SMT. NAGAWWA VEERANNA SHIVALINGAPPA KONJALGI & ORS. April 23, 1976 ' ,.. fA. C. GUPTA AND S. MURTAZA fAZAL ALI, JJ.] COde of Crin1inal Procedure, ss. 202, 204-Enquiry under s. 202-Scope of … .
-Accused if had locus sta'ndi. The appellant filed a complaint before the Magistrate alleging that the police did not deliberately charge-sheet respondents 1 and 2 despite the fact that they abetted in the murder of her son because they were influential persons. After the inquiry the Magistrate issued a process to respondents 1 and 2 under c
s. 204(l){b) of the Code of Oiminal Procedure, 1973. Tho revision petition of respondents I and 2 filed under s. 482 Cr.P.C. was allowed by the High Court. Jn appeal to this Court it. was contended for the appellan? that the High Court was ih error in examining the order of the Magistrate on merits after taking j,nto consideration the doculll';::nts filed by the respondents, which did not form part af the complaint or evidence recorded in support thereof before tho Magistrate.
Allowing the appeal, ·HELD : The order of the High Court suffers from a serious legal infirmity and. the High Court has exceeded its jurisdictiOn. in interfering in revision b-y qua;hing the order of the Magistrate.
[129 H] ( 1) In the following case! an order of the Magistrate can be quashed or liet aside : (a) Where the allegations made in the complaint or the statements of the witne"S.scs recorded in supp0rt of the same taken at their face value make out absolutely no case against the accused or the COD"Jplaint docs not disclose the essential ingredients of an offence which is alleged against the accused; (b) Where the allegation! made in the compiaint are patentiy absurd and ioh.erently improbable so that no prudent person ca"n ever reach a conclusion that ijhere is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused. (1:) Where the discr~tion exercised by the Magistrate in issuing process is capricious and arbitrary having been based either on no evidence or on mate- ri~Is which are wholly irrelevant or inadmissible; and
{d) Where the complaint suffers from fundamental legal defects, such as, want of sanction, or absence of a complaint by legally competent authority and the like. (128 C-E] (2)(a) At the stage of issuing the process the Magistrate is n1ainly oon· ccrned with allegations made in the complaint or the evidence led and he is onty to be. prima fade Satisfied whether there are sufficient grounds for proc:eed- io.g against the accused. It is not the province of thti Magistrate to enter into a detailed discussion on the merits or demerits of the case. The scope of the in.qujry under s. 202 Cr.P.C. is extremely limited-lin1ited to the ascertainment of the truth. or falsehood of the allegations made in the complaint: (i) on
the materials placed by the complainant before the court (ii) for the limited Purpose of finding out whether a prima facie case for issue of process had been made out and (iii) for deciding the question purely from the point of view .of the complainant without at all adverting to any defence that the accused may have. In prooeedings under s. 202 the accused has got absolutely llO focus standi and iSi not entitled to be heard on the question whether the process should be issued against him or not.
(126 E; 127 E+l SUP!\EME COURT REPORTS (1976] SUPPLEMENTARY Chandra Deo Sing/1 v. Prokas/i Chandra Bose, [1964] I S.C.R. 6l9 and Vadilal Panchal v. Dattatraya Dulaii Ghadigaonker and Another,
[19"61] 1 S.C.R. I, followed. c (_b) In coming to a decision as to \Vhether a process should be issued the ~:1ag1strate can take into consideration inherent improbabilities appearing on the face of the complaint or in evidence led by the complainant in support of the allegations.
Once the Magistrate has exercised judicially the discretion given to him it is not for the High Court or even this Court to substitute its own discretion for that of the Magistrate or to examine the case on merits with a view to find out whether or not the allegations in the complain!, if proved. would ultimately end in conviction of the accused. These considera- tions are totally foreign to the scope and ambit of inquiry under s.. 202 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which culminates in an order under s. 204 of the Code.
[1_27 G.H; 128 A-BJ (3) In the instant case the High Court should not have quashed the proceedings. The order of the Magistrate was a reasoned one \\'hieb took into consideration the alle2ations in the complaint as also the evidence adduced in support of it.
It was not a case where the Magistrate had passed- an order in a mechanical manner or just by way of routine. Th~ High Court could n6t go into this matter in its revisional jurisdiction which is a very limited on<.
[128 F-G] CRIMJNAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 99 of 1976. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 16-12-75 of the Karnataka High Court in Criminal Petition No. 50 of 1975.
N. B. Datar and R. B. Datar for the Appellant. M. C. Bhandare, (Mrs.) S. Bhandare, M. S. Narsimhan, K. JC Sharma, and A. K. Mathur for Respondents 1 and 2. Narayan Nettar for Respondent No. 3.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by FAZAL Au, J. This appeal by special leave is directed against the · judgment of the Karnataka High Court by which it set aside the crder of the Additional Judicial Magist,rate, First Class, Gokak issuing pro- cess against respondents 1 & 2 in exercise of his discretion under s. ~04 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
The facts of the case lie within a very narrow compajs and although the High Court has taken great pains to write a laboured judgment the point involved. is short and simple and does not merit a detailed discus_sio_n.
The police ol Gokak Police Station submitted a charge-sheet against Nagappa Giddannavar -and seven others under ss. 302, 114, 148, 147 and other sections on the allegations that on July 19, 1973 the accused persons had wayh\id and murdered one Nagappa son of the appellant in this Court. The appellant, who had filed the report before the police does not appear to have been satisfied with the investigation by the police which accord- ing to her was tainted and had suppressed some important materials, file_d a complaint before the Magistrate at Gokak on October 4, 1-973 alleging that _respondents 1 & 2 had in fact abetted the offence ?f murder committed by the other accused but as they were inll\Jentrnl ' ,–
t ~). ' . ,,. l ]'IAGAWWA V, V, s. KONJALG! (Fazal Ali,/,) persons their names were deliberately left out in the report as also in the dying declaration, On receiving the complaint
on October 4, 1973 the Magistrate decided to hold an inquiry into the complaint himself and in pursuance of his decision he recorded some evidence on October 8, 1973, Thereafter the case was posted for October 10,
1973 for arguments and further evidence, if any, On October 10, 1973 the Magistrate observed that six witnesses had been examined and the evidence recorded so far was sufficient for the Court to deter- mine the question as to whether or not process should be issued to respondents 1 & 2.
He then adjourned the case for argument for October 12, 1973. ·On that day arguments were heard but before any order could be passed the Magistrate who had recorded the evidence was transferred and therefore the case had to be adjourned. The new
Magistrate took up the matter on November 26, 1973 and after hear- ing the complainant he adjourned the case to December 3, 1973 and on this day he directed that further inquiry may be made by Superin- tendent of Police, Belgaum and he accordingly referred the matter for inquiry and report to the Superintendent of Police,' Belgaum asking him to submit his report within six weeks, It seems to us that in view of the change of the Magistrate the successor Magistrate was not able to grasp the implications of the proceedings which had been taken by his predecessor who had in fact first decided to hold an inquiry him- self and after recording the evidence had decided to pass an order under s. 204 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Before however be could pass any order he was .succeeded by the present Magistrate. The appellant filed an application in revision to the High Court on Decem- ber 11, 1973 against the order of the Magistrate dated December 3, 1973 referring the matter to the Superintendent of Police for inquiry and report.
Whiie the application was pending before the High Court, respondents 1 & 2 filed a petition before the High Court pray- ing for an early hearing of the revision and for vacation of the stay order.
Along with this petition the respondents filed a number of documents including the copies of the petitions sent by the appellant to the Chief Minister and the Speaker. We might indicate here that
there was absolutely no occasion for the respondents to have filed the documents before the High Court in a miscellaneous petition nor <lid they obtain any permission of the Court for filing those documents, The High Court, after hearing the revision
application filed by the appellant, allowed the same mainly on the ground that as the Magis- trate had ultimately decided to hold an inquiry into the trnth or false- hood of the complaint himself he had no jurisdiction to stop that inquiry and then make a reference to the police afresh.
The High Col!ft accordingly quashed the order of the Magistrate and directed him to decide the case in accordance with the law after recording further evidence, if any. It appears that the High Court did not give any directions to the Magistrate for considering the documents which had been filed by the respondents before it but by a subsequent order merely forwarded the documents to the Magistrate.
The papers were sent back to the Magistrate on January 7, 197 5 and by his order dated January 27, 1975 the Magistrate was informed tha.t the appellant did not want to adduce any further evidence.
The matter was according- ly posted for argument on February 7, 197 5 and after hearing the c c 12 6 [1976] SUPPLEMENTARY arguments and . considering the evidence recorded by the Magistrate he by his order dated February 11, 1975 directed process to be issned against respondents 1 & 2 under s. 204( 1) (b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Respondents 1 & 2 then preferred a revision against this order to the High Court under s. 482 of the Code of Criminal Proce- dure praying that the order of the Magistrate may be quasbed. This
revision was allowed by the High Court by the impugned order against which special leave was granted by this Court at the instance of the appellant In support of the appeal Mr. H. B. Datar submitted that the Magistrate had given cogent reasons for holding that there were suffi- cient grounds for proceeding against respondents 1 & 2 and the High Court was in error in interfering with the order of the Magistrate by examining the merits of the case after taking into consideration the documents filed by the respondents which could not be looked into by the Magistrate as they did not form part of the complaint or the evidence recorded in support thereof.
In our opinion the contention raised by the learned counsel for the appellant is well-founded and must prevail. Mr. M. C. Bhandare sought to repe·l the argument of the appellant on the ground that the order of
the Magis- trate was perverse and as the case was full of patent absurdities and was politically motivated the prosecution of respondents 1 & 2 would amount to unnecessary harassment resulting in abuse of the pro- cess of the Court.
In the view we take in the instant case it is not necessary for us to enter into the merits of the case at this stage. It is well settled by a long catena of decisions of this Court that at the stage of issning process the Magistrate is mainly concerned with the allegations made in the complaint or the evidence led in support of the same and he is only to be prima fade satisfied whether there are suffi- cient grounds for proceeding against the accused.
It is not the pro- vince of the Magistrate to enter into a detailed discussion of the merits or demerits of the case nor can the High Court go into this matter in its revisional jurisdiction which is a very limited one.
In Chandra Deo Singh v. Prakash Chandra Bose(') this Court had after fully considering the matter observed as follows : "The courts have also pointed out in these cases that what the Magistrate has to see is whether there is evidence in support of the allegations of the complainant and not
whether the evidence is sufficient to warrant a conviction. The learned Judges in some of these cases have been at pains • to observe that an enquiry under s. 202 is not to be likened to a trial which can only take place after process is issued, and that there can be only one trial.
No doubt, as stated in sub-s. (1) of s. 202 itself, the object of the enquiry is to ascertain the truth or falsehood of the complaint, but the Magistrate making the enquiry has to do this only with re- ference to the intrinsic quality of the statements made before him at the enquiry which would naturally mean the com-
plaint itself, the statement on oath made by the complainant ——– (!) (1964) t S. C.R. 639 , 648. ·r I ,.. . . ;. NAGAWWA V, v. s. KONJALGI (Fazal Ali, J,) and the statements made before him by persons examined
at the instance of the complainant." Indicating the scope, ambit of s. 202 of the Code of Criminal Proce- dure this Court in Vadilal Panchal v. Dattatrya Dulaji Ghadigaonker and Another(') observed as follows :
"Section 202 says that the Magistrate may, if he thinks lit, for reasons to be recorded in writing, postpone the issue of process for compelling the attendance of the person com- plained against and direct an inquiry for the pu~pose ?f ascer- taining the truth or falsehood of the complamt;
m other words, the scope of an inquiry under the section is limited to finding out the truth or falsehood of the complaint in order to determine the question of the issue of process. The inquiry is for the purpose of ascertaining the truth or falsehood of the complaint; that is, for ascertaining whether there is evidence i11 support of the complaint so as to justify the issue of pro- cess and commen.cement of proceedings against the person
concerned. The section does not say that a regular trial for adjudging the guilt or otherwise of the person complained against should take _place at that stage; for the person com- plained against can. be legally called upon to
answer the accusation made against him only when a process has issued and he is put on trial." lt would thus be clear from the two decisicms of this Court that the scope of the inquiry under s. 202 of the Code of Criminal Pro- cednre is extremely limited-limited only to the ascertainment of the truth or falsehood, of the allegations made in the complaint-(!) on the materials placed by the complaint before the Court; (ii) for the limited purpose of finding out whether a prima facie case for issue of process has been made out; and (iii) for
deciding the question purely from the point of view of the complainant without at all ndverting to any defence that the accused may have. In fact it is well settled that in proceedings
under s. 202 the accused has got absolutely no locus standi and is not entitl- ed to be heard on the question whether the process should be issued against him or not. Mr. Bhandare laid great stress on the words "the truth or
falsehood of the complaint" and contended that in determining whether the compl~i~t is false the Court can go into the question of !he broad prnbabiht!es of the ~ase or. intrinsic infirmities appearing rn the evidence. It is true that m .conung t» a decision as to whether a pro"ess should be issued the Magistrate can take into consideration inherent improbabilities appearing on the face of the complaint or in the evidence led by the complainant in support of the allegations but t~~re a~pears. tC'. be .a very thin line of demarcation between a proba- bility 01 _convi~t10n of the ac~used and establishment of a prima facie cas~ ag~rnst him.
The Magistr~te has been given an undoubted dis- creh?n m the matter and the discretion has to be judicia ll v exercised 'by him. Once the Magistrate has exercised his discretion it is not for (l) (1961] l S. C.R. 1, 9.
c (1976] SUPPLEMENfARY the High Cour_t, or even this Co\lrt, to substitute its own discretion for that of the Magistrate or to examine the case on merits with a view to find out whetJ.ier or not the allegations in the ~omplaint, if proved, would ultimately end in conviction of the accused. These
considerations, in our opinion, are totally foreign to the scope and ambit of an inquiry under s. 202 of the Code of Criminal Pro~cdure which culmir.ates into an order urider s. 204 of the Code. Thus it may be safely held that in the following cases an order oi the Magis- trate issuing process against the accused can be quashed or set aside : c
(1) (2) Where the allegations made in tllll complaint or the statements of the witnesses recorded in support of the _same taken at their face value make out absolutely no case against the accused or the complaint does not
disclose the essential ingrediems of an offence which – is alleged against the accused; where the allegations made in the complaint are patently absurd and inherently improbabl~ so that no
prudent person can ever reach a conclusion that there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused; . (3) where the discretion exercised by the Magistrate in issuing process is capricious and
arbi:rary having been based either on no evidence or on materials which are wholly irrelevant or inadmissible; and ( 4) where the complaint suffers from fundamental legal defects, such as, want of sanction, or absence of a
complaint by legally competent auth0rity and the like. ·r The cases mentioned by us are purely illustrative and provide sufficient ~ . ._ guidelines to indicate contingencies where the High Court can quash proceedings.
Applying these principles to the facts of the present case it seems to us that the present case is not one in which th~ !-ligh Court should have quashed the proceedings. To begin with, the order of the Magis-
trate dated February 11, 1975 issuing process against respondents l and 2 is a very well reasoned one which takes into consideration the allegations in the complaint as also th3 evidenc·~ adduced in support of it.
Tile Magistrate clearly applied his mind anrl has analysecl the evi- dence into three categories-(i) those witnesses who have deposed as eye witnesses regarding the actual occurrence and the part attributed to respondents 1 and 2. The Magistrate then refers to other witnesses who cr,rroborated the evidence of the complainant; and thirdly the Magistrate relied on the evidence of witnesses who were admittedly signat<Jries to the dying declaration and had clearly stated on oath that the n.nnes of respondents 1 and 2 were mentioned in their presence by the deceased but were not recorded by the Police Patel in the dying decJ.aration and in spite of the protest by the wituesses they were made to sign the dying declaration as attesting witnesses under threat and duress. On a consideration of this evidew:c the Magistrate was satis- l
NAGAWWA V. v. s. KONJALGI (Fazal Ali, J.) fied that a prima facie case against respondents 1 and 2 was made out and he accordingly issued process against them. It was not a case where the Magistrate had passed an order issuing process in a mecha- nical manner or just by way of routine. The High Court <.ppears to have gone into the whole h.istory of the c~se, examined. the merits .o! the evidence, the contradictions and what 1t called the 1mprobab1h11es and aft<r a detailed discussion not only or the materials produced before t~ Magistrate but also of the doeument' which had been filed by the defence and which should uot have been looked into :;it the stage when the matter was pending under s. 202, has held that the order of the Magistrate was illegal and was fit to be quashed. In the
first place the High Court ought not to have considered the document' filed by respondents 1 and 2 in the_ previous revision with<'Ut obtain- ing the permission of the Court and particularly when the liigh Court itself gave no directions whatsoever to the Magistrate to consider those documents.
In fact the Magistrate considering the question a! to whether process should be issued against the accused or not cannot go into the materials placed by the accused and therefore the
High Court could not have given any iuch directions while disposing of the previous rev!Slon. The impugned order of the High Court prnceeds on the basis that it was incumbent on the Magistrate to have considered the documents and their effect on the truth or falsehood of the allegations made by the complainant. This was an entirely wrong approach.
As we arc clearly of the opinion that the Magistrate . was fully justified in com- pletely excluding the documents from consideration, we refrain from making any observation regarding the effect of those documents. In
fact the documents filed by the respondents were mere copies and they were, therefore, not admissible. At any rate, at the stage of s. 202 or s. 204 ot the Code of Criminal Procedure as the accused had fl:) locus standi the Magistrate had absolutely no jurisdiction to go into ·any materials or evidence which may be produced by the accused who could be present only to watch the proceedings and not to participate in 1 hem.
Indeed if the documents or the evidence produced by the ,.ccuse<.i is ~!lowed to be taken by the .Magistrnte then an inquiry under s. 202 would have to be converted into a full-dress trial defeat- ing the very object for which this section has been engrafted. I'he
Hig:1 Court in quashing the order .c.f the Magistrate completely failerl to consider the limited s_cope of an inq1Jiry under s. 202. liaving ~one throu5h the order of the Magistrate we do not find any error of bw committed by him.
The Magistrate !las exercised his discretion nnd has given cogent reasons for his conclusion. Whether the reasons were good or bad, sufficient or insufficient, is not a matter which .could ha~e been examined by the J:Iigh Court in revision.
We ure eon~ tramed to o?serve that. the. Hi~h Court. went out of its way to wrilt a laboured Judgment h1ghbghting certam aspects cf the case of the accn~cd as appearing from the documents filed by them which they were. not entitled to file and which were not entitled in law 1e lte cmlS!dtred.
-.,,. F~r these reasons, therefore, we are satisfied that the order of the High Court suffers from a serious legal infirmity and the High Court 11-833 SCl/76 c :w: 13 0 SUPREME COURT j(EPORTS
[1976) SUPPLEMENTARY has exceeded its jurisdiction in interfering in revision by quashing the order of the Magistrate. We, therefore, allow the appeal, set aside the order of the High Court dated December 16, 1975 and restore the order of the Magistrate issuing process against respondents 1 and 2. At lhe time of granting the special leave, we had directed the
Sessions Judge who was trying the 0riginal case resulting from the F.I.R. lodged before the police to stay proceedings to the extent that the judgment was not to be pronounced untJl this appeal was disposed of.
We understand that the Sessions case is now concluded before the learned Sessions Judge and arguments haw also hee.n heart!. In view of the order of the Magistrate issuing process against respont!ents l and 2 which has been confirmed by us, t!Je respondents will have to face a supplementary trial and it is 'not conducive in the interests of justice to allow the other trial to be stayed any further. The Sessions Judge is therefore directed to dispose of the Sessions Case and the stay granted by this Court earlier is vacated.
'< I f