c .B SHER SINGH (DEAD) BY LRS. v. JOINT DIRECTOR OF CONS:OLIDATION & ORS. May 5, 1978 (N. L. UNTWALJA, JASWANT SINGH AND R. S. PATHAK, JJ.j [J.P. Co11solidation of Holdings Act, 1953 Section 48-RerisiotuI[ powers. of the Joint Director of Consolidation-ScDpe of.
By lease deed dated July 20, 1945 for a period of ten years beginning. from the year 1353 fasli to the end of the year 1362 fasli, registered in his favour, the original appellant ,Sher Singh obtained possession of ten plots of land admeasuring 6.63 acres situate
in Mahal Safed, ~1ouza Mahendri,. . a. Sikandarpur, Pargana Amroha, District Moradabad, U.P. and was mutated in the Revenue Record ~.s a "hereditary tenant". Later, on September 6, 1945
a sale deed in respect of the proprietary right and interest in the said lands were executed by the Zamindars in favour of Kaley Singh. Harbans Singh and Nihal Singh, brothers of Sher Singh and one
Chajju Singh. Asserting their right of pre-emption in respect of the afo!ementioned sale on the ground of they being co-sharers in the Mahal in which the said plots were situate, Jai Kumar Singh and Roop Chand Singh, respondents 2 and 3 herein brought four suits in the Court of Munsif, Mor4.dabad against the aforesaid vendors and vendees and the original appellant Sher Singh for possession of the land as also for cancellation of the lease in favour of Sher Singh on the ground that it was fictitious and fraudulent and was executed with a view to defeat their right of pre-emption. The suits were decreed as prayed for and on
further appeal confirmed by the Civil Judge, Moradabad. Although the vendees did not carry an appeal, the original appellant preferred a furthel' appeal tD the High Court. The High Court allowed the appeal. holding that
the revenue court alone had jurisdiction to entertain the suits seeking relief of ejectment of the lessee and the civil court had no jurisdiction, set aside- the decree passed against him.
Meanwhile the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 (U.P. Act I '.of 1951) came into force with effect· from the commencement of the 1360 fasli in July 1. 1952. Pursuant to the
observations of the High Court, Respondents 2 & 3 filed ejectment suits agaimt Sher Singh under section 209 of Act I of 1951, which were dismissed'. First appeal~ preferred against them also proved abortive. Jn second appeals
the High Court stayed the orders of the Courts below on account of tt.e· ~ommencement of the consolidation operations in the village. Thereafter Respondents 2 and.3 filed objections under section 9(2) of the U.P. Consoli- dation of Holdings Act, 1953 disputing the correctness of the entries in the- record showing Sher Singh as "Bhuritidar" and praying that the latter's name- be expunged from the records and in his place their names be substituted as Bhumidars, but the same was rejected by the Consolidation Officer IV at Ka"Rth.
The Settlement Officer in first appeal and the , Deputy Director, i!!18Jt1.. Con!lolidation, Lucknow in second appeal confirmed it. In the revision appli·t ~· cation under s. 48 of the 1953 Act, the Joint Director of Consolidation allow-~ ed it, holding that the lease in favour of Sher. Singh was fictitious with int.en- …_. tion to defraud the pre-eroptors and that the claim of respondents 2 and 3 was covered by
Section 18 of the Act. The Director, therefore, ordered the substitution of their names in the revenue record as holders of the land as .. K.hudkhast" (self-cultivating possession).
The appellant challenged the said. order by way of a writ petition which was dismissed. Allowing the appeal lty special leave, the Court HELD : (I) Section 48 of the U.P. Consolidation of Hollings Act, as i.t stood on the relevant date, before its amendment by Act No. VIII of 1963 is pari 1naterit1 with S. 115 of the Civil Procedure Code. The revisional judsdiction of the High Court is confined to cases of illeg4l or irre2ular exercise or non- exercise or illegal assumption of the juriidiction by the subordinate courts. SHER SINGH V. CONSOLIDATION DIRECTOR
If a subordinate court is found to possess the jurisdiction to decide a matte~' it cannot be said to exercise it illegally or with material irregularity eve11: ti it decides the matter. '\Vrongly.
Jn other words, it is not open to the High Court while exercising its jurisdiction under section 115 of the Code of_ Civil Procedure to correct errors of fact hd\Vsoever gross or even errors of law unless the errors 'have relation to the jurisdiction of the Court to try the dispute itself.
[987 F·H] Section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure empowers the High Court to satisfy itself on three matters : (a) that the order of the subordinate court is within its jurisdiction; (b) that the case is one in which the Court o~~ht to have exercised jurisdiction ancl failed to do so; and (c) th..'lt in exercising jurisdictio-n the Court has not acted illegally, that is, in breach of some provi- sions of law, or with material irregl!larity by committing some error
of procedure in the course of the trial \vhich is material in that it may have affected the ultimate decision. And if the H.igh Court is satisfied that there is no error in regard to any of these three matters, it has no _power. to
interfere merely because it differs from the conclusions of the subordinate court on questions of fact or Jaw. A distinction must be dra\vn between the errors committed by subordinate courts in deciding questions of law whi~h have relation to. or are concerned with, questions of jurisdiction of the said
Courts, and errors of lav.-' \vhich have no such relation or connection. An erro- neous decision on a question of fact or of law reached by the subordinate court whk-h has no relation to question of jurisdiction of thc.t court, cannot be cor- rected by the High Court under Section 115. [989 F-G, 990 A-B] Applying the tests to the facts of the instant case, it must be held that
the Joint Director of Consolidation ignored the limitation that existed on his power under S. 48 of the 1953 Act as it stood on the relevant date and illegally assumed jurisdiction which he did not possess. [990 B-C] c
p, Rajah An1ir Hassan Khan v. Sheo Baksh Singh, [1884] LR. 11 LA. 237; Balakrislina Uds-yar v. Vasudei·a Aiyar, [1917} LR 44 I.A. 261; N. S. Venkata- giri Ayyangar v. Hindu Religious Endow111e11ts Board, Madras, f1948-49J LR 76 I.A. 67; Manindra Land and }Jui/dinR Corporation Ltd. v. Bhntnath Banerjee l!:·.
& Ors., [1964] 3 SCR 495; Vora A bbaslihai Ali-1nahon1ed v. Haji Gulamnabi Haji Safibhai~ AIR 1964 SC 134; D.L.F. Housing Construction Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi v. Sarup Singh & Ors., [1930] 2 SCR 368;
Pa11d11rang Dhoni Chougu1e v. Martlfi Hari Jadhav, (1956] 1 SCR 102 and M. L. Sethi v. R. P. Kapur, [1973] 1 SCR 697 applied. (2) (a) The Joint Director of Consolidation was not competent to inter· fere with the decisions of the subordinate consolidation authorities who have
not acted illegally in exercising their jurisdiction. It is not and cannot be di5pu_ted that the consolidation authorities subordinate to the Joint Director pessessed plenary jurisdiction and competence to go into the. question of the correctness or oth..-wise of the entries in the revenue records. Relating
to Sher Singh's possession over the plots of land in question and they arrived at a concurre.nt finding of fact that Sher Singh vras in actual possession of the land on his own behalf on the relevant date on the basis of the aforesaid valid lease deed and that neither the vendees had even held the land
in question as khukha$ht holders nor could they be deemed to be so. [990 C-D, 991 E-D] (b) Mere relationship of Sher Singh with three out of four vendees on which the Joint Director of Consolidation has ·relied was not enough
to warrant the finding that the aforesaid lease gralilted in his favour was fictitious. Even the subsequeut transfer of the land in question in favour of his nephew to. whic~ reference has ~e~ made in a casual and laconic manner by the J omt Director of Consohdation caanot lead to the c.onclwion that the lease was fictitious.
No evidence which may indicate as to when the said transfer H_ was made nor has any material been placed before the Court to show that the nephew in whose fi\vour the land was transferred was the son of any one of Sher Singh's three brothers who were co-vendees with Chajju Singh. The c
[1978) 3 S.C.R. nature and character of the so called transfer by Sher Singh in favour of his nephew is also shrouded in_ mystery. In the circumstances, 1he finding of the Joint Director of Consolidation that the aforesaid lease in favour of Sher Singh '"'as fictitious cannot be" sustained. [991 D-F] (3) The 1953 Act was designed by the State Legislature principally to do away with the zamindary system v.rhich involved
intermediaries between the tiller of the soil and the State in UttaJ:I Pradesh, to provide for the acquisi- tion of their rights, title and interest and to reform the law relating to Ja.nd tenure consequent upon the aforesaid abolition and acquisition. To attain this object, the legislature empowered the State Government to declare
by means of a notification that as from a specified date, all estates situate in Uttar Pradesh or in specified area or areas thereof shall vest in the State and as from the beginning of that date (which would be called the date of vesting), all such estates shall stand transferred to and vest except as provid- ed Jn the Act in the State free from all encumbrances. [991 G·H, 992 A] A close scrutiny of the facts and circumstances of the case in the light
of the provisions of Section 3(28) read with S. 3(9) of the U.P. Tenancy Act and Sections 6, 7, 18, 19, 20, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, and 209 of the 1953 Act, leaves no room for doubt that Sher Singh
acquired the rights of a Bhumidar. There is nothing on the record to establish that the ;Jease deed in favour of Sher Singh \Vas fictitious or that the entries mude in :the revenue record on the basis of that deed were not genuine or did
not ·conform to the true factual position and that Sher Singh \Vas not in possession ,of the fields in question on his O\Vll behalf. Consequently as Sher Singh was 'holding the said fields as a hereditary tenant on the date immediately preced- ing the date of vesting. he became entitled to retain possession thereof as a
Sirdar under S. 19 of the Act and on depositing to the credit of the State Govern1nent i•:i. the manner provided in section 134 and other allied provio;ions of the Act an amount equal to ten times the land revenue payable or deemed to be payable he became entitled to a declaration that he had acquired the rights of a Bhumidhar mentioned in section 137 of the Act in respect of the said fields and to the grant of a certificate to that effect. f998 E·HJ CrvIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 4 of l 969. Appeal by special leave from the Judgment and Decree/Order dated 31-10-67 of the Allahabad High Court in Special l>ppe3l No. 238 of 1966.
R. K. Garg, S. C. Agarwal and V. J. Francis for the Appellant. B. P. Singh for Respondents ~os. 2-3. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by JAsWANT SINGH, J. The litigation culminating in this appeal by special leave has a long and chequered history which may be sum- marised thus :
By deed dated July 20, 1945, regi~tered on July 30, 1945, Chaudhary Vijay Kunwar Singh and Virendra Kunwar Singh, Zamin- dars of Mithanpur (U.P.) leased out ten plots of land admeasuring 6.63 acres situate in Mahal Safed, Mouza Mahendri,
Sikandarpur, Pargana Amroha, District Moradabad, which were in their possession as 'khudkhast' (seif-cultivating possession) to Sher Singh, the original appellant, for a period of ten years beginning from the year 1353 Fasli to the end of the year 1362 Fasli. Nearly a month and a half later i.e. on September 6, 1945, the said Chaudhary, Vijay Kunwar Singh i.
'"'~, SHERSINGH v. CONSOLIDATION DIRECTOR (Jaswp.nt Singh, J.) an<l Virendra Kunwar Singh alongwith their mother, Smt. Savitri Kunwar Singh, executed a sale deed in respect of their proprietary right and interest in the aforesaid plots of land in favour of Kaley Singh, Harbans Singh and Nihal Singh, brothers of Sh1'r Singh, and one Chajju Singh. On the basis of this lease deed, Sher Singh, claimed to have obtained possession of the aforesaid plots of land and was re- corded as a hereditary tenant in respect thereof in the revenue record. Asserting their right of pre-emption in respect of the aforesaid transac- tion of sale on the ground of their being co-sharers in the Mahal in which the said plots of land are situate, J ai Kumar Singh and Roop Kumar Singh, respondents 2 and 3 herein, brought four suits in the Court of the Munsif, Moradabad against the aforesaid vendors and vendees and Sher Singh for possession of the land as also for cancella- tion of the aforesaid lease deed in favour of Sher Singh on the ground that it was fictitious and fraudulant and was executed with a view to defe8t their right of pre-emption.
These suits were decreed by the Munsif in favour of respondents 2 and 3 on April 26, 1947. On appeal, the Civil Judge, Moradabad, by his judgment dated November 9, 1948 affirmed the judgment and decree passed by the trial court. Al- though the vendors, Kaley Singh and others did not prefer an appeal from the pre-emption decree passed against them, Sher Singh did not rest content and took the matter in further appeal to the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in so far as his right to and ejectment from the plots of land in question and cancellation of the aforesaid lease deed in his favour were concerned. By its judgment and decree dated April 13, 1953, the High Court allowed1 the appeal of Sher Singh hold- ing that the revenue courts alone had jurisdiction to entertain the suit seeking relief of ejectment of the lessee (Sher Singh)
and the civil courts had no such jurisdiction. The High Court accordingly set aside the decree passed against Sher Singh. Meanwhile the Uttar Pradesh Legislature passed the U.P. Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 (U.P. Act No. 1 of 1951) (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'). Though the Act came into force in the State on January 26, 1951, the issue of notification under section 4 thereof was made to coincide with the commencement of 1360 Fasli i.e. July 1, 1952. Pursuant to the observations made by the High Court in its aforesaid .iudgment dated April 13, 1953, disposing of the appealof Sher Singh, respondents 2 and 3 filed ejectment suits against Sher Singh under sec- tion 209 of the Act which were dismissed on November 20, 1953. The first appeals preferred against the dismissal of these suits also proved abortive as they were dismissed on September 1, 1959. Res- pondents 2 and 3 thereupon took the matter in second appeal to the High Court whfoh was stayed on account of the commencement of the consolidation operations in the village in which the plots of land in
question are situate. Thereafter respondents 2 and 3 filed objections under section 9 (2) of the U.P. Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1953 (hereinafter called 'the 1953 Act') disputinl! the correctness of the
entries in the records showing Sher Singh as 'Bhumidar' of lhe plots of land in question and praying that the latter's name be expunged from tl1e reccrds and in his place, their names. be substituted as Bhumidars but t11e same were reiected by the Co~solidation Officer IV at Kanth vi•le "'' orciers dated December 24, 1961. The order passed by the 12-329SCI/78
c c Consolidation Officer, Kanth, rejecting the objections of respondents 2 and 3 to the entries in the records was upheld by the Settlement Offi- cer, Consolidation, Amroha, in first appeal as also by the Deputy Direc- tor, Consolid;1tion, U.P., Lucknow in second appeal by orders made on April 16, 1961 and August 21,
1962 respectively. Dissatisfied with these orders of the Consolidation authorities, respondents 2 and 3 took the matter in revision under section 48 of the 1953 Act to the Joint Director of Consolidation, U.P. who allowed the same and set aside the concurrent orders of the Consolidation Officer, the Settlement Officer and the Deputy Director, Consolidation, holding that the lease in favour of Sher Singh was 'fictitious; that the basis of Sher Singh's title viz. the aforesaid lease being fictitious intended to defraud the pre- emptors, the recorded entries in favour of Sher Singh could confer no title upon him; that Sher Singh's position could be deemed to be only that of an agent carrying on cultivation on behalf of his brothers, the vendees, who were entitled to the land in view of the sale in their favour till it was pre-empted and that 'the effect of his finding would be that the possession of Sher Singh after execntion of the Patta shall be deemed to be the possession of tl1e vendees as Sher Singh had him- self no title to the land.' Finally holding that the case of respondents 2 and 3 was covered by section 18 of the Act and that the possession of the vendees would ensure to the benefit of the pre-emptors, the Joint Director ordered their names to be substituted in the relevant records observing that they would be deemed to be holders of the land as 'khudkhast'. It is this order of the Joint Director which was challenged before the High Court by Sher Singh in writ proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution and on the failure thereof has been impugned before ns.
Appearing for the appellants, Mr. Garg has contended that since the jurisdiction exercisable by the Joint Director, Consolidation, under section 48 of the 1953 Act as it stood on the relevant date was limited to cases of errors of jurisdiction and the orders passed by the Consoli- dation Officers subordinate to him did not suffer from any such in- firmity, the Joint Director, Consolidation, clearly exceeded the limits of 11is power by reversing the concurrent findings of fact arrived at and the orders passed by them. He has further urged that the finding of ~ the Joint Director that the lease in favour of Sher Singh was fictitious ,f'·
cannot also be upheld as there is no material on the record to sustain , that finding and all the authorities below the Joint Director had con- currently held that the lease in favour of Sher Singh was valid and that he had not merely been recorded in the revenue records as being in possession of the land in question but was found to be in actual possession thereof pursuant to the lease deed. He has further urged that as Sher Singh actually held the land as a hereditary tenant on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting he became sirdar of the land under section 19 of the Act and on deposit to the credit of the State Government an amount equal to ten times the land revenue, in terms of section 134 of the Act he hecame a Bhumidar. . He has in the alternative urged that as Sher Sin~h was in self-cultivating occupa- tion of the land on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting .. \
SHERSINGH v. CONSOLIDATION DIRECTOR (Jaswant Singh, J.) and was recorded as such in the relevant records, he at any rate ac- quired the right of an adhivasi under section 20(b) (ii) of the Act. Mr. Lalnarayan Sinha has, on the other hand, urged that the sub- ordinate consolidation officers having omitted to detein1ine the vital question of the validity of the lease deed in favour of Sher Singh, the Joint Director of Consolidation w~s justified in going into the same and coming to the conclusion (on the basis of the close relationship of Sher Singh with the vendees and the subsequent transfer by him of the plots of land in question in favour of his nephew) that the transaction of the lease was sham and fictitious. He has further urged that actual physical ,f- occupation of the land is not essential to attract the applicability of sec- tion 18 of the Act and the requirement of the section is satisfied even when subsisting right and title to possession over the land on the date of vesting on the basis of decree of pre-emption as in the instant case is established. He has further urged that the entries in the revenue records in favour of Sher Singh being fictitious and his posseifaiou of the plots of land in question being merely ou
beh~f of the vendees, Sher Singh could neither acquire sirdari rights under section 19 nor adhivasi rights under section 20(b) (ii) of the Act., The principal question that fall~ for our determination in this case is whether in passing the impugned order, the Joint Director of Con- solidation, exceeded the limits of the jurisdiction conferred on him under section 48 of the 1953 Act. For a proper decision of this ques- tion, it is necessary to advert to section 48 of the 1953 Act as it stood on the relevant date before its amendment by Act No. VIII of 1963 : "Section 48 of the U.P. Consolidation of Holdings
Act: The Director of Consolidation may call for the record of any case if the Officer (other than the Arbitrator) by whom the case was deciped appears to have exercised a jurisdiction not vested in him by law or to have failed to exercise jurisdiction so vested, or to have acted in the exer- cise of his jurisdiction illegally or with substantial irregularity and may pass such orders ju the, case as it thinks fit."
As the above section is pari materia with section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure, it will be profitable to ascertain the scope of the revisional jurisdiction of the High Court. It is now well settled that the revisional jurisdiction of the High Court is confined to cases of illegal or irregular exercise or non-exercise or illegal assumption of the jurisdiction by the subordinate courts. If a subordinate court is found to possess the jurisdiction to decide a matter, it cannot be said tOI exer- cise it illegally or with material irregularity even if it decides the matter wrongly. In other words, it is not open to the High Court while rxer- dsing its jurisdiction under section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure , to correct errors of fact howsoever gross or even errors of Jaw unless the errors have relation to the jurisdiction of the court to try the dispute itself.
The legal position was succinctly laid down by .the Privy Council as early as 1884 in Rajah Amir Hassan Khan v. Sheo Baksh Singh(I) in the following words :- c "The question then is, did the judges of the lower Courts
in this case, in the exercise of their jurisdiction, act illegally or with material irregularity. It appears that they had per- fect jurisdiction to decide the question which W<!S before
them, and they did decide it. Whether tbey decided rightly or wrongly, they had jurisdiction to decide the case; and even if they decided wrongly, they did not exercise their jurisdic- tion illegally or with material irregularity."
Again in Balakrishna Udayar v. Vasudeva Aiyar(') the Privy Council while discussing the scope of section 115 of the Code cf Civil Procedure observed : "It will be observed that the section applies to jurisdic- tion alone, the irregular exercise or non-exercise of it, or the illegal assumption of it.
The section is not directed against conclusions of law or fact in which the question of jurisdiction is not involved." Jn N. S. Venkatagiri Ayyangar v. Hindu Religious Endowments Board, Madras('), the Privy Council observed that "section 115 em- , powers tl1e High Court to satisfy itself on three matters, (a) that the order of the subordinate court is within its jurisdiction; (b) that the case is one in which the Court ought to exercise jurisdiction and ( c) that in exercising jurisdiction the Court has not acted illegally, that is, in breach of some provision of law, or with material irregularity, that is, by committing some error of procedure in the course of the trial which is material in that it may have affected the ultimate decision. And if the High Court is satisfied on those three matters, it has rio power to interfere because it differs from the conclusions of the sub- ordinate court on questions of fact or law."
The above quoted observations made by the Privy Council have been approved and affirmed by this Court in a number of cases. In Manindra Land and Building Corporation Ltd. v. Bhutnath Banerjee ~. & Ors.(•) Vora Abbashhal Ali-mohomed v. Haji Gulamnabi Haii Safi- blzai(•) and D.L.F. Housing & Construction Company Private Ltd., New Delhi v. Sarup Singh & Ors.('), this Court, however, draw a dis- tinction between the errors committed by subordinate courts in decid- ing questions of law which have relation to, or are concerne? with, question of jurisdiction of the said court, and errors of law which have no such relation or connection.
(l) (1884) LR. 11 I.A. 237. (2) (1917) LR44 I.A. 261. (3) (1948-49) LR 76 I.A. 67. (4) [1964] 3 S.C.R. 495. (5) AIR 1964 SC 1341. (6) [\970] 2 S.C.R. 368. SHERSINGH v. CONSOLIDATION DIRECTOR.(lasw,ant Singh, J.)
Again in Pandurang Dhoni Chougate v. Maruti Hari Jadhav(') this Court held : "The provisions o.f s. 115 of the Code have been examin- ed by judicial decisions on several occasions.
While exer- cising its jurisdiction under s. 115, it is· not competent to the High Court to correct errors of fact however gross they may be, or even, errors of law, unless the said errors have relation to the jurisdiction of the Court to try the dispute itself. As clauses (a), (b) and (c) of s. 115 indicate, it is only in cases where the subordinate Court has exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by law, or has failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested, or has acted in the exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity that the revisional jurisdiction of the High Court can be properly invoked. It is conceivable that points of law may arise in proceedings instituted before subordinate courts which are related to questions of jurisdic- tion. It is well settled that a plea of limitation or a plea of res judicata is a pica of law which concerns the jurisdiction of the court which tries the proceedings.
A findings on these pleas in favour of the party raising them would oust the juris- diction of the court and so, an erroneous decision on the·se pleas can be said to be concerned with questions of juris- diction which fall within the purview of s. 115. of the Code. But an erroneous decision on a question of law reached by
· the subordinate court which has no relation to questions of jurisdiction of that court cannot be corrected by the. High Court under s. 115." Again in M. L. Sethi v. R. P. Kapur('), this Court observed : "The 'jurisdiction' is a verbal coat of many colours.
Jurisdiction originally seems to have had the meaning which Lord Reid ascribed to it in Anisminic Ltd. v. Foreign Com- pensation Commissioner (1969) 2 A.C. 147, namely, the en- titlement 'to enter upon the enquiry in question'. If there was an entitlement to enter upon an enquiry into the ques- tion, then any subsequent error could only be regarded as
an error within the jurisdiction." The position that emerges from these decisions is that section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure empowers tl1e High Court to satisfy itself on three matters : (a) that the order of the subordinate court is within its jurisdiction; (b) that the case is one in which the court ought to have exercised jurisdiction; and failed to do so (c) that in exercising jurisdiction the Court has not acted illegally, that is, in breach of some provisions of law, or with material irregularity by committing some error of procedure in the course of the trial which is material in that it may have affected th(1 ultimate decision. And if the High Court is satisfied that there is no error in regard to any of tbefo three matters, it has no power to interfere merely because it differs from —·~——–
(1) [1956] l S.C.R. 102. (2) [1973] I S.C.R. 697. c SUPREME.COURT REPORTS the conclusions of the subordinate court on questions of fact or faw. A distinction must be drawn between the ·errors committed by sub- ordinate courts in deciding question of law which have relation to, or are concerned with, questions of jurisdiction of the "l!id courts, and errors of law which have no such relation or connection. An errone- ous decision on a question of fact or of law reached by the subordinate court which has no relation to question of jurisdiction of that court, B cannot be corrected by the High Court under section 115. c
Applying the tests as extracted above to the facts of the instant case, we have no hesitation in holding that the Joint Director of Con- solidation ignored the limitation that existed on his power under sec- tion 48 of the 1953 Act as it stood on the relevant date and illegally assumed jurisdiction which he did not possess.
It is not and cannot be disputed that the consolidation authorities subordinate to the Joint Director of Consolidation possessed plenary jurisdiction and ~ompetence to go into the question of the correctness or otherwise of the entries in the revenue records relating to Sher Singh's possession over the plots of land in question. That they arrived at a concurrent finding of fact that Sher Singh· was in actual possession of the land on his own behalf on the relevant date on the basis of the aforesaid valid lease deed is also evident from the following observa- tions made by the Settlement Officer, Consolidation, Amroha in his aforesaid decision dated April 16, 1962 :-
"I have carefully gone through the record and also heard the learned counsels for the parties at length and also perused the case law. It is admitted that the appellants have never been able to obtain possession over the disputed land. In the revenue records name of
respondent Sher Singh exists throughout from 1353 F upto the date of vesting and on- wards also. Appellant's allegation is that actually the brothers of Sher Singh who purchased the land in dispute are in
possession but there is absolutely no oral or documentary evidence in support of this contention. Appellant Jai Kumar Singh himself admits that in the land purchased by Kaley Singh, Chajjoo Singh and others, Sher Singh has no interest and these brothers also take food separately. I agree with the learned Consolidation Officer that the simple fact that the proprietary rights have been transferred to. the brothers of Sher Singh is not at all sufficient to prove that the lease was a: fictitious document executed simply to
deprive the appel- lants of their rights of pre-emption. It is worth mentioning that the lease was executed in 1945 and zamindari abolished in 1952. It does not appeal to me that any one could have
an idea that the interests of the landlords will be extinguished in this manner and therefore the vendors executed a fictitious deed to deprive the appellant of his rights of pre-emption … The vendees Kaley Singh and others had only
purchased proprietary interest in the disputed land and they were not its khud kasht holders. . . . . . It is obvious that Kaley Singh and other the original vendees purchased the land subject to ' r
SHERSINGH v. CONSOLIDATION DIRECTOR (Jas:want Singh, l.) 99 J the possession of respondent Sher Singh and their proprie- tary interest would have come to an end at the date of vest- ing. . . . . . Considering the entire evidence on record, I hold that the land in dispnte could not have been the khudkasht of the original vendees and they could not have acquired
Bhumidhari rights u/s 18 of the Z.A. & L.R. Act and there- fore the appellants who stepped into their shoes cannot have better rights. . . . . . It may also be mentioned that respon- dent Sher Singh has not been in possession as a trespasser but on the basis of a valid lease."
It may also be noted that the Deputy Director of Consolidation after discussing the entire evidence and holding that Sher Singh was lessee in possession of the land and neither the vendees had ever held the land in question as khudkhast holders nor could they be deemed to be the khudkhast holders thereof dismissed the appeal preferred by respondents 2 and 3 with the following observations :-
"The concunent finding of the lower courts was there- fore conect and justified." c Thus the subordinate Consolidation authorities not having acted illegally in exercising their jurisdiction, the Joint Director of Con- solidation was not competent to interfere with their decisions. It would be appropriate at this stage to observe that mere relation- ship of Sher Singh with three out of four vendees on which the Joiiit Director of Consolidation has relied was not enough to warrant the finding that the aforesaid lease granted in his favour was fictitious. Even the subsequent transfer of the land in question in favour of his nephew to which reference has been made in a casual and laconic manner by the Joint Director of Consolidation cannot lead' to the con- clusion that the lease was fictitious. Our attention has not been drawn to any evidence which may indicate a~ to when the said transfer was made nor has any material been placed before us to show that the nephew in whose favour the land was transferred was the son of any one of Sher Singh's three brothers who were co-vendees with Chajju Singh.
The nature and character of the so called transfer by Sher Singh in favour of his nephew is also shrouded in mystery. In the cir- cumstances, the finding of the Joint Director of Consolidation that the aforesaid lease in favour of Sher Singh was fictitious cannot be sus- tained.
Let us now see whether Sher Singh acquired the rights of a Bhumi- dhar, or a sirdar or an Adhivasi under the Act. It would be apposite for this pnrpose to refer to the object and a. few relevant provisions of the Act. As apparent from its preamble, the Act was designed by the State Lrgislature principally to do away with the Zamindari system which involved intermediaries between the tiller of the soil and the State in Uttar Pradesh, to provide for the acquisition of their rights, title and interest and to reform the law relating to land tenure conse- quent upon the aforesaid abolition and acquisition. To attain this object, the Legislature empowered the State Government to declare by c
means of a notification that as from a specified date, all estates situate iu Uttar Pradesh or in specified area or areas thereof shall vest in the State and as from the beginning of that date (which would be called the date of vesting), all such estates shall stand transferred to and. vest except as provided in the Act in the State free from all encumbrances. As already stated, though the Act came into force on January 25, 1951, the notification alluded to in section 4 was issued and published in the Extraordinary issue of the State Gazette on July 1, 1952 which coincided with the commencement of 1360 Fasli.
The consequences of the vesting of an estate ensuing frnm the notification issued nnder section 4 are detailed in section 6 of the Act which, in so far as it is relevant for the purpose of the case, provides as und~r :-
"6. Consequences of the vesting of an estate in the State.- When the notification under section 4 has been published in the Gazette then, notwithstanding anything contained in any contract or document or in any other law for the time being in force and save as, otherwise provided in this Act, the con- sequences as hereinafter set forth shall, from the beginning of the date of vesting, ensure in the area to which tlie notifica- tion related, namely-
(a) all rights, title and interest of all the intermediaries- ( i) in every estate in such area including land ( culti- vable or barren), grove-land, forests whether within or outside village boundaries, trees (other than trees in village abadi, holding or grove), fisheries, tanks,
ponds, water- chann~ls, ferries, pathways, abadi sites, hats, bazars and melas [other than hats, bazars and melas held upon land to which clauses (a) to (c) of sub-section (1) of section 18
apply], and (ii) in all sub-soil in such estates including rights, if any, in mines and minerals, whether being worked or not; shall cease and he vested in the State of Uttar Pradesh free from all encumbrances; ……. .
(i) all suits and proceedings of the nature to be pres- cribed pending in any court at the date of vesting, and all pro- ceedings upon any decree or order passed in any such suit or proceeding. previous to the date of vesting,
shall be stayed .. ……. " Section 7 of the Act which de.al with saving in respect of certain rights inter alia lays down that nothing contained in Chapter II shall in any way affect the right of any person-(aa) being a bhumidhar, sirdar, adhivasi, or asami of any land, to1 continue to enjoy any assess- ment or any similar right for the more beneficial enjoyment of the land, as he was enjoying on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting.
SHEJ!SINGH v. CONSOLIDATION DJRE<:TOR (Jasw,ant Singh, J.) It would be convenient at this stage to notice sections 18, 19 and 20 of the Act which are couched in the following terms :-
"18. Settlement of certain lands with intermediaries or cultivators as bhumidhars.- (1) Subject to the provisions of Sections 10, 15, 16 and 17, all lands- ( a) in possession of or held or deemed to be held by an
intermediary as sir, khudkasht or an intermediary's grove, (b) held as a grove by, or in the personal cultivation of a permanent Jessee in Avadh. (c) held by a fixed-rate tena'nt or a rent-fr2e grantee as such, or
(d) held as such by- (i) an occupancy tenant, (ii) a hereditary tenant, (iii) a tenant on patta dawami instamrari refe1red to section 17 ( e) held by a grove-holder I possessing the right
}- to transfer th2 hold- or I ing by sale. m1 c ·on the date immediately prec•2ding the date of vesting shall ·be deemed to be settled by the State Government with such intermediary, les&2e, tenant, grantee or grove holder, as the case may be, who shall, subject to the provisions of this
Act. be entitled to take or retain possession as bhnmidhar ·thereof. (2) Every person belonging to the class m2ntio'ned in Section 3 or sub-section (2) of Section 3-A of the United
Provinces Agricultural Tenants (Acquisition of Privileges) Act, 1949, who has been granted the declaration referred to in section 6 of the said Act in respect of any holdi'ng or share thereof shall, unless the declaration is
subsequently set aside, be deemed to be the bhumidhar of the holding or the share in respect of which the declaration has been made and continues in force. (3) Notwithstanding anything co'i1tained in the United
Provinces Agricultural Tenants (Acquisition of Privileges) Act, 1949, any declaration granted under section 6 of the said Act in favour of a tenant to whom sub-section (2) of 'Section 10 applies, shall be and is hereby cancelled and the amount deposited by him under Section 3 or 6 of the said
A~t shall, after deducting the amount which might have h2en paid or be payable by the State Government to his Jand- 'holder- under Sec.lions 7 and 8 of the said Act, be refunded ·to the person 'entitled in such manner as may be prescribed." [1978] 3 s.c.R:.
19. Land in the holding to be settled with the tenants there- of as sirdar.-All land, held or deemed to have been held on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting by any person as-
c (i) a tenant holding on special terms in Avadh (ii) an ex-proprietary tenant (iii) an occupancy tenant (iv) a hereditary tenant (v) a grantee at favourable rate of rent (vi) a non-occupancy tenant of tea estates notified
as such in a notification issued under sub.,;ection (5) of section 30 of the United Provinces Tenancy Act, 1939, (vii) a sub-tenant referred to in sub-section ( 4) of section 47 of the United Provinces Tenancy Act, 1939 and
(viii) (ix) all land referred to in section 17 held on the said date by any person on patta dawami or istamrari, shall, save in cases provided for in clause (d) of sub- section (1) of S.xtion 18, be deemed to be settled by the
State Government with such person, who shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be entitled, except as provided in sub-section (2) of section 18, to take or retain possession as a sirdar thereof.
20. A tenant of sir, sub-tenant or ah occupant to be an adhivasi-Every person who – (a) on the date immediately preceding the date of vest- ing was or has been deemed to be in accordance with
the provisions of this Act – (i) except as provided in sub-clawse (i) of clanse (b), a tenant of sir other than a tenant referred to i'n clause (ix) of section 19 or in whose favour hereditary rights accrue in accordance
with the provisions of Section 10, or (ii) except as provided in sub-clause (i) of clause (b), a sub-tenant other than a sub-tenant re- ferred to in proviso to sub-section (3) of Sec-
tion 27 of the United Provinres Tenancy ( Ame'ndment) Act, 194 7, or in sub-section ( 4) of Section 4 7 of the United Provinces Tenancy Act, 1939, of any land other than grove-land'
t – .. SHERSINGH v. CONSOLIDATION DIRECTOR (Jaswpnt Singh, J.) (b) was recorded as occupant – (i) of any land other than grove-land or land to which Section 16 applies or land referred to in
the proviso to sub-section (3) of Section 27 of the U.P. Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1947, in the Khasra or Khatauni of 1356 F. prepared under sections 28 and 33 respectively of the U.P. Land R>~forms Act, 1901, or who was on
the date immediately preceding the date of vest- ing entitled to regain possession thereof under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of sectio'n 27 of the United Provinces Tenancy (Amendment)
Act, 1947, or (ii) of any land to which Section 16 applies, in the khasra or khatauni of 1356 Fasli prepared nnder sections 28 and 33 respectively of the United Provinces Land Reforms Act, 1901
but who was not in possession in the year 1359 F., shall, unless he has become a bhumidhar of the land under sub-section (2). of Section 18 or an asami under clause (h) of section 21. be called adhivasi of the land
and shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be entitled to take or retain possession th~reof. Explanation 1-Where a person referred to in clause (b) was evicted from the la'nd after Jnne 30, 1948, he shall not- withstanding anything in any order or decree, be deemed to be a person entitled to regain possession of the land.
Explanation II-Where any entry in the records referred to in clause (b) has been corrected before the date of vest- fng under or .in accordance with the provisions of the U.P . Land Revenue Act, 1901, the entry so corrected shall, for
the purposes of the said clause, prevail. Explanation III.-For the purposes of Explanation II an entry shall be deemed to have been corrected before the date of vesting if an order or decree of a competent court requir- ing any correction in records had been made before the said date and had become final even though the correction may
not have been incorporated in the records. Explanation IV.-For purposes of this section 'occupant' as respects any land does not include a person who was entitled as an intermediary to the land or any share therein in the year 1356 Fasli."
c The expression 'Khudkasht' not having been defined in the Act, we shall have, as ordained by section 3 (26) of the Act, to refer to H section 3(9) of the U.P. Tenancy Act, 1939, to find out its mean- ing :
c (1978] 3 S.C.R. "Section 3(9) of the U.P. Tenancy Act, 1939: "khudkasht" means land other than sir cultivated by a landlord, and under-proprietor or a permanent tenure-holder as
such either himself or by servants or by hired labour." We may now advert to sections 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139 and 209 of the Act which are also material for our purpose : "131. Sirdar-Every person belonging to any of the fol-
lowing classes shall be called a sirdar and shall have all rights and be subject to all the liabilities conferred or imposed upon sirdars by or under this Act, namely- ( a) every person who, as a consequence of the acquisi-
tion or estates, becomes a sirdar under section 19, (b) every person who is admitted as sirdar of vacant land under the provisions of this Act, and ( e) every person who in any other manner acquires the
rights of a sirdar under or in accordance with the provisions of this Act or of any other law for . the time being in force." 134. Acquisition of bhumidhari rights by a sirdar- ( 1) If a sirdar belonging to the class mentioned in clause (a) of Section 131 pays or offers to pay to the credit of
the State Government an amount equal to ten times the land revenue payable deemed to be. payable on the date of application for the land of which he is the sirdar, he shall npon an application duly made in that behalf to an Assistant Collector, be entitled, with effect from the date on which the amount has been deposited, to a declaration that he has
acquired the rights mentioned in Section 13 7 in respect of such land : Provided that the right to pay or offer to pay the amount aforementioned shall cease on the expiry of three
months from the date to be notified by the State Government. Explanation I-In this sub-section 'land' includes share in land. Explanation II-For the purpose of this section the land
revenue payable shall- ( a) in respect of land referred to in the proviso to clause (a) of sub-section 246, be an amount arrived at after all the increases have been given effect to; and
(b) in respect of land to which the proviso to section 24 7 applies, be an amount determined at hereditary rates under that section. (2) The amount referred to in-sub-section (1). may be
paid in cash or, if the State Government so prescnbes, m form of bj)llds or otherwise. ,_ ·" – SHERSINGH v. CONSOLIDATION DIRECTOR (Jaswant Singh, J.) 135. Treasury challan to accompany the application
under Section 134.-The application referred to in Section 134 shall be accompanied where the amount is paid cash, by a treasury challau and iu any other case, by such docu- ment or evidence as may be prescribed showing that the
amount aforesaid has been deposited and shall briefly des- cribe the right in which the applicant claims the land. 136. Amount to be deposited under section 134.-Where a sirdar or his predecessor-in-interest was, on the date imme- diately preceding the date of vesting, a hereditary tenant of the holding, the amount to be deposited under section 134
shall, notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, be equal to ten times the land revenue payable by him or, if the said land revenue exceeds an amount double that com- puted at the applicable hereditary rates,
ten times such amount. 137. Grant of certificate.-(!) If the application has been duly made and the Assistant Collector is satisfied that the applicant is entitled to the declaration mentioned in
Section 134, he shall grant a certificate to that effect. (2) Upon the grant of the certificate under sub-section (1) the sirdar shall, from the date on which the amount referred to in sub-section ( 1) of section 134 has been
deposited- ( a) become and be deemed to be a bhumidhari of the holding or the share in respect of which the certifi- cate has been granted, and (b) be liable for payment of such reduced amount on
account of land revenue for the holding or his share therein, as the case may be, as shall be one-half of the amount of land revenue payable or deemed to be payable by him therefor on the date of application.
Provided further that in the cases referred to in Expla- nation II of Section 134 the sirdar shall, during the period a reduced amount is payable in accordance with Section 246 or 247, be liable for payment of one-half of the amount
payable from time to time. Explanation.-For purposes of clause (b) the land revenue payable by a sirdar on the date aforesaid shall, where it exceeds an amount double that computed at the
hereditary rates applicable, be deemed to be equal to such amount. (2-A). Where the amount referred to in sub-section (1) of section 134 is deposited on a date other than the first day of the agricultural year, the land revenue payable by
the bhumidhar under clause (b) of sub-section (2) for the c c 991! remainder of the agricultural year in which the amount is deposited shall be determined in such manner as may be
prescribed. 139. Acquisition of bhumidhari rights by a sirdar of the class mentioned in clause (b) of Section 131.-The provi- sions of Section 134 and Sections 135 and 137, shall mutatis mutandis apply to a sirdar belonging to the class mentioned in clause (b) or ( c) of section 131.
209. Ejectment of persons occupying land without title- ( 1) A person taking or retaining possession of land otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of the law for the time being in force, and-
( a) where the land forms part of the holding of a bhumi- dhar, sirdar or asami without the consent of such -bhumidhar, sirdar or asami, (b) where the land does not form part of the holding of
a bhumidhar, sirdar or asami without cousent of the Gaon Sabha, shall be liable to ejectment ou the suit, in cases referred to in clause (a) above, of the bhumidhar, sirdar or asami con-
cerned, and in cases referred to iu clause (b) above, of the Gaon Sabha and shall also be' liable to pay damages. (2) To every suit relating to a land referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1) the State Government shall
be impleaded as a necessary party." A close scrutiny of the facts and circumstances of the case in the light of the above quoted provisions of law leaves no room for doubt in our mind that Sher Singh acquired the rights of a Bhumidhar as hereinafter stated. As already indicated, there is
nothing on the record before us to establish that the aforesaid lease deed iu favour of Sher Singh was fictitious or that the entires made in the revenue record on the basis of that deed were not genuine or did not conform to the true factual position and that Sher Siugh was not in possession of the fields in qnestion on his own behalf.
Consequently as Sher Singh was holding the said fields as a hereditary tenaut on the date immediately preceding the date of vesting, he became entitled to retain possession thereof as a Sirdar under section 19 of the Act and on depositing to the credit of the State Government in the manner provid- ed in section 134 and other allied provisions of the Act an amonnt equal to ten times the land revenue payable or deemed to be payable, he became entitled to a declaration that he had acquired the rights of a Bhumidhar mentioned in section 137 of the Act in respect of the said fields and to the grant of a certificate to that effect. In view of our aforesaid findings, it is iinnecessary to examine the alternate contention raised on behalf of the appellants that as Sher Singh was in self-cultivating possession of the land on the date imme- r.
SHERSINGH v. CONSOLIDATION DIRECTOR (laswant Singh, J.) 999 diately preceding the date of vesting and was recorded as such in the relevant record, he in any case acquired the right of an Adhivasi under section 20(b) (ii) of the Act or to go into the contention of Mr. Lal- narayan Sinha that the actual physical possession of the land is not necessary to attract the applicability of section 18 of the Act and the requirement of the section is satisfied even when subsisting right and title to possession over the land on the date of vesting is established. For the foregoing reasons, we allow the appeal, set aside the impugned judgments and orders of the High Court as also the deci- 't
sion of the Joint Director of Consolidation and restore that of the Deputy Director of Consolidation, Lucknow. In the facts and cir- ~_ cumstances of the case, we leave the parties to bear their own costs. S.R.
Appeal allowed. ·