Oot. l't, [1950] SRI RANGA NILAYAM RAMA KRISHNA RAO v. KANDOKOlU CHELLA Y AMMA alias MANGAMMA AND ANOTHER [SAIYID FAZL Au, MUKHERJEA and (HANDRASEKHARA AIYAR JJ.] Madras Agriculturists' Relief Act (IV of 1935), ss. 3 (D), 8, 10, 19-Sale of estate in execution of decree-Whether cwner ceases to be " Agriculturist " pending application to set aside sale- Applications to set aside sale and for relief under Act-Maintainabi- lity-Order confirming sale and granting relief-Legality-0.P.G. (1908), O.XXI, r. 90-Execution .ale-Appeal against order refusing to set aside sale-When 8"le becomes absolute and title passes- Receiver-Appointment of receiver, effect of.
In execution of a, decree .obtained on a mortgage a village owned by the mortgagor which was included in the niortgage was sold by the court on the 6th July 1935 and it was purchased by the mortgagee. An application by the mortgagor under Q.XXI1 r. 90, C.P.O., for setting aside the sale for irregularities
~·as dismissed, the sale was confirmed and full sittisfaction of the decree was re- corded, on the 6tb March 1943. A few days afterwards the mort· gager and his adopted son ma.de an application under s. 19 of the Madras Agriculturists' Relief Act, 1938, praying for relief unrler the ~A..ct, and, as this application also was dismissed they preferred t\vo appeals, one from the order dismissing this application and the other against the order of 6th March 1943 refusing to set aside the sale. The High Court of Madras held that, as the mortgagor's village had been sold be did not come within the purview of cl. (D) of the proviso to s- 3 of the Madras Agriculturists' Relief Act and so be was entitled to claim relief under t.be Act and the debt stcod discharged under the provision of the Act, but the sale was not liable to be set aside ; and in accordrtnce with this judgment the decree-bolder wa• directed to pay the amount !o1· wbicb the property had been sold with interest thereon:
Held per F.AZL ALI and MUKHERJEA JJ.-(i) that tbe con- clusions arl'ived at by the High Court were self·contra:lictory beca.uso if the ea.le was effective on the date it was held or con- firmed, the decree was also satisfied on that dais and the judgment- . debtors were no longer entitled to invoke the provisions of the Act ; (ii) that the High Court was not justified in law in deciding the appeal on the footing that the judgment-debtors ceased to be owners of the village from the date of sale and on that account were not hit by cl. \D) of the proviso to s. 3 of the Act inasmuch as when an appeal is preferred from an order rejecting an appli· cation under O.XXI, r. 90, C.P.C., to set aside an execution sale, the sale does not bscome absolute until the matter is finally decided by the appellate court.
S.C.R. Per CHANDRASEKHAI<A AIYAR J.-After the execution sale in !950 1935 the only interest which the ji;dgment-debtors had in the village was to have the sale set aside under the relevant pro- Sri Ratiga.
·visions of the Civil Procedure Code and this interest, not being Ntlayani &ma an interest contemplated by s. 3 (iii (a) & (b) and s. 19 (1) of the Krishna Ra.o Act, they were not "agriculturists" and were not entitled to any v.
relief under the Act. Kandokori Held also, per FAZL ALI and MUKHERJEA JJ.~A person does Oh,llayamma not cease to be a land-holder of an estate within the meaning of and Another. cl. (D) to the proviso to s. 3 of the Act merely because the estate is placed in the hands of a receiver.
Bhawani K<mwar v. Mathurn Pra•ad Singh (I.L.R. 40 Cal. 89) and Chandramani Shaha v. A.narja" Bibi \l.L.R. 61 Cal. 945) r~ferred to. Judgment of the Madras High Court reversed. APPELLATE JuRISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 56 and
57 of 1949. Appeals from the orders of the High Court of Judicature at Madras (\N'adsworth and Patanjali Sastri JJ.) dated 24th October, 1945, in A.A.O. Nos. 372 of 1943 and 634 of 1944 which were appeals
from the orders of the Subordinate Judge of Ellore in E.A. No. 440 of 1937 and C.M.P. No. 152 of 1943 in 0.5. No. 87 of 1923. P. Somasundaram (V. V. Chaudhry, with him) for the appellant.
V. Rangachari (K. Mangachari, with him) for the respondents. 1950. October 17. The Court delivered judgment as follows. F AZL Au J. -These appeals arise out of an execu- tion proceeding, and the main point to be decided in
them is what is the effect of certain provisions of the Madras Agriculturists· Relief Act (Madras Act IV of 1938, which will hereinafter be referred to as "the Madras Act"), on the rights of the parties. How this
point arises will be clear from a brief statement of the facts of the case. It appears that in 1908, one Veeresalingam, the husband of the first respondent, borrowed a sum of Rs. 9,000 from one Sitharamayya, and executed a
mortgage bond in his favour. Subsequently a suit was Fa11l Ali J. (1950] instituted by the mortgagee to enforce the mortgage and a final decree in that suit was passed on the 19th
, Sri Ranga . August, 1926. Thereafter, on the 28th October, 1931, N.tayam Ra.ma the decree-holder applied for the execution of the decree Krishna Rao v. by.the sale of the mortgaged property. In 1933, the
Kandakari decree-holder transferred the decree to one Sobhanadri, Oh•llayamm• after whose ·death his son, the appellant before us, was and Anather. brought on the record as his legal representative in the Faz! Ali J.
execution proceedings. Several years before the assign- ment of the decree, Veeresalingam, the defendant, had died and his widow, the firstrespondent, was therefore brought on the record as his legal representative. On
the 6th July, 1935, two items of property were sold in execution of the decree and purchased by the decree- holder, these being:-(!) a village called Tedlam in West Godavari District ; and (2) 4 acres and 64 cents
oJ land in Madepalli village. The first property was • sold for Rs. 21,000 and the second for Rs. 1,025. As, however, the amount due under the decree was only _about Rs. 17,860 and odd, the sale of the second pro-
perty was subsequently set aside and the decree-holder . deposited into Court the excess amount of about Rs. 3,000 and odd after setting off the decretal amount against the price of the first item of property. On the
5th August, 1935, the first respondent filed an applica- tion under Order XXI, rule 90, and section 47 of the Code of Civil Procedure, to set aside the sale held in July, 1935, alleging certain. irregularities in the conduct of the sale. That application was after several years
heard by the Subordinate Judge of Ellore, who by his order dated the 6th March, 1943, dismissed it and directed the sale of the first property to be confirmed and full satisfaction of the decree to be entered. After about day~. i.e., on the 18th March, 1943, the first res-
pondent and the second respondent, who had been adopted by the former on the 12th March, 1936, under the will of her husband and was subsequently brought on record, filed an application under section 19 of the
Madras Act praying for certain reliefs under that Act. This application was dismissed on the 22nd March, 1943. Subsequently, two appeals were filed on behalf S.C.R. of the respondents (who will hereinafter be sometimes
19~0 referred to as judgment-debtors), one against the order refusing to set aside the sale under Order XXI, rule N.~" Ra';:" . 90 of the Civil Procedure Code, and the other against
~;;,~:. ;';; the order dismissing the application under the Madras Act. These appeals were heard together by two learned Kandol.m Judges of the Madras High Court and they took the Chellayamma view that the judgment-debtors' application under the and .l.nother. Madras Act was maintainable notwithstanding the
FazlAliJ. fact that the sale had been confirmed and full satisfac- tion of the decree recorded, and remitted the case to the trial Court for a finding on the following questions, namely-
(!) whether the applicants were agriculturists; and (2) if so, what would be the result of applying the provisions of Madras Act IV of 1938 to the decretal debt against them? So far as regards the judgment-debtors' appeal
against the order dismissing their application under Order XXI, rule 90, the learned Judges were inclined to agree with the trial Court that the sale should stand but declined to pass final orders in the appeal on the
ground that "it would seriously prejudice the judg. ment-debtors in the connected application for relief under section 19 of the Madras Act IV of 1938." The Subordinate .T udge answered the questions
referred to him by the High Court on remand as follows:- (1) The judgment-debtors were not agriculturists and were not therefore entitled to the benefits of the Madras Act ; and (2) If th~y were agriculturists, they were not liable
to P~Y. anythmg under the decree, as, in view of the prov1s10ns of the Act, the debt stood discharged on the date of sale. · When however the matter came up before the learned Judges of the High Court, they reversed the first find-
ing of the trial. Cour! and held that the judgment- debtors were agncultunsts within the meaning of th1.; …. Sri Ranga Nilnyam Rama Kri1htta Rao v. KtJndokori Ohe1layatnmtl and A'iother
Faal Ali J. [1950] Act, and that the debt stood discharged in view of section 8 (2) of the Act. At the same time, they held that the sale was not liable to be set aside, and in this
view dismissed one of the appeals and allowed the other. Then followed certain proceedings to which it would have been unnecessary to refer but for the fact that the judgment-debtors have attempted to rely on
them in support of one of their preliminary objections to the maintainability of these appeals. It appears that on the next day after the judgment of the High Court was delivered in the two appeals,
counsel for the respondents wrote a letter to the Registrar of the High Court to direct the posting of the two cases 'for being mentioned' before the Court in order to obtain necessary directions consequent on
the orders passed by it in the appeals. This letter was not placed before the learned Judges until the judgment had been signed by them and accordingly the judgment-debtors filed two petitions, one being a
review petition to the. High Court and the other being a petition to the trial Court praying "that the decree- holder may be ordered to pay to the petitioners the purchase money of Rs. 21,000 with interest thereon at
6 per cent. per annum from the date of sale till the date of payment." The trial Court dismissed the latter petition on the ground that it was not maintainable, and the judgment-debtors tiled an appeal against the
order. The appeal as well as the review petition of the judgment debtors were heard together by the learned Judges who directed the decree-holder's counsel to elect whether his client would deposit the purchase
money into Court or have the sale set aside. The decree-holder applied for a short adjournment and ultimately on the 15th November, 1946, his counsel stated that his client wished to retain the property
which he had purchased and to pay the purchase money into Court. Thereupon, he was directed to pay the sum of Rs. 21,000 together with interest within 3 months from that date. Subsequently, the appellant (decree.holder) having
obtained leave to appeal from the High Court preferred S.C.R. these appeals before us. It may be stated here that along with the application for leave to appeal, the appellant had filed an application for excusing the ., 1
8'' RonRg• d 1 . fil' h f l' h' h .,, ayam •ma e ay m mg t e ormer app 1cat10n w IC he account- Kri.h,.a Rao ed for mainly by referring to the proceeditlgs for the v. review of the judgments in the previous appeals to the
Kandokori High Court. This application was granted and the CheJln11•mm• delay was condoned. ""d A>wlher, As has been already stated, the main point arising Fazl dZ. J, in these appeals relates to the effect of the Madras Act
upon this litigation. That Act was passed and came into effect in 1938, while the execution proceedings were still continuing. It will be recalled that the sale took place on the 6th July, 1935; and the application
for setting it aside was not disposed of until the 6th March, 1943. But, strangely enough, the judgment- debtors did not apply fur any relief under the Madras Act during this period, and they made their applica.
tion only after the sale had been confirmed and satis- faction of the decree had been entered. How far this belated application affects the right claimed by the judgment-debtors under the Act is one of the questions
raised in these appeals, and I shall deal with it after referring to the material provisions of the Act and the findings of the High Court which have given rise to several debatable points.
The sections of the Act which are material for the purpose of these appeals are sections 3, 8 and 19. Sec- tion 3 defines an agriculturist and has a proviso stating that in certain cases a person shall not be deemed to
be an agriculturist. The relevant clause of this pro~ visa, to which I shall also have to advert later, is clause (D) which runs thus:- "Provided that a person shall not be deemed to be
an 'agriculturist' if he – (D) is a landholder of an estate under the Madras Estates Land Act, 1908, or of a share or portion there- of in respect of which estate, share or portion any sum
exceed!ng Rs. 50~ is paid as. peshkash or any sum exceedmg Rs. 100 1s paid as quit-rent, jodi, kattubadi, [1950] poruppu or the like or is a janmi under the Malabar Tenancy Act, 1929, who pays any sum exceeding
Sri Ra•ga Rs. 500 as land revenue to the Provincial Govern- Nilayrim R11ma . ent " Kri11hna Rio tn v. The precise question which is said to arise with Kandokori reference to this provision is whether by reason of being
Ohe!layamma the owners of village Tedlam, the judgment-debtors ••• Another. should be held to be not entitled to relief under the Fa•l Ali J. Act. The other material sections 8 and 19 run as
follows:- "8. Debts incurred before the 1st October, 1932, shall be scaled down in the manner mentioned here- under, namely:- (1) All interest outstanding on the 1st October, 1937, in favour of any creditor of an agriculturist
whether the same be payable under law, custom or contract or under a decree of Court and whether the debt or other obligation has ripened into a decree or not, shall be deemed to be discharged, and only the
principal or such portion thereof as may be outstand- ing shall be deemed to be the amount repayable by the agriculturist on that date. (2) Where an agriculturist has paid to any creditor twice the amount of the principal whether by
way of principal or interest or both, such debt includ- ing the principal, shall be deemed to be wholly dis- charged. (3) Where the sums repaid by way of principal or interest or both fall short of t\vice the amount of the
principal, such amount only as would make up this shortage, or the principal amount or such portion of the principal amount as is outstanding, whichever is smaller, shall be repayable.
(4) Subject to the provisions of -sections 22 to 25, nothing contained in sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) shall be deemed to require the creditor to refund any sum which has been paid to him, or to increase the
liability of a debtor to pay any sum in excess of the arp.ount which would have been payable by him if this Act had not been passed. S.C.R. Explanation.-Where a debt has been renewed or
19M included in a fresh document in favour of the same cred!tor, the principal originally advanced by the N•l~~~~a~~:a creditor together with such sums, if any, as have been Krishna Rao
subsequently advanced as· principal shall alone be v. treate<;t as the principal sum repayable by the agri- Kandokori cu]tunst under this section. Ch•1layamma and Another. 19. Where before the commencement of this Act, .
a Court has passed a decree fo.r the repayment of a Fa•I ..11; J. debt, it shall, on the application of any judgmrnt- debtor who is an agriculturist or in respect of a Hindu joint family debt, on the application of any member
of the family whether or not he is the judgment.debtor or on the application of the decree-holder, apply the provisions of this Act to such decree and shall, not- withstanding anything contained in the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908, amend the decree accordingly or enter satisfaction, as the case may be: Provided that all payments made or amounts re- covered, whether before or after the commencement of
this Act, in respect of any such decree shall first be applied in payment of all costs as originally decreed to the creditor." These sections are material, because in the present case the judgment debtors asked the decree to be
amended under section 19 of the Act and they were held to be entitled to relief under section 8. Having referred to the relevant provisions of the Act, it becomes necessary now to state the main find-
ings of the High Court upon which the decision of this appeal will turn. These findings are- (1) that tfie sale of Tedlam village, which was held on the 6th July, 1935, and confirmed on the 6th
March, 19-13, was a good sale; (2) that by this sale, the title to the Tedi am village passed to the de'cree-holder, and in hearing the appeal the High Court was justified in proceeding on the
footing that the judgment-debtors having ceased to be the owners of Tedlam village after its sale, were not io~ Sri Ranga Nilaylun Rama K•1shna Rao v. Kandokori CJu1llay11nuna and Anothtr.
Faal Ali J. [1950] hit by clause (D) of the proviso to section 3 of the Act ; and (3) that the decree had been satisfied at the date of the sale and the decree-holder was liable to repay to
the judgment-debtors the full price of the property which was sold. The main contentions directed against the conclu- sions arrived at by the High Court are: firstly, that they are self-contradictory, because if the sale was an
effective sale on the date it was held or confirmed, the decree was also ~atisfied on that date and the juflgment- debtors were no longer entitled to invoke the provisions of the Madras Act; and secondly, that the view taken
by the learned Judges of the High Court that notwith- standing the appeal against the order ref using to set aside the sale they could proceed on the footing that the judgment-debtors had ceased to be the owners of
Tedlam village on the date of the sale was unsound in law. I will first deal with the second point which appears to me to require serious consideration. The High Court has in my opinion rightly proceeded on the
footing that the ownership of Tedlam village would bring the judgment-flebtors within the mischief of clause (D} of the proviso to section 3 of the Act, and would disentitle them to any relief thereunder. This
view was contested before us on behalf of the judgment- debtors on two grounds :-(1) that the grant in favour of the ancestor of the judgment-debtors did not com- prise a whole inam village and what they owned was
therefore .not an estate under the Madras Estates Land Act (Madras Act I of 1908) ; 12) that on the date of the application, the judgment-debtors were not landholders of village Tedlam because the village was in the pos-
session of a receiver since 1st February, 1937, and the latter was in law the landholder on the crucial date. None of these contentions however appears to me to have any force. The first contention was sought to be
supported by Exhibit P-1 which is a register of inams and which shows that poramboke or waste lands to the ~xtent of 599 acres had to be deducted from the area S.C.R. SIS of the inam. The point however has been dealt with
very fully and clearly by the learned Subordinate s . R Judge, who has rightly pointed out that it has no force N<l;; • .:'i."… in view of the Madras Estates Land (Amendment). Act,
Kri~hna &c 1945 [Madras Act No. II of 1945). The second point v. "is equally unsubstantial, because it is well settled that K•ndokori • the owner of a property does not cease to be its owner Oh•llayamm• and A.noth~r.
merely because it i::; placed in the hands of a receiver. The true position is that the receiver represents the F<Ul Ali J. real owner whoever he may be, and the true owner does not by the·mere appointment of a receiver cease to be
a landholder under the Madras Estates Lan!i Act. I will now revert to the crucial question in the case, viz., whether the learned Judges of the High Court were justified in Jaw in deciding the appeal on the
footing that the judgment-(lebtors had ceased to be the owners of Tedlam village and on that account they were not hit by clause (D) . of the proviso to section 3 of the Madras Act. At this stage, it will be useful to
refer to certain provisions of the Civil Procedure Code which directly bear on the question as to when title to immovable property which is sold in execution of a decree is deemed to pass to the purchaser. One of the
provisions is Order XXI, rule 92, which provides that "where no application is made under rule 89, rule 90 or rule 91, or where such application is made and dis- allowed, the Court shall make an order confirming the
sale, and thereupon the sale shall become absolute.'' The second relevant provision is section 65 which runs thus:- "Where immovable property is sold in execution of a decree and such sale has become absolute, the pro-
perty shall be deemed to have vested in the purchaser from the time when the property is sold and not from the time when the sale becomes absolute." In !Jhawani Kunwar v. Mathura Prasad Singh(1) the
quest10n as to when a mortgagee who has purchased certain villages in execution of the decree acquired title to the properties purchased by him directly arose for consideration, and the Privy Council rightly pointed
(11 T.L.B. 40 C•J. S9. Sri Ranga Nilayam Rama Krishna Rao v. Kandokori Chellayamma and Another. Fasl Ali J. [1950) out that "the sale in execution of the mortgage decree took effect from the actual date of the sale aod not
from its confirmation." In a simple case, the provi- sion$ cited above should settle the controversy, but, in the present case, the matter has been complicated on account of the appeal against the order refusing to set
aside the sale under Order XXI, rule 90. In such a case, generally speaking, the true position seems to be that there is no finality until the litigation is finally determined by the appellate Court. This principle
has been recognized in a number of cases, but it will be enough to cite Chandramani Shaha v. Anarjan Bibi('). The headnote of that case runs as follows:- "Where a Subordinate Judge has disallowed an
application under Order XXI, rule 90, to set aside a sale in execution, and has made an order under rule 92 (!)confirming the sale, and an appeal from disallowance has been dismissed by the :fligh Court, the three years'
period provided by the Indian Limitation Act, 1908, Schedule I, article 180, for an application under Order XXI, rule 95. by the purchaser for delivery of possession runs from tbe date of the order on appeal; the High
Court having under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the same powers as the Subordinate Judge, the 'time when the sale becomes absolute', for the purpose of article 180 is when the High Court disposes of the
appeal." Under article 180 of the Indian Limitation Act, the period of limitation runs "from the date when the sale becomes absolute." If we give a narrow and literal meaning to these words, the period of limita.
tion should be held to run from the date when the original Court of execution confirms the sale. But, as was pointed out by the Privy Council, the High Court as an appellate Court had the same powers as
the trial Court and it is only when the appeal was dismissed by the High Court that the order of the trial Court confirming the sale became absolute. Till the decision of the appellate Court, no finality was attach-
ed to the order confirming the sale. ill l.L.R. 61 Cal, 945, ,.. . S.C.R. Sii It is clear that in 'this case the same rule would apply to the order recording satisfaction of the decree
and to the order confirming the sale. If the order " 1 " RanRga d. . f f h fi d "'ayam ama recor mg satis action o t e decree was not na an Krishna Rao remained an inchoate order until the appeal was
v. decided, the order confirming the sale would have the Kandokori same inchoate character. This position seems to have Chellayamma f and .4.noth~r. been ully conceded m the statement of thelf case filed
on behalf of the respondents in this Court. Fazldli J. It is quite clear that in this case the learned Judges of the Hii:;-h Court have taken up an inconsistent position. As I have already stated, they have held,
for the purpose of allowing one of the appeals, that the judgment.debtors were not hit by clause (D) of the proviso to section 3 of the Act because they ceased to • be the owners of Tedlam village at the date of the sale
in 1935. If this conclusion is correct, it must follow as a matter of logic that the decree was completely satisfied on the date of the sale, because the sale fetched a larger amount than what was payable under
the decree an<l the excess amount was deposited by the decree-holder in Court. The sale and satisfaction must go together and if finality is to be attached to the sale it should have been held to attach also to the
order recording satisfaction of the decree. It seems clear to me that if the decree had ceased to exist, no relief could be claimed by the judgment-debtors under the Madras Act. On the other hand, if the appeal had
to be decided on the footing that the order recording satisfaction of the decree was not final, the same approach should have been made in regard to the effect of the sale. It is also clear that if the decree
was satisfied on the date of sale by the application of the provisions of the Act, the sale could not stand, because how co'uld the property be sold in execution of a decree which had been already satisfied. Yet, not-
withstanding the fact that notliing was due under the decree, the High Court has held that the sale was a good sale and was to stand. The correct approach to the case would have been to assume for the purpose of
~h~ iiVVev.i~ tha.t neither of the orders passed by the $18 [ 1950J Subordinate Judge was final. On that view, the ,. Ron . appeals to the High Court could not have bt;en decided Rga
on the footing that the judgment-debtors had ceased ,,, ayam iima d h f Krishna Rao to be the owners of Ted am property an were t ere ore v. not hit by clause (D) of the proviso to section 3 of the
Ka•doko,; Madras Act. In my opinion, the judgment of the Oh•ll•yamma High Court cannot be sustained, and the appeals will and Another have to be allowed. li'••I Ali J. I will now deal very briefly with two preliminary
objections raised on behalf of the respondents. The first objection is that the application for leave to appeal to his Majesty in Council against the order of the High Court was barred by limitation, inasmuch as
the reasons stated in the affidavit filed by the appel- ,. ]ant in the High Court in support of his application for excusing delay do not constitute sufficient reason within the meaning of section 5 of the Limitation Act.
The answer to this objection will be found in the facts which have been already narrated. The delay was caused mainly by reason of the review of the order of the High Court and the High Court considered that
there was sufficient reason for condoning the delay. This Court cannot override the discretion exercised by the High Court and the matter cannot be reopened in these appeals. 1he second objection is based on the
fact that the decree-holder was given a choice by the High Court to elect whether he would deposit the purchase money . or have the sale set aside, and his counsel told the learned Judges on the 15th November,
1946, that his client wished to retain- the property which he had purchased and pay the purchase money in cash. It is contended that in view of this state- ment it was not open to the appellant to contend that
he need not pay any amount to the judgment- debtors. This objection also is entirely devoid of any substance, because there is nothing on record to show that the appellant has consented to be bound by the order of
the High Court and waived his right to appeal against it by reason of the election. The learned counsel for the respondents also con- tended that the sale should have been set aside by the
S.C.R. High Court because the permissi0n given to the decree. 19;0 holder on the 16th February, 1934, to bid and set off 8 . Ii the decretal am?unt against th~ purchase price was con- N.z:;.,:n;:,.. fined to an earher sale and did not extend to the sale Krishna Rao which took place on the 16th March, 1935, after the
v. upset price which had been originally fixed was Kandokori reduced. Personally, I am inclined to hold that the Chellayamma b and Another. perm1ss10n· covered the sale m question, ut in any
case it is difficult to hold on the facts stated that Fa•l Ali J. there was any such material. irreg11Jarity as would vitiate the sale. The precise argument which is put forward here was advanced in the Courts below but
it did not find favour either with the Subordinate Judge or with the High Court. Besides, the respond- ents cannot raise the point in these appeals because they have filed no appeal against the order of the
High Court upholding the sale, In these circumstances, I would al!o\v the appeals, set aside the orders of the High Court and restore the order of the learned Subordinate Judge. There will
however be no order as to costs in these appeals. MUKHERJEA J.-I concur in the judgment just now Mukherj•a .1 delivered by my learned brother, Fazl Ali J., and there is nothing further which I can usefully add.
CHANDRASEKHARA AIYAR ].-The facts which havechandrosekhara given rise to these appeafs and the questions for Aiyar J. decision have been stated in the judgment just now pronounced by my learned brother Faz! Ali ]. I wish
to add only a few words on the main contention advanced for the respondents by their learned Advocate, Mr. V. Rangachari. If by reason of the confirmation of sale and satis- faction of the decree having been entered up, the title
to the village had passed indefeasibly to the decree- holder, there was no longer any decree or decree debt to be scaled down. If, however, the title did not pass, because it was still open to the respondents to attack
the Court sale under Order XXI, rule 90, they were landholders of the villa~e and, as such, they would [1950] t9so come within the scope of proviso (D) to section 3 of the Madras Agriculturists' Relief Act, 1938, which enacts
8" Ra•Rga that a landholder who holds a village paying more than Ndayam una OO • d · · · lt · Kri•h•• Rao Rs. 1 as qmt rent or JO I 1s not an agncu unst v. within the meaning of the Act.
Kandokori The apparent inconsistency in the view taken by Oh•llayamma the Hieh Court was recognised, if not conceded, by the and Another. learned counsel. In one view, there was no· longer any
Ohandrasekh.ra decree in respect of which the Agriculturists' Relief Act Aiyar J. could operate; and in £he other view, the respondents could not take advantage of the Act, as their ownership
of the village precluded them. Faced with this dilemma, Mr. Rangachari urged a somewhat ingenious argument. He contended that though the title passed to the decree.holder on the confirmation of sale and became
vested in him from the date of the sale, the respodents could still be regarded as having an interest in the village, as the sale was open or liable to challenge and the title of the decree-holder was inchoate or incomplete. There is, however, really no support for this position.
On confirmation, the title of the decree-holder became absolute or complete. If the sale was set aside, the title would re vest in the judgment-debtor. There is nothing like an equitable title in the decree-holder
which could be recognised for certain purposes and not recognised for others. Under the Madras Act; "agriculturist" means "a person who has a saleable interest in any agricultural
or horticultural land or one who holds interest in such land under a landholder as a tenant, ryot or under- tenure.holder." Section 10, sub-clause (i) of the Act provides that the right conferrerl. on an agriculturist
to have a debt scaled down will not apply to any person who, though an " agriculturist" as defined in the Act, dirl not on 1-10-1937 hoU an interest in or a lease or sub-lease of any land. After the sale in 1935,
the only interest which the judgment-debtors had in the village was to have the sale set aside, under the relevant provisions of the Civil Procedure Code. This interest is not the interest contemplated by section 3,
s11b-clause (ii) (a) & (b) of the 1\ct which speaks of a S.C.R. saleable interest or interest as a tenant, ryot or under- tenure holder. S.ri Rt'lnga I agree in the conclusion reached by my learned N.tayam Rama brother.
Kdshna Rao Appeals allowed. Agent for the appellant: M .S. Krishnamoorthi Sastri. Agent for the respondents: M.S.K. Aiyangar. MOHINDEI<. SINGH v. THE STATE [SAIYID FAZL Au, MuKHERJEA and
(HANDRASEKHARA AIYAR JJ.J Criminal trial-Jfiirder–I11juries ca.'l,tSed by lethal 1l'eapo1zs- Du.ty of p1·oserution·-Ini1Jortance of c.rpert evidence-Duty to prove whufe case-Evidence 1v.1.ntin'/ o,i mrttPrial point-Inipropriety of contJirtion-Proof of :ilibi-St,inilnrd of proof-S'llpreme
Co~trt Criminal appea,l-Interfcrcn::e-Practicp_. In :t case where death is due to injuries or woun1ls caused by a leth:tl weapon, it has always been considered to be the duty of the prosecution to pr JVC by Expert cvii!ence th at it 'vas like]y or at least possible for the injuries to have been caused with the weapon V•tith \:vhich, and in the manner in which, they are allegerl to have been caused.
Where in a case of n1urder, the prosecut!on case was that the accuser] shot the deceased with a gun, but it appeared likely that the injuries on the deceased were inflicted by a rifle and there was no evidence of a duly qualified expert to prove that tho injuries were caused by a gun, :tnd the nature of the irijuries,vas also such that the shots must have been fired by more than one person and not by one person only, and. the prosecLio:i hafl no evidence to sho\V that another person a!Ho shot, and the High Court, though realising that thel'e was thuq :t gap in the prose- cution evidence, convicted the accusec.l placing reliance on the oral evidence of 3 wiGnesses which was not disinterested:
Held, that the present case fell w'thin the rule laid down in Pritam Sin1h v. Th• State ([1950] 8.0.R. 45:3) iuasmuch as the appellant had been convicted notwithstaniing the fa,t that
evidence '\Vas wo.nting on a most materi'.11 parG of the prosecution case, and the conviction could not therefore be upheld, 10~ v. Kandrikori Ghtllayanima and Anothe,.. Oct, 17,