apprehension. The right lasts so long as the reasonable apprehension of the danger to the body continues. In Jai Dev v. State of Punjab, AIR (1963) SC 612, it was observed that as soon as the cause for reasonable apprehension disappears and the threat has either been destroyed or has been put to route, there can be no occasion to exercise the right of private defence. In order to find whether right of private defence is available or not, the injuries received by the accused, the imminence of threat to his safety, the injurie_} caused by the accused and the circumstances whether the accused had time to have recourse to public authorities are all relevant factors to be E considered.
We notice that there was an altercation between the accused and the deceased. There was no pre-meditation and the assaults were given by the accused during the course of the sudden quarrel. This, according to us, brings the case within the ambit of Exception IV to Section 300 IPC. Even otherwise, F this appears to be a case of accused exceeding the right of private defence. The appropriate conviction would, therefore, be under Section 304 Part I, IPC and custodial sentence of I 0 years would meet the ends of justice. While awarding the sentence, one factor which has weighe~ with us is that two rustic villagers fought over a sheep which led to the death of one. G The social status of the accused and the deceased, which as the materials on record show is that of the lowest layer. They belonged to the economically distressed class; were illiterate daily wage earners. Their financial condition can be well gauzed from the fact that they fought over a sheep and the minimal damage done by it to the crops. There was no previous enimity. A H A spur of, the moment loss of faculties led to the unfortunate occurrence. This is certainly a relevant factor to be taken note of while 11warding the sentence. We, therefore, reduce the sentence to 10 years and if the accused has undergone the period of I 0 years and is not required to be in custody in any other case, he shall be released forthwith.
The appeal is allowed to the extent indicated. N.J. Appeal partly allowed.