S.C.R. SHIVJI NATHUBHAI v .. THE UNION OF INDIA & . OTHERS B. P. SINHA, c. J., P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, K. N. WANCHOO, K. c. DAS GUPTA AND J. c. SHAH, JJ. Mining Lease-Grant by the State Governm~nt-:Cancell_at_ion. jn review by the Central Government-Such cancellation if a quasi-Judicial act-Mineral Concession Rules, r949.
rr. J2S4· Rule 54 of the Mineral Concession Rules, r949, provided as follows: "Review. Upon receipt of such application, the Central Government may, if it thinks fit, call for the relevant records and other information from the Provincial Government, and after considering any explanation that may be offered by the Provin- cial Government, cancel the order of the Provincial Government or revise it in such manner as the Central Government may deem just and proper."
The appellant was granted mining leases in respect of five areas and possession was delivered to him. On an application for review made by one of the respondents under r. 52 of the Rules, the Central Government, without giving the appellant an
opportunity of being heard, cancelled the leases with regard to two of the areas and directed the State Government to grant leases in respect thereof to the said respondent. The appellant applied to the High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution for quashing the said order. The Single Judge who heard the
application as well as the Division Bench on appeal held that the order of cancellation was an administrative order and the appel- lant was not entitled to a hearing. It was contended on behalf of the appellant in this Court that rr. 52-55 of the Rules showed that the proceeding before the Central Government was a quasi-
judicial proceeding and, consequently, the rules of natural justice must apply. Held, that the contention must prevail and the order of cancellation be quashed. In exercising its power of review under r. 54 of the Mineral Concessions Rules, r949, the Central Government acted judicially and not administratively.
Assuming that the act of the State Government in granting a mining lease was an administrative act, it was not correct to say that no right of any kind passed to the lessee thereunder untill the review was decided by the Central Government where a
review had been applied for. Rule 52, therefore, by giving the aggrieved party the right to a review created a lis between him and the lessee and, consequently, in the absence of anything to the contrary either in r. 54 or the statute itself, there could be no January r9.
doubt that the Central Government was acting quasi-judicially under r. 54. Shivji lVathubai Province of Bombay v. Kushalda.s S. Advani. [r950] S.C.R. The Uni:: of India 621• applied.
and Others R. v. Electricity Commissioner. (r924) I. K. B. r7r, referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 428 ofl959. Appeal from the judgment and order dated February 25, 1959, of the Punjab High Court (Circuit
Bench) at Delhi in Letters Patent Appeal No. 47-D of 1955, arising out of the judgment and order dated November 28, 1955 of the said High Court in \Vrit Petition No_ 306-D of 1954.
N. C. Chatterjee, J. B. Dada.chanji, S. N. Andley. Rameshwar Nath and P. L. Vohra, for the appellant. K. Daphtary. Solicitor-General of India, R. Gapapathy Iyer, R. H. Dhebar and T. M. Sen, for
respondents Nos. 1 & 2. G. S. Pathak, S.S. Shukla and Mrs. E. Udaya- ratnam, for respondent No. 3. 1960. January 19. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Wanchoo J. WANCHOO J.-This appeal upon a
certificate granted by the Punjab High Court raises the question whether an order of- the Central Government under r. 54 of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1949, (herein- after called the Rules) framed under s. 6 of the Mines
and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, No. 53of1941, (hereinafter called the Act) is quasi- judicial or administrative. The brief facts necessary for this purpose are these.
The appellant was granted a mining lease by the then Ruler of Gangpur State on December 30, 194 7, shortly before the merger of that State with the State of Orissa on January 1, 1948.
This lease was annulled on June 29, 1949. Thereafter the appellant was granted certificates of approval in respect of prospecting licences and mining leases_ Eventually, the appellant applied on December 19,
1949, for mining leases for manganese in respect of five areas in the district of Sundergarh (Orissa). He was asked on July 4, 1950, to submit a separate S.C.R. application for each area which he did on July 27,
z~'6o Ul50. . Some defects were pointed out in these appli- Shivji N at!tubai. cations and therefore the appellant submitted fresh v. applications on September 6, 1950, after removing the The Union of India defects. In the mea.ntime, the third respondent also
and Others made applications for mining leases for manganese for the same area on July 10, 1950. These applications Wanchoo J. were not accompanied by the deposit required under r. 29 of the Rules. Consequently, the third respondent
was asked on July .24, 1950, to deposit a sum of Rs. 500, which it did on August 3, 1950. It was then found that the third respondent's applications were defective. It was therefore asked on September 5,
1950, to send a separate application in the prescribed form for each block and thereupon it submitted fresh applications on September 6, 1950. Eventually, on December 22, 1952, the State of Orissa granted the
mining leases of the five areas to the appellant taking, into account r. 32 of the Rules, which prescribed priority. It was held that the appellant's applications were prior and therefore the leases were granted to
him. Thereafter on April 21, 1953, posse£sion of the areas leased was delivered to the appellant. It seems, however, that the third respondent had applied. for· review to the Central Government under r. 52 of the
Rules. This review application was allowed by the · Central Government on January 28, 1954, and the Government of Orissa was directed to grant a mining lease to the third respondent with respect to two out
of the five areas . The appellant's complaint is that he came to know in February, 1954, that the third respondent had applied to the Central Government. under r. 52 for review. He thereupon addressed a letter to the
Central Government praying that he might be given a hearing before any order was passed on the review . application. He was, however, informed on July 5, 1955, by the Goyernment of Orissa of the order passed
by the Central Government on January 28, 1954, by which the lease granted to him by the State of Orissa with respect to two areas was cancelled. Consequently, . he made an application under Art. 226 of the
Constitution to the Punjab High Court praying for quashing the order of January 28, 1954, on the Shivji Nathubhai d th t •t · · d" · 1 d d th groun a was a quasi-JU 1ma or er an e
The unio:· of India rules of natural justice had not been followed inasmuch and Others as he had not been given a hearing before the review application was allowed by the Central Government,
Wanchoo f. thus affecting his rights to the lease granted by the State of Orissa. The writ petition was heard by a learned Single Judge of the High Court and it was held that the order was not a quasi-judicial order but
merely an administrative one and that there being no lis, the appellant was not entitled to a hearing. In the result, the writ petition failed. The appellant went up in Letters Patent Appeal to a Division Bench of
the High Court, which upheld the order of the learned Single Judge. The appellant then applied for a certificate to permit him to appeal to this Court which was granted; and that is how the matter has come up
before us. Shri N. C. Chatterji appearing on behalf of the appellant contends that the Central Government was acting in a quasi-judicial capacity when it passed the order under r. 54 of the Rules and therefore it was
incumbent upon it to hear the appellant before deciding the review application, and inasmuch as it did not do so it contravened the principles of natural justice which apply in such a case and the order is
liable to be quashed. In support of this, learned counsel relies on Nagendra Nath Bora and another v. The Commissioner of Hills Division and Appeals, Assam and others ('), and submits that rr. 52 to 55 of the
Rules which are relevant for the purpose clearly show that the proceeding before the Central Government is a quasi-judicial proceeding in view of the following circ- umstances appearing from these rules: (1) Rule 52 gives
a statutory right to any person aggrieved by an order of the State Government to apply for review in case of refusal of a mining lease ; (2) It also prescribes a period of limitation, namely, two months; (3) Rule 53
prescribes a fee for an application under r. 52. These circumstances taken with the circumstance that a lis is (I) [1958] S.C.R. 1240. .• -• S.C.R. created as soon as a person aggrieved by an order is
z960 given the right to go up in review against another 51 . .. N h b . person in whose favour the order has been passed by nv;i at u ai the State Government show that the proceeding before The Uni:~ of India the Central Government at any rate at the stage of
and Others review is quasi-judicial to which rules of natural justice apply. Wanchoo ], Mr. G. S. Pathak appearing for the third respon- dent on the other hand contends that the view taken
by the High Court is correct and that the order of January 28, 1954, is a mere administrative order and therefore it was not necessary for the Central Govern- ~ ment to hear either party before passing that order.
He points out that the minerals, for 1Ilining which the lease is granted under the Rules, are the property of the State. No person applying for a mining lease of such minerals has any right to the grant of the lease.
According to him, the right will only arise after the lease has been granted by the State Government and the review application, if any, has been decided by the Central Government. He submits that even under
r. 32, which deals with priority the State Government is not bound to grant the lease to the person who applies first and it can for any special reason and with the prior approval of the Central Government grant it to
a person who applies later. His contention further is that as at the earlier stage when the grant is made by the State Government the order granting the lease is a mere administrative order-as it must be in these
circumstances (he asserts)-, the order passed on review by the Central Government must also partake of the same nature. In order to decide between these rival contentions it is useful to refer to rules 52 to 55 which fall for
consideration ii:'i this case. These are the rules as they existed up to 1953. Since then we are told there have been amendments and even the Act has been replaced by the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and
Development) Act, 1957. We are, however, not concerned with the Rules as modified after January 1954 or with the Act of 1957. Rule 52 inter alia provides that any person aggrieved by an order of the
ry6o State Government refusing to grant a mining lease may h . within two months of the date of such order apply to Sllivji Nathub ai h C 1 G f h I' 1 v. t e entra overnment or revrewmg t e same. :.u e
The Union of India 53 prescribes a fee. Rule 54 may be quoted in extenso, and Others namely- Wanchoo ]. " Upon receipt of such application, the Central Government may, if it thinks fit, call for the relevant
records and other information from the State Government and after considering any explanation that may be offered by the State Government, cancel the order of the State Government or revise it in
such manner as the Central Government may deem just and proper. " Rule 55 then says that the order of the Central Government under r. 54, and subject only to such order, any order of the State Government under these
rules shall be final. This Court had occasion to consider the nature of the two kinds of acts, namely, judicial which includes quasi-judicial and administrative, a number of times.
In Province of Bombay v. Kushaldas S. Advani (1), it adopted the celebrated definition of a quasi-judicial body given by Atkin L. J. in R. v. Electricity Commis- sioners('), which is as follows:-
"Whenever any body of persons having legal authority to determine questions affecting rights of subjects, and having the duty to act judicially act in excess of their legal authority they are. subject to
the controlling jurisdiction of the King's Bench Division exercised in these writs. " This definition insists on three requisites each of which must be fulfilled in order that the act of the body may
be a quasi-judicial '.act, namely, that the body of persons (1) must have legal authority, (2) to determine questions affecting the rights of subjects, and (3) must have the duty to act judicially. After analysing the
various cases, Das J. (as he then was) laid down the following principles as deducible therefrom in Kushaldas S. Advani's case (1) .at p. 725 :- " (i) That, if a statute empowers an authority, not
being a Court in the ordinary sense, to decide (1) [1950] S.C.R. 621. (z) [19z4] l K.B. 171. S.C.R. disputes arising out of a claim made by any party · r960 under the statute which claim is opposed by another SI … N. 1 bh . party and to determine the respective rights of the · '"'J' "v: 1 •u
ai contesting parties who are opposed to each other, The Union of Indi" there is a lis and prima facie and in the absence of and Others anything in the statute to the contrary it is the
duty of the authority to act judicially and the Wancho"O 1· decision of the authority is a quasi-judicial act; and (ii) that if a statutory authority has power to do any act which will prejudicially affect the subject,
then, although there are not two parties apart from the authority and the contest is between the autho- rity proposing to do the act and the subject opposing it, the final determination of the authority will yet
be a quasi-judicial act provided the authority is required by the statute to act judicially. " It is on these principles which are now well-settled that we have to see whether the Central Government
when acting unde~ r. 54 is acting in a quasi-judicial capacity or otherwise. It is not necessary for present purposes to decide whether State Government when it grants a lease is acting merely administratively.
We shall assume that the order of the State Govern- ment granting a lease under the Rules is an adminis- trative order. We have, however, to see what the position is after the State Government has granted a
lease to one of the applicants before it and has refused the lease to others. Mr. Pathak contends that even in such a situation there is no right in favour of the person to whom the
lease has been granted by the State Government till the Central Government has passed an order on a review application if any. Rule 55, however, makes clear that the order of the State Government is final
subject to any order by the Central Government under r. 54. Now when a lease is granted by the State Govern- ment, it is quite possible that there may be no applica- tion for review by those whose applications have been
refused. In such a case the order of the State Govern- ment would be final. It would not therefore be in our opinion right to say that no right of any kind is created in favour of a person to whom the lease is
'960 granted by the State Government. The matter would be different if the order of the State Government were Shiv}i Nathubai v. not to be effective until confirmation by the Central
The Union of India Government; for in that case no right would arise and Othm until the confirmation was received from the Central Government. But r. 54 does not provide for confirma-
Wanchoo ]. l G tion by the entra overnment. t gives power to the Central Government to act only when there is an application for review before it under r. 54. That is why we have not accepted Mr. Pathak's argument
that in substance the State Government's order becomes effective only after it is confirmed; r. 54 does not support this. We have not found any provision in the Rules or in the Act which gives any power to
the Central Government to review B'!W motu the order of the State Government granting a lease. That some kind of right is created on the passing of an order granting a lease is clear from the facts of this case
also. The order granting the lease was made in D'ecember 1952. In April 1953 the appellant was put in possession of the areas granted to him and actually worked them thereafter. At any rate, when the
statutory rule grants a right to any party aggrieved to make a review application to the Central Government it certainly follows that the person in whose favour the order is made has also a right to represent his
case before the authority to whom the review applica- tion is made. It is in the circumstances apparent that as soon as r. 52 gives a right to an aggrieved party to apply for review a lis is created between him and the
party in whose favour the grant has been made. Unless therefore there is anything in the statute to the contrary it will be the duty of the authority to act judicially and its decision would be a quasi-judicial act. The next question is whether there is anything in
the Rules which negatives the duty to act judicially by the reviewing authority. Mr. Pathak urges that r. 54 gives full power to the Central Government to act as it may deem 'just and proper ' and that it is not
bound even to call for the relevant records and other information from the State Government before deciding an application for review. That is undoubtedly S.C.R. so. But that in our opinion does not show that the
Ig6o statutory Rules negative the duty to act judicially. Sh' .. N h b . Wh R 1 . h h C 1v1i at u as · at the u es-require is t at t e entral overnment v. should act justly and properly; and that is wh3!t an The Union of India authority which is required t.o act judicially must do.
and Others The fact that the Central Government is not bound even to call for records again does not negative the Wanchoo J. duty cast upon it to act judicially, for even courts have
the power to dismiss appeals without calling for records. Thus r. 54 lays down nothing to the contrary. We are therefore of opinion that there is prima f acie a lis in this case as between the person to whom the
lease has been granted and the person who is aggrieved by the refusal and therefore prima facie it is the duty of the authority which has to review the matter to act judicially and there is nothing in r. 54 to the contrary.
It must therefore be held that on the Rules and the Act, as they stood at the relevant time, the Central Government was acting in a quasi-judicial capacity while deciding an application under r. 54. As such it
was incumbent upon it before coming to a decision to give a reasonable opportunity to the appellant, who was the other party in the review application whose rights were being affected, to represent his case. Inas-
much as this was not done, the appellant is entitled to ask us to issue a writ in the nature of certiorari quashing the order of January 28, 1954, passed by the Central Government. ·
We therefore allow the appeal and setting aside the order of the High Court quash the order of the Central Government passed on January 28, 1954. It· will, however, be open to the Central Government to
proceed to decide the review application afresh after giving a reasonable opportunity to the appellant to represent his case. The appellant will get his costs throughout from the third respondent, who is the
principal contesting party. Appeal allCiWed. IOO