Paragraph numbers below are the court’s original numbering, recovered from the source text.
2. Briefly stated the alleged activities of the detenu – petitioner as set out in the grounds of detention dated 19th August, 1994 are that the petitioner was habitually indulging in criminal and anti-social activities in B the area of Shahpur, Patwasheri area of Teen .Darwaza and Sardar Garden area of Ahmedabad city by keeping fire-arms, beatmg ·and assaulting innocent citizens in public and creating an atmosphere of fear and terror in the said areas. It has been alleged that the four witnesses have stated in their statement that the detenu – petitioner is a headstrong, fierce and habitual criminal and, therefore, nobody comes forward to complain C against him and the said witnesses have made a request not to disclose their names and identity for fear of the petitioner and, therefore, the names and identity of the witnesses have not been dif.closed in public interest under Section 9 (2) of the Act.
The relevant criminal activities as alleged against the detenu-petitioner are precisely detailed herein below: s. Date & Place of C.R. Nature of Seizure Disposal No. Time occu- No. Offence of Incri- rrence minating articles 1. 24.4.93 Glamour under Section 307, 6.30 PM Hair 452/34 IPC & 25(1)A. Dresser 66/93 Arms Act & Section pending Shahpur 135(1). of Bombay Police Act 2. 11.04.94 Shahpur 212/214 IPC harbo- 10.30AM of DCB 7/94 uring the absconding offender of CR No. 63/93 of Shahpur 3. 10.08.94 Patwa- purchased goods worth 04.00PM shen – Rs.500 and on demand Area of of price thereof Tin dragging and beating Darwaza the businessman on public road· and pointing revolver 1 towards persons ) gathered there l. f ~I r MJ. SHAIKH v. M.M. MEHTA [FAIZAN UDDIN, J.) 4. 12.08.94 Eastern stopping the witness 07.00PM Gate and beating him Sardar doubting that he was Garden informing police about his anti-social activities and pointing revolver towards persons gathered there 5. 14.08.94 Under Section 25/l Point 34 country 07.45PM DCB Arms Act. made revolver 19/94 and 4 cartridges
3. On the basis of the aforementioned cases and material connected therewith as well as on the basis of statements of four witnesses the detaining authority came to the conclusion that the petitioner is an anti-so- cial element and a dangerous person within the definition of Section 2( C) c of the Act who is habitually engaged in committing and attempting to D commit violent activities and creating an atmosphere of fear by keeping fire arms without pass/permit and with a View to preventing the petitioner from acting in a manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order passed the impugned order of detention.
4. Initially Shri Sushil Kumar, learned senior counsel for the E petitioner canvassed that the petitioner had made representation on 26.8.1993 to the Superintendent, District Jail, Junagarh for onward trans- mission to the competent authorities for its disposal but the said. repre- sentation of the petitioner had not been disposed of so far. But Shri P.S. Vyas, Under Secretary to the Government of Gujarat, Home Department F (Special) in his affidavit clearly indicated that the petitioner's repre- sentation dated 26.8.1994 which was submitted by him on 31.8.1994 and received by the State Government on 5.9.1994 was decided on 6.9.1994 and since 9.10.94 and 11.9.1994 were holidays the said decision was communi- cated to the petitioner by letter dated 12.9.1994. Faced with this situation G it was not possible for the learned counsel to press this ground any further.
5. Learned counsel for the detenu – petitioner, however, strenuously assailed the impugned order of detention by submitting that there is no material to indicate that the detenu -·petitioner is a dangarous person as defined under Section 2(C) of the Act nor there is any material or any past H . 966 (1995) 2 S.C.R. A history of the detenu or his antecedents to show that the petitioner is habitually engaged in anti – social activities which may be said to be prejudicial, to the maintenance of public order. He submitted' that the\ petitioner is a married person and maintains a large family by carrying on lawful business of readymade garments. He further submitted that the B incident dated 4.11.1994 under Section 212/2141.P.C. regarding the alleged harbouring of wanted offender does not fall either under Chapter XVI or Chapter XVII of the I.P.C. as mentioned in Clause (C) of Section 2 of the Act and, therefore, could not be made a ground in passing the impugned .order of detention.
He also submitted that the incident dated 24.4.1993 is stale and relates to an individual incident and has no relation or any C connection with the problem of any public order. He submitted that it may at the most amount to a stray and individual incident relating to law and . order. He also submitted that mere possession of the alleged .32 bore country made revolver with four cartridges without anything more par- ticularly when the same was found to be rusty and the barrel broken could D not be said to be in the working order and, therefore, the circumstances of seizure of the revolver alone cannot lead to create any problem relating to the public order. ~e also submitted that the incidents dated 10.8.94 and 12.8.94 are also stray and individual incidents absolutely having no relation with public order. He, therefore, submitted that in the absence of any material to indicate that the detenu – petitioner was a dangerous person E habitually committing or attempting to commit or abetting the commission of any of the offences punishable under Chapter XVI or Chapter XVII of the IPC or any of the offences punishable under Chapter V of the Arms Act, the ~pugned order o( det~ntion could not be legally sustained.
6. With a view to deal with the aforementioned submissions advanced by the learned counsel for the petitioner and to examine the legality/validity of the impugned order of detention it would be appropriate to look into the relevant provisions of the Act in question under which the detention order has been passed. It may be pointed out that the Act provides for preventive detention of bootleggers, dangerous persons, drug offenders, G immoral traffic offenders and property grabbers for preventing their anti- social and dangerous activities prejudicial to the maintenance of public order. In the present case having regard to the grounds of detention the detaining authority on being satisfied that the detenu – petitioner was a 'dangerous person' within the meaning of clause (C) of Section 2 of the H Act and passed the order of detention. Section 2( C) of the Act reads as -y -·r ·).._ Ir–< _i__ y- M.J.
SHAIKHv. M.M. MEHTA(FAIZAN UDDIN,J.) under: "Dangerous person" means a person, and either by himself or as a member or leader of a gang habitually commits or attempts to commit or abetes the commission of any of the offences punishable under Chapter XVI or Chapter XVII of the Indian Penal Code or any of the offences punishable under Chapter V of the Arms Act, B 1959". Here it would also be appropriate to reproduce the relevant part of Section 3 of the Act as under:- "3(1).-The State Government may if satisfied with respect to any c person that with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order, it is ne~es- sary so to do, make an order directing that such person be detained.". (2) If having regard to the circumstances prevailing or likely to D prevail in any area within the local limits of the jurisdiction of a District Magistrate or a Commissioner of Police, the State Govern- ment is satisfied that it is necessary so to do, it may, by order in writing, direct that the District Magistrate or the Commissioner of Police, may also, if satisfied as provided in sub-section (1) exercise E the powers conferred by the said sub-section".
(3) ·············· ( 4) For the purpose of this section, a person shall be deemed to be 'acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public F order when such person is engaged in or is making preparation for engaging in any activities whether as a bootlegger or dangerous person or drug off ender or immoral traffic offender or property grabber, which affect adversely or are likely to affect adversely the maintenance of public order." Explanation. – For the purpose of this sub-section, public order shall be deemed to have been affected adversely or shall be deemed likely to be affected adversely inter alia if any of the activities of any person referred to in this sub-section directly or indirectly, is causing or is likely to cause any harm, danger or alarm H or feeling of insecurity among the general public or any section thereof or a grave or widespread danger to life, property or public health.
7. A reading of the preamble of the Act will make it clear that the object of provisions contained in the Act including those reproduced above B is to prevent the crime and to protect the society from anti-social elements and dangerous characters against perpetration of crime by placing them under detention for such a duration as would disable them from resorting to undesirable criminal activities The provisions of the Act are intended to deal with habitual criminal dangerous and desperate outlaws who are so . C hardened and incorrigible that the ordinary provisions of the penal laws and the moral fear of punishment for crime are not sufficient deterrents for them. Section 3 of the Act is, therefore, intended to deal with such criminals who cannot readily be apprehended to be booked under the ordinary law and who for special reasons, cannot be convicted under the D penal laws in respect of the offences alleged to have been perpetrated by them. But this power under the Act to detain a person should be exercised with restraint and great caution. In order to pass an order of detention under the Act against any person the detaining authority must be satisfied that he is a 'dangerous person' within the meaning of Section 2(C) of the E Act who habitually commits, or attempts to commit or abetes the commis- sion of any of the offences punishable under Chapter XVI or XVII of the Penal Code or any of the offences punishable under Chapter V of the Arms Act as according to sub-section ( 4) of Section 3 of the. Act .it is such 'dangerous person' who for the purpose of Section 3 shall be deemed to be a person 'acting in any manner prejudicial. to the maintenance of public F order' against whom an order of detention may lawfully be made.
8. The Act has defined 'dangerous person' in clause (C) of Section 2 to mean a. person who either by himself or as a member or leader of a gang habitually commits or attempts to commit or abetes the commis- G sion of any of the offences punishable under the chapteri; XVI or XVII of the Penal Code or any of the offences punishable under Chapter V of the Arms Act. The expression 'habit' or 'habitual' has however, not been defined under the Act. According to the Law Lexicon by P. Ramanatha Iyyar, Reprint Edition 1987 page 499 'habitually' means constant, cus- H tomary & addicted to specified habit and the term habitual criminal may · L_ M.J.SHAIKHv. M.M.MEHTA[FAIZANUDDIN,J.) be applied to any one who has been previously convicted of a crime to A the sentences and committed to prison more than twice. The word 'habitually' means 'usually' and 'generally'. Almost similar meaning is assigned to the words 'habit' in Aiyar's Judicial Dictionary, 10th Edition – page 485.
It does not refer to the frequency of the occasions but to the invariability of practice and the habit has ·to be proved by totality of facts. B It, therefore, follows that the complicity of a person in an isolated offence is neither evidence nor a material of any help to conclude that a particular person is a 'dangerous person' unless there is material suggesting his complicity in such cases which lead to a reasonable conclusion that the person is a habitual criminal. In Gopalan Chari v .. State of Kerula, AIR C (1981) SC 674 this Court had an occasion to· deal with expressions like 'bad habit', 'habitual', 'desperate', 'dangerous', and 'hazardous'. This Court observed that the word habit implies frequent and usual practice. Again in Vijay Narain Singh v. State of Bihar, [1984] 3 SCC 14, this Court construed the expression 'habitually' to mean repeatedly or persistently D and observed that it implies a thread of continuity stringing together similar repetitive acts but not isolated, individual and dissimilar acts and that repeated, persistent and similar acts are necessary to justify an inference of habit.
It, therefore, necessarily follows that in order to bring · a person within the expression 'dangerous person' as defined in clause E (C) of Section 2 of the act, there should be positive material to indicate that such person is habitually committing or attempting to commit or abeting the commission of offences which are punishable under Chapter XVI or XVII of the I.P.C. or under Chapter V of the Arms Act and that a single or isolated act falling under Chapters XVI or XVII of I.P.C. or Chapter V of Arms Act cannot be characterised as a habitual act referred to in Section 2(C) of the Act.
9. Further, sub-section (1) of Section 3 of the Act confers power on the State Government and a District Magistrate or a Commissioner of Police under the direction of the State Government to detain a person on G being satisfied that it is necessary to do so with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of 'public order'. The explanation attached to sub-section ( 4) of Section 3 reproduced above in the foregoing para contemplates that 'public order' shall be deemed to have been affected adversely oi; shall be deemed likely to be affected H adversely inter-alia if any of the activities of any pe~son referred to in sub-section ( 4) directly or indirectly, are causing or is likely to cause any harm, danger or alarm or feeling of insecurity among the general public or any section thereof or a grave or widespread danger to life, property or public health. Sub-section ( 4) of Section 3 also provides that for the B purpose of Section 3, a person shall be deemed to be 'acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order' when such person is a 'dangerous person' and engaged in activities which affect adversely or more likely to affect adversely the maintenance of public order.
It, therefore, becomes necessary to determine whether besides the person being a c 'dangerous person' his alleged activities fall within the ambit of the expres- sion 'public order'. A distinction has to be drawn between law and order and maintenance of public order beta.use most often the two expressions are confused and detention orders are passed by the authorities concerned in respect of the activities of a person which exclusively fall within the domain of law and order and which have nothing to do with the main- D tenance of public order. In this connection it may be stated that in order to bring the activities of a person within the expression of 'acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order', the fall out and the extent and reach of the alleged activities must be for such a nature that they travel beyond the capacity of the _ordinary law to deal with him or to E prevent his subversive activities affecting the community at large or a large section of society.
It is the degree of disturbance and its impact upon the even tempo of life of the society or the people of a locality which deter- mines whether the disturbance caused by such activity amounts only to a 'breach of law and order~ or it amounts to 'public otder.' It the activity falls F within the category of disturbance of 'public order' then it becomes essen- tial to treat such a criminal and deal with him differently than an ordinary criminal under the law as his activities would fall beyond the frontiers of law and order, disturbing the even tempo of life of the community of the specified loc~ity. In the case of Amn GhQse v. State of West Bengai (1970] G 1 sec 98 this Court had an occasion to deal with the distinction between law and order and public order. Hidayatullah, CJ. (as he then was), speaking for the Court observed that public order would embrace more of the community than law and order.
Public order is the even tempo of the life of the community taking the country as a whole or even a specified H locality. Disturbance of public order is to be distinguished from acts r y- M.J.SHAIKHv. M.M.MEHTA(FAIZANUDDIN,J.] directed against individuals which do not disturb the society to the extent A of causing a general disturbance of public transquillity. It is the degree of disturbance and its affect upon the life of the community in a locality which determines whether the disturbance amounts only to breach of law and order. It has been further observed that the implications of public order are deeper and it affects the even tempo of life and public order is B jeopardized because the repercussions of the act embrace large sections of the community and incite them to make further breaches of the law and order and to subvert the public order. An act by itself is not determinant of its own gravity.
In its quality it may not differ from another but in its potentiality it may be very different. Again in the case of Piyush Kantilal Mehta v. Commissioner of Police, (1989) Supple. 1 SCC 322, this Court took C the view that in order that an activity may be said to affect adversely the maintenance of public order, there must be material to show that there has been a feeling of insecurity among the general public. If any act of a person creates panic or fear in the minds of the members of the public upsetting the even tempo of life of the community, such act must be said to have a D direct bearing on the question of maintenance of public order. The com- mission of an offence will not necessarily come within the purview of public order which can be dealt with under ordinary general law of the land.
10. Now reverting to the grounds of detention and the summary of E incidents alleged against the petitioner as mentioned in the beginning of this judgment, it may be stated that the first incident is said to have taken place on 24.4.1993 at about 6.45 PM in which the detenu – petitioner alongwith some of his associates is alleged to have dragged out the complainant, one Mohd. Hussain from inside the Hair Cutting Saloon of Shahpur and associates of the petitioner fired four rounds from the F revolver injuring the complainant and one another customer. The report lodged by the complainant Mohd. Hussain himself on 24.4.1993, a copy of which has been placed on record, goes to show that a day earlier, that is on 23.4.1993 at about 9.30 PM there was a quarrel between Amjad Khan, the younger brother of the complainant Mohd. Hussain and the G petitioner upon sounding the scooter horn in the gali of the house of the petitioner and it was in that connection that next day i.e. on 24.4.1993 the alleged incident of assault by the petitioner and his associates to the complainant Mohd ..
Hussain took place. From the narration of facts in (1995] 2 S.C.R. A the said complaint it is abundantly clear. that the criminal activity was direeted against an individual and from the nature of the incident it is difficult to assume that it gave rise to public order disturbing the tranquillity of the locality. At the most it was a criminal act directed only against an individual which has nothing to do with the question of public B order. It appears that it was on account of the earlier day incident that the petitioner made a plan alongwith his associates to teach a lesson to the complainant by assaulting him when he was seen in the Hair Cutting Saloon on 24.4.1993. This apart the incident had occurred on 24.4.1993 while the detention order was passed on 19.8.1994 after the lapse of more C than 16 months. This long lapse of time ·between the alleged prejudicial activity and the detention order loses its significance because the said prejudicial conduct was not approximate in point of time and had no rational connection with the conclusion that the detention was necessary for maintenance of public order.
Such a stale incident can not be D construed as justifiable ground for passing an order of detention. The second incident dated 11.4.1994 was that the detenu – petitioner was harbouring offender which is an offence under Sections 212/214 of the I.P.C. An offence under Section 212/214 of the I.P.C. cannot be made a basis for passing an order of detention against the petitioner as the said offence does not fall either under Chapters XVI or XVII of the l.P.C. E In order to bring a person within the definition of Section 2(C} of the Act it is essential to show that such person either by himself or as a member of or a leader of a gang habitually commits or attempts to commit or abets the commission of offences punishable under Chapter XVI or XVII of the Indian Penal Code or any of the offenc,:es punishable F under Chapter V of the Arms Act. But as pointed out earlier the offence registered against petitioner under F.l.R. of CR.No. 7/94 of DCB dated 11.4. 1994 is one under Sections 212/214 of the l.P.C. which falls under Chapter XI of the I.P,C. and not under any of the chapters XVI or XVII which is the requirement of Section 2(C) of the Act. This incident, G therefore, can not be made a basis for satisfaction of the detaining authority that petitioner is a habitual offender, so as to sustain the order of detention.
11. This brings us to criminal activities of the detenu – petitioner H which are said to have taken place on 10.8.1994 at 4.00 PM and on M.J. SHAIKH v. M.M. MEHTA [FAIZAN UDDIN, J.] 12.8.1994 at 7.00 PM. In the incident dated 10.8.1994 the petitioner is A alleged to have purchased goods worth Rs. 500 from a businessman and on the demand of the price of the goods, the petitioner is alleged to have dragged him out on th.e public road and not only gave a beating to him but also aimed his revolver towards the people gathered over there. Similarly it is alleged that on 12.8.1994 at about 7.00 PM the detenu – petitioner B stopped the witness on the road near eastern side of Sardar Garden and beat him as the petitioner doubted that he was informing the police about the anti-social activities of the petitioner and his associates. The petitioner is also alleged to have rushed towards the people gathered there with the revolver. Taking the aforesaid two incidents and the allegations on their face value as they are, it is difficult to comprehend that they were the C incidents involving public order. They were incidents directed against single individuals having no adverse affect prejudicial to the maintenance of public order disturbing the even tempo of life or .the peace and tran- quillity of the locality. Such casual and isolated incidents can hardly have any implications which may affect the even tempo of life or jeopardize the D public order an incite people to make further breaches of the law and order which may result in subversion of the public order. As said earlier the Act by itself is not determinant of its own gravity but it is the potentiality of the act which matters.
12. The alleged incident dated 12.8.1994 relating to the beating of E some person on suspicion that he was informing the police about criminal activities of the petitioner, the allegation is sweeping without any material to support it. Neither any timely report appears to have been made about it to the police nor any offence appears to have been registered against the detenu – petitioner concerning the said incident. There remains the solitary f incident dated 10.8.1994 pertaining to the alleged beating of a businessman which as said earlier directed was against an individual having no adverse impact on public at large. Besides, the solitary incident dated 10.8.1994 alone would not provide a justification to hold that the petitioner was habitually committing or attempting to commit or abetting the commission of offences as contemplated in Section 2(C) of the Act because the G expression 'habitually' postulates a thread of continuity in the commission of offence repeatedly and persistently.
However, in our considered opinion none of the aforementioned two incidents can be said to be incidents affecting public order nor from these stray and casual acts the petitioner can be branded as a dangerous person within the meaning of Section 2( C) H [1995) 2 S.C.R. A of the Act, who was habitually engaged in activities adversely affecting or likely to affect adversely the maintenance of public order: Similar is the position with regard to the recovery of .32 bore country made revolver from the possession of the petitioner without any permit or licence which is an offence under Section 25 of the Arms Act. The said revolver was found to B be rusty-"and had a ~roken barrel. Mere possession of a firearm without anything more cannot bring a case within the ambit of an act affecting public order as contemplated in Section 3 of the Act unless ingredients of Section 2(C) of the Act are also made out. From the facts discussed above it turns out that there was no material which may lead to a reasonable and definite conclusion that the detenu – petitioner was habitually engaged in C crimitial activities and, therefore, a dangerous person. The detaining authority thus passed the impugned order of detention against the · petitioner without application of mind on the aforesaid aspects of the case and, therefore, the detenti.on order could not be sustained.
13. Consequently, we allow the writ petition and quash the impugned . D order of detention and direct that the petitioner be released forthwith. T.N.A. Petition allowed.