Sep. 23. [1954] SOHAN PATHAK AND SONS v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, U.P. [PATANJALI SASTRI C. J., MuKHERJEA, VIVIAN BosE, GHULAM HASAN and JAGANNADHADAS JJ.] Excess Profits Ta.r Act (XV of 1940), ss. 4, 5, JO.A-Hindu undivided family-Partial partition dividing assets and liabilities of business among mern,bers-Members carrying on bnsiness as partners-Validity of partition-Artificial transaction for reducing liability to excess profits tax.
A Hindu undivided family carried on business in money lend· ing and brocade. On the 16th July, 1943, there was a partial partition amongst the members by which the brocade business was divided and its assets and liabilities were partitioned in equal shares between the members of the family.
On the next day the adult members of the family formed two partnerships admitting minors to the benefit thereof, and carried on the broc.ade business under two separate firm names though they continued to remain joint in status. The Income-tax Officer accepted the partial parti- tion and treated the brocade business of the family as having been discontinued, but the Excess Profits Tax Officer held that as the inain purpose of the partial partition was avoidance of tax, it was an artificial transaction, and, treating the business as unbroken, made adjustments under s. 10-A of the Excess Profits Tax Act, by adding to the profits made by the assessees as a joint family till the date of the partition, the profits made by the two firms after partition during the chargeable accounting period :
Held, (i) under ss. 4 and 5 of 1the Excess Profits Tax Act, the Act can have no application to a business which did not make any profits during the relevant chargeable accounting period, and, as the old joint family business in brocade was discontinued and earned no profit during the chargeable accounting period in question, the appellants were not liable to be taxed as a Hindu undivided family in respect of that business;
(ii) that the issue whether the Excess Profits Tax Act applies to a particular business must be determined solely with reference to s. 5 of the Act, and s. 10-A must be construed as applicable only to cases where, the business being found to be one to which the Act applies, a transaction of the kind referred to in 'the section has been effected ; and in view of the finding that the old joint family business in brocade was wound up and was no longer carried on by the joint family as such during the relevant chargeable accounting veriods, the same business Gould not be 'r .
….. s.c.:R. legally treated as having continued unbroken in respect of such periods for the purpose of s. 10-A of the Excess Profits Tax Act read with ss. 4 and 5 of the same Act.
Sohan Pathak and Sons CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals v. Nos. 4 7 to 50 of 1952. Oommiasioner of 1 f h Income-ttw, Appea s rom t e Judgment and Decree dated the U.P. 11th May, 1950, of the High Court of Judicature at
Allahabad (Malik C. J. and Bhargava J.) in Miscel- laneous Case No. 134 of 1949 connected with Mis- cellaneous Case No. 197 of 1948. G. S. Pathak (G. 0. Mathur, with him) for the appellant.
M. 0. Setalvad, Attorney-General for India, (G. N· Joshi, with him) for the respondent. 1953. September 23. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by PATANJALI SASTRI C. J.-This batch of appeals
arises out of a reference made to the High Court at Allahabad by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Allahabad Bench, under section 26 of the Excess Profits Tax Act, hereinafter referred to as " the Act." The
assessments challenged in these appeals relate to dif- ferent chargeable accounting periods but the questions raised are the same in all the cases. The appellants constitute a Hindu undivided family
consisting of four branches representing the four sons of one Sohan Pathak deceased. The family carried on business at Banaras in money-lending and Banaras brocade under the name and style of Sohan Pathak &
Sons. In the assessment relating to the chargeable accounting period ending on October 8, 1943, the appellants alleged that there was a partial partition among the members of the family on July 16, 1943,
whereby the Banaras brocade business was divided in equal shares among the four branches and that, on the next day, the adult members of the family formed two partnerships admitting the minors to the benefits
thereof, and thereafter carried on business in Banaras ' 160 (1954] brocade under the respective firm names of Sohan Pathak Girdhar Pathak and G. M. Pathak & Co. The Bohan Pathak and Sons
appellants claimed that the family as such ceased to v. carry on business in Banaras brocade after July 16, Commissioner of 1943, though they continued to remain joint in status Income·'""•
and that the profits derived by the two partnerships U.P. aforesaid after July 17, 1943, could not be assessed as Patanjali profits of the original joint family business, as the sastri c. J.
businesses carried on by the two partnerships were distinct and newly started businesses and could neither in law nor in fact be regarded as continuation of the old brocade business. In support of this claim the
appellants strongly relied on the circumstance that the Income-tax Officer treated the old business as dis- continued by the family after the partial partition and granted relief on that footing under section 25(3) of the
Indian Income-tax Act in the assessment to income-tax of the appellants as a Hindu undivided family. The Excess Profits Tax Officer, however, rejected the claim as he was of opinion that the main purpose oftbe partial
partition and the creation of the two partnerships was to avoid or reduce the liability of the appellants to excess profits tax, and he made adjustments under section 10-A of the Act by adding to the profits made
by the appellants as a joint Hindu family till the date of the partition the profits made by the two firms during the chargeable accounting periods. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Appellate
Tribunal confirmed the finding and order of the Excess Profits Tax Officer, but, at the instance of the appellants, the Tribunal referred the following questions to the High Court for its decision :
1. Whether in view of the fact that the partial partition had been accepted by the Income-tax Officer and the business was treated as having been discon- tinued for the purpose of assessment under the
Income-tax Act, the same business could legally be treated as having continued unbroken in respect of the same chargeable accounting period for the purpose of section 10-A of the Excess Profits Tax Act read with
sections 4 and 5 of the same Act ? -l s.c.:R. HH 2. Whether in the circumstances of the case the effect of the partial partition of the Hindu undivided Bohan Pathak family on July 16, 1943, and the formation of two
and Sons different firms was a transaction within the meaning v. of section 10-A of the Excess Profits Tax Act? Commissioner of 3. Whether on the facts found by the Tribunal Income.tax,
as stated in para. 7 of the statement of the case, it was u. P . justified to draw the inference that the main purpose Patanjali behind the partial partition was the avoidance or Sastri o. J.
reduction of liability to excess profits tax ? The court answered these questions against the appel- lants but granted leave to appeal t6 this court. At a previous hearing of these appeals this court
was of opinion that the material facts relating to the partial partition and the formation of the partnership and the findings of the Tribunal in regard thereto had not been clearly stated by the Tribunal in the original
statement of the case. The court said : "While it is true that in one place in the statement of case the Tribunal speaks of the old family brocade business as continuing without a break after the par-
tial partition, reference is made in another place to the assets of that business having been equally divid- ed among the four branches forming the family. There is thus no clear finding as to how the partition of the
brocade business was actuaUy effected-whether by a division in shares, each-branch holding its share in severalty and the business being carried on as before on a partnership basis, or whether by an actual distri-
bution and allotment of specific assets and liabilities among the branches resulting in the disruption of that business." The court accordingly by its order of January 12, 1953, called for a further and clearer statement of the
facts on the points indicated. The Tribunal has since submitted a supplementary statement of the case fully setting out the details of the partition arrangement and the constitution of the ·
two firms by the members of the family after the par- tition. The statement reveals that the hulk of the [1954) capital as well as all "the stock in trade, the cash in Bohan Pathak hand, the cash in banks, all outstandings as on that and sons
date as also the sundry liabilities up to that day" v. were divided amongst each of the 14 coparceners each Commissioner of branch being allotted a four-anna share as stated in Income-tax,
the schedule filed by the assessees and annexed to the U.P. statement, showing that the partition was by specific PatanJali distribution of the assets and liabilities and not by a
Sa•tri o, J. division of shares merely. With the assets and liabi- lities thus distributed, the two partnerships separately carried on brocade businesses similar to the one carried
on by the joint family before the partial partition. The names of the partners of the two firms are men- tioned and it appears that each firm consisted of mem- bers representing all the four branches, some of them
being adults and some minors, the minors in each case being only admitted to the benefits of the partner- ships. On these facts it was contended by Mr. Pathak on behal(of the appella.nts that the finding of the Excess Profits Tax Officer that the main purpose of the partial
partition and the formation of the new partnerships was to avoid or reduce the liability of the appellants to excess profits tax was not supported by any mate- rial on record. Secondly, assuming that there was
material on which the officer could have come to such a finding, the old family business in Banaras brocade having been actually closed down, the officer had no power in assessing the profits of that business to make
adjustments under section 10-A of the Act by adding the profits made by the two firms after July 17, 1943. And lastly, and alternatively, there was undoubtedly a change in the persons carrying on the old business
after July 16, 1943, even if it were regarded as still continuing, the Hindu undivided family being a "person" [section 2(17)] distinct from the individuals composing it, and such business must, under section
8(1), be deemed for all the purposes of the Act (except for one not material here) to have been discontinued and a new business to have been commenced, and the same consequences followed. Mr. Pathak did not argue
S.C.R. that the partial partition and the constitution of the two partnerships were not "transactions" within the Sohan Pathak meaning of section 10-A. Nor did he insist that andSons
the acceptance of the partition and allowance of v. relief by the Income-tax Officer under section 25( 4) of Oommis•ioner of the Income-tax Act concluded the matter for purposes Inc~m;-tax,
of section 10-A of the Act, as appears to have been con- tended in the earlier stages of these proceedings. Patanjali The first contention can be disposed of in a few Sastri a. J.
words. It appears from the facts found by the tax authorities as well as by the Appellate Tribunal that the partial partition and the formation of the partner- ships were brought about at a time when the profits of
the Banaras brocade business showed a definitely up- ward trend. If the main purpose of these transactions was not to evade liability to excess profits tax, the appellants were asked to explain what the purpose was,
and they said that they wanted to protect the interests of the minor members whose shares in the partnership assets would not be liable for the losses, if any, of the firms, while the entire family properties would be liable
for any loss incurred in the family business. This explanation was not acceptable because such protection was not thought of when the family business was earn- ing smaller profits and also because, according to the
constitution of the partnerships, while each branch was given the same 4as. interest, the responsibility for losses falling on the branch which had no minor mem- bers would be heavier than what would be borne by the
branch which had no adult members, a disparity which the purpose put forward by the appellants failed to explain. In these circumstances we agree with the High Court in holding that there was sufficient material
to support the inference drawn by the Appellate Tri- bunal that the main purpose behind the partial partition and the formation of the partnerships was the avoidance or reduction ofliability of the family business to excess
profits tax. The real and substantial question in the appeals is whether in view of the finding of fact that the old family business was wound up, its assets and liabi.}itie1:1 [1954]
having been actually distributed among the copar- Sohan Pathak ceners, and was no longer carried on by tho joint and Sons family as such during the relevant chargeable account- v.
ing periods, section 10-A has any application to the Oommfasioner of case. Question No. 1, which is supposed to have raised Income-tax, this point, was not happily framed. As already stated,
u. P. Mr. Pathak did not argue that the Income-tax Officer's Patanjali finding as to the discontinuance of the old family sastri o J. business precluded the Excess Profits Tax Officer from
considering the issue. It is now well settled that, for the purposes of the Act, a business is a unit of assess- ment, and the charging section 4 provides for the tax being levied in respect of the profits of " any business
to which this Act applies." Section 5 specifies the businesses to which the Act applies, and they are busi- nesses "of which any part of the profits made during the chargeable accounting period is chargeable to in-
come-tax " by virtue of certain specified provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. There are some provisos to this section, one of which excludes the application of the Act to " any business the whole of
the profits of which accrue or arise in a Part B State." It is thus manifest that the Act can have no applica- tion to a business which did not make any profits during the relevant chargeable accounting period. In
·other words, if a business, having been discontinued, earned no profit during the chargeable accounting period in question, no excess profits tax can be charged in respect of such business, and that being the position
here as respects the old joint family business in Bana- ras brocade, the appellants are not liable to be taxed as a Hindu undivided family in respect of that busi- ness. But, argues the learned Attorney-General, that
result cannot follow by reason of section 10-A of the Act which runs as follows : 10-A. Transactions designed to avoid or reduce lia- bility to excess profits tax.-( I) Where the Excess Profits Tax Officer is of the opinion that the main purpose for
which any transaction or transactions was or were effected (whether before or after the passing of the S.C.R. Excess Profits Tax (Second Amendment) Act, 1941) was the avoidance or reduction of liability to excess Sohan Pathalc profits tax, he may, with the previous approval
and Sons of the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner, make such v. adjustments as respects liability. to excess profits tax Oommissioner of as he considers appropriate so as to counteract the
lncome·taz, avoidance or reduction of liability to excess profits tax u.P. which would otherwise be effected by the transaction p~1~",.jali or transactions. Sa•tri o. J. This provision, it is claimed, empowers the Excess
Profits Tax Officer to ignore any transaction (s) the ma.in purpose of which was the avoidance or reduction of liability to excess profits tax and to proceed on the footing that such transaction(s) had not been effected,
and, in the present case, the partial partition as well as the subsequent formation of the partnerships having been found to be transactions the main purpose of which was the avoidance or reduction of liability to
excess profits tax, the officer had authority to assess the appellants' old family business in Banaras brocade on the basis of its continued existence during the relevant chargeable accounting periods.
We are unable to accept this contention. If, under section 4 of the Act read with section 5, the old joint family business cannot be regarded as one "to which this Act applies," section 10-A, one of the
provisions of the Act, can have no application to such business. The learned Attorney-General's argument that sections 4 and 5 must be read along with section 10-A in determining whether the Act applies to any
particular business or not involves the fallacy that, in determining the initial issue whether the Act does or doesnotapplytoagiven business, you have to look not merely at the provision which defines the scope and
application of the Act but other provisions also which presuppose its application. We -are of opinion that the issue whether the Act applies or not to a particu- lar business must be determined solely with reference
to section 5, and section 10-A must be construed as [1954] applicable only to cases where, the business being Sohan Pathak found to be one to which the Act applies, a transac- and Sons
tion of the kind referred to in the section has been v. effected. The learned Attorney-General conceded Commissioner of that, if a person who had been paying excess profits Income-tax,
tax transferred the business to a Part B State, it would U.P. not be competent for the Excess Profits Tax Officer to take action under section 10-A to make adJ 0ustments Patanjali
sastri a. J. on the footing that the assessee continued to carry on his business in the same place as before such transfer, even if it was found that the transfer was effected for the main purpose of avoiding or reduc-
ing his liability to excess profits tax. In that case, the Attorney-General admitted, the Officer would be running counter to the express prohibition contained in the proviso to section 5 to which reference has been
made and he did not challenge the correctness of a decision to that effect by the Bombay High Court, (Commissioner of Excess Profits Tax, Bombay City v. Moho/,al Maganlal) ('). But we fail to appreciate the
distinction in principle between that case and the pre- sent, for, to both alike the Act is made inapplicable by section 5. The reasoning of the learned Judges in the Bombay case, namely, that if the Act is inapplicable
to a particular business and there would thus be no liability to excess profits tax in respect of that busi- ness, no ·question could arise of a voiding or reducing any liability to excess profits tax under section 10-A,
would equally apply to the present case and must lead to the same result. Reference was made by the Attorney-General in the course of his argument to the proviso to section 2(5) which says that "all businesses to which this Act
applies carried on by the same person shall be treated as one business for the purposes of this Act." We find it difficult to appreciate the bearing of this section on the point at issue. It is clear that the proviso can
operate in respect of businessess to which the Act applies and not otherwise, and it carries the matter no further. (1) [1953] 23 I. T. R, 45, s.c.:R. In the view we have expressed above, it is unneces-
sary to deal with the alternative contention based on section 8(1) of the Act. We allow the appeals, set aside the answer made by the High Court to question No. 1 and answer it as follows:
In view of the finding of fact that the old joint family business in Banaras brocade was wound up and was no longer carried on by the joint family as such during the relevant chargeable accounting periods, the same
business could not legally be treated as having con- tinued unbroken in respect of such periods for the purpose of section 10-A of the Excess Profits Tax Act read with sections 4 and 5 of the same Act. The
judgment of the High Court will stand in other res- pects. The appellants will have their costs of the appeals. Advocates' fee one set. Appeals atlowed. Agent for the appellants: Naunit Lal.
Agent for the respondent: G. H. Rajadhyaksha. SARDAR INDRA SINGH AND SONS LTD. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL. [PATANJALI SASTRI C.J., S. R. DAs, VrvrAN Bos:m, GHULAM HASAN and BHAGWATI JJ.]
Incomdax Act (XI of 1922), s. IO-Income-Sale of shares and sec1irities-Company carrying on business as financiers and promoters of cornpanies-1 ncorne frorn sale of securities-Whether assessable-Tests.
The question whether surplus arising from the sale of shares and securities is assessable as profits or gains or is only an appre- ciation of capital arising from a change of investment depends on whether the sales which produced the surplus were so connected with the carrying on of the assssses's business that it could be fairly said that the surplus is the profits and gains of the business . Soh"1n Pathak
and Sons v. Commissioner of Income-tax, U.P. Patanjali Sastri G. J. 19$8 Sep. 23.