S.C.R. SRINIV AS RAM KUMAR MAHABIR PRASAD AND OTHERS. [PATANJALI SASTRI, MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN and MuKHERJEA JJ.] Pleadings-Inconsistent pleas-Plaintiff suing for specific performance
alleging that money was paid as price-Defendant pleading th.at money was received as loan-Plaintiff's case not proved-Jl/fhether decree can be given for recovery of money as /oflt* on defendant's plea.
Though the court would not grant relief to the plaintiff on a call¢ for which there was no foundation in the pleadings and which the other side was not called upon or had no opportunity to meet, yet, when the alternative· case which the plaintiff could have made was not only admitt~ by the defendant in his written statement but was expressly
put forward as an answer to the claim ·which the plaintiff made in the suit, there would be nothing improper in giving the plaintiff a decree upon the case which the defendant himself makes.
In such circumstances, when no injusti'ce can possibly result to the defendant, it may not be proper to . drive the plaintiff to a separate suit. The plaintiff brought a suit for specific
performance of an agreement to sell a house alleging that he had paid Rs. 30,000 towards the price and ha,d been put in possession in part perfor- mance of the contract, but the defendant pleaded that the amount of Rs. 30,000 was received as a loan and the plaintiff was put in possession only to facilitate
payment of interest, and the court found that the defendant's plea was true : Held, that a decree could be passed in favour of the plaintiff for recovery of the sum of Rs. 30,000 and interest remaining due under the agreement of loan pleaded by the defendant, even
though the plaintiff had not: set up such a case and it was even inconsistent with the allega· tions in the plaint. Babu Raja Mohan Manucha v. Babu Manzoor (70 I.A. 1) referred to.
C1v1L APPELLATE JuRismcnoN : Appeal from a judgment and decree of the High Court of Judicature at Patna dated '29th August, 1947, in First Appeal No. 13 of 1945, modifying a decree · of the Subordinate
Omrt of Gaya in O.S. No. 59 of 1943 : Civil Appeal No. 82 of 1949. 1%1 Fcb.9 SritainaJ Ramkumar v. Mahabir. Prasad 11na Othtrs. Mukherj1:r1. J- [19511 S. P. Sinha (C. R. Pattabhi Raman and B. K. Saran
with him) for the appellant. Udai Bhan Chaudhry for respondents Nos. 1 and 2. Haris Chandra (N. C. Sen, with him) for respon- dents Nos. 3 to 7. 1951. February 9. The judgment of the Court was
delivered by MuKHERJEA J.-This appeal is on behalf of the plain- tiff and it arises out oV a suit for specific performance of a contract to sell a house in the town of Gaya, be- longing to the defendants second party who, it is alleg-
ed, agreed tc sell the house to the plaintiff but subse- quently resiled from the agreement and sold the same to the defendants first party who purchased it with notice of the contract.
The plaintiff's case, in substance, is that in Septem- ber, 1941, the defendants second party, who owned a house at Gaya, entered into a negotiations for sale of the same, with one J adu Ram, and the title deeds of the
property were actually handed over to the latter. These negotiations failed and the second party defendants thereupon approached the plaintiff firm and a contract was entered into by and between them sometime
te>- wards the end of October, 1945, under which the former agreed to sell to the latter their house at Gaya for a consideration of Rs. 34,000. Out of this consideration, a sum of Rs. 30,000 was paid by ~he plaintiff firm on
behalf of the vendors to a creditor of the latter on 28th October, 1941. The vendors ~n their turn put the plaintiff in possession of the house agreed to be sold in part performance of the contract and promised to exe-
cute a conveyance as soon as the title deeds were re- turned to them by Jadu Ram and the balance of con- sideration money amounting to Rs. 4,000 was paid by the plaintiff. The second party defendants, however,
went back on their promise and did not execute the conveyance in favour of the plaintiff even after they got back their title deeds from Jadu Ram; and on the other hand, they sold the house to the defendants fint
S.C.R. party on August 13, 1943. The plaintiff was thus obliged . to bring this suit, Claiming specific performance of the contract of sale. The suit wap contested by both sets 0£ defendants.
The second party. defendants contended inter alia that they never agreed to sell their house at Gaya to the plaintiff, and the story of a contract of sale as set up by the plaintiff was entirely false.
They admitted that they were in need of money and hence approached the plaintiff for a loan and the plaintiff did advance to them a sum of Rs. 30,000 carrying interest at 6% per annum.
It was entirely for facilitating payment of in- terest due on this loan and not in part performance of the contract of sale that the plaintiff was put in pos- session of the same.
This defence was reiterated by the first party defendants who. further pleaded that they were bona fide purchasers for value having no notice of any con- tract of sale with the plaintiff.
The Subordinate Judge, who heard the suit, came to the conclusion, on the evidence adduced by the parties, that the story of a contract of sale, as alleged by the plaintiff, was not established and it was not in pursu-
ance of any such contract that the plaintiff was put' in possession of the house. It was held that the defen- dants' story was true and that the plaintiff did advance a sum of Rs. 30,000 to the defendants second
party, but this was by way of a loan and not as part payment of the consideration money. So far as the first party defendants were concerned, it was held that they were bona fide purchasers for value without
notice. In view of these findings, the Subordinate Judge .dismissed the plaintiff's claim . for specific perform- . .ance but as the second party defendants admitted that they had taken an advance 0£ Rs. 30,000 from the
plamtiff, a money decree was given to the plaintiff for this sum against these defendants with interest at 6% per annum from the date of the suit till realisation. Against this _decision, the
plain~ff took an appeal to the High Court at Patna, and the second party Stinivas Ramkumar v. Mahabir frasad and Others. Mukh•rj•a J. Srinictu Ramkumat v. MahabiT Prasad . and Others.
MakherjtaJ. [1951) defendants also filed cross-objections challenging the propriety of the money decree that was passed against them. The appeal was heard by a Division Bench of the
Patna High Court who, by their judgment dated Aug- ust 29, 1947, dismissed the appeal of the plaintiff and allowed the cross-objections preferred by the second party defendants. The learned Judges held, concurring
with the trial court, that no case of concluded contract between the parties was established by the evidence adduced in the case, and the fact of the plaintiff being put in possession of the house could not be regarded
as an act of part performance of any such con~ract. The High Court agreed with the trial judge in holding that the sum of Rs. 30,000 was advanced as a loan by the plaintiff to the second party defendants, though the
evidence was not very clear regarding payment of interest upon it, and that the first party defendants were purchasers for value without notice. The High Court held further that even if there was a contract, its· terms were vague and indefinite, and as one of the
vendors was a minor, no relief in equity by way of specific performance of the contract should be given in this case as it would substantially prejudice the interest of the minor.
In the opinion of the H'igh Court, the money decree granted against the second party defendants was not warranted in law as no case of a loan was made by the plaintiff in the plaint and
no relief was claimed on that basis. The result was that the suit was dismissed 'm its entirety and the decree for recovery of money that was made in favour of the plaintiff by the trial court was set aside.
It is against this judgment that the plaintiff has come up on appeal to this court. The learned counsel appearing for the appellant con- tends before us that the findings upon wh'1ch the courts
below disbelieved the story of the plaintiff and dismis- sed the claim for specific performance are not proper findings of fact which could be legitimately .inferred from the evidence adduced in tHis case.· In the alter-
native it is argued that the High .Court was wrong in · setting aside the decrc:c for money which was given S.C.R. against the second party defendants bv the trial judge. The first contention put foward by the learned
counsel appears to us to be plainly unsustainable. When the courts below have g'1ven concurrent findings on pure questions of fact, this court would not ordina- nly interfere with these findings and review the evi-
dence for the third time unless there are exceptional circumstances justifying departure from this normal practfce. The position may undoubtedly be different if the inference is one of law from facts admitted and
proved or where the finding of fact is materially affect- ed by violation of any rule of law or procedure. The practice adopted by this court is similar to what has always been acted upon by the Judicial ·Committee.
To quote the words of Lord Thankerton in Bibhabati v. Ramendra Narayan(1), "it is not by any means a cast iron practice"; there may occur cases of unusual nature which might constrain
us to interfere with the concurrent findings of fact to avoid miscarr'iage of justice. The case before us however, has nothing unusual in it and involves a pure question of fact. There is no document in writ-
ing in proof of the agreement upon which the plaintiff's case is based and the decision hinges primarily upon appreciation of the oral evidence that has been adduced by the parties.
The trial judge, who had the wit- nesses before him, was the best person to weigh and appraise their credibility and the conclusions which he art1ved at, have been affirmed in their entirety by
the High Court on appeaL In these circumstances, we see no reason whatsoever to go beyond the facts which have been found against the appellant by both the courts below. As regards the other point, however, we are of the
opinion that the decision of the trial court was right and that the High Court took an undoubtedly rigid md technical view in reversing this part of the decree of the Subordinate Judge.
It is true that it was no tart of the plaintiff's case as made in the plaint that (I) 51 C. W. N. 98. Srinitiiu R.,,,,,._ v. Maha6ir PrlWill tlfld Othns. MuV..-j•a J. t9!il Srini»01
Ramkumm v. Maha/Jir Prasad ·""1'0thm. Mukktrjta J. [1951] the sum of Rs. 30,000 Was advanced by way of loan to the defendants second party. But it was certainly open to the plaintiff to make an alternative case to that
effect and make a prayer in the alternative for a decree for money even if the allegations of the money being paid in pursuance of a contract of sale could not be established by evidence.
The fact that such a prayer would have been inconsistent with the other prayer is not really material. plaintiff may rely upon different rights alternatively and there is nothing in
the Civil Procedure Code to prevent a party from making two or more inconsistent sets of allegations and claiming relief thereunder in the alternative. The question, however, arises
whether, in the absence of any such alternative case in the plaint it is open to the court to give him relief on that basis. The rule undoubtedly is that the court cannot grant relief to
the plaintiff on a case for which there was no founda- tion in the pleadings and which the other side was not called upon or had an opportunity to meet. But when the alternative case,
which the plaintiff could have made, was not only admitted by the defendant in his written statement but was expressly put for- ward as an answer to the claim which the plaintiff made in the suit, there would be nothing improper in
giving the plaintiff a decree upon the case which the defendant himself makes. A demand of the plaintiff based on the defendant's own plea cannot possibly be regarded with surprise by the latter and no question
of adducing evidence on these facts would arise wheh they were expressly admitted by the defendant in his pleadings. In such circumstances, when no injustice can possibly result to
the defendant, ~t may not be proper to drive the plaintiff to a separate suit. As an illustration of this principle, reference may be made to the pronouncement of the Judicial Committee in Bab14
Raia Mohan Manucha v. Babu Manzoor (1). This appeal arose out of a suit commenced by the plaint\ff appellant to enforce, a mortgage security. The plea of the defendant was that the mortgage was void.
This (7) (70) I. A. 1. r S.C.R. plea was given effect to by both the lower courts as well as by the Privy Council. But the Privy Council held that it was open in such circumstances to the
plaintiff to repudiate the transaction altogether and claim a relief outside it in the form of rest-itution under section 65 of the Indian Contract Act. Although no such alternative claim was made in the plaint, the
Privy Council allowed it to be advanced and gave a decree on the ground that the respondent could not be prejudiced by such a claim at all and the matter ought not to be left to a separate suit.
It may be noted that this relief was allowed to the appellant even though the appeal was heard ex parte in the absence of the respondent. Mr. Barish Chan~ra appearing for the second party
defendants raised the question of interest in connec- tion with the plaintiff's claim for a money decree. His contention is that the plaintiff could not claim any interest so long as he was in possession of the house
and he could not also claim any interest after that, as his clients made a tender of the sum of Rs. 30,000 by sending a hundi for that amount to ·the plaintiff by registered post on July 12, 1943, which the plaintiff
refused to accept. The first part of the contention is undoubtedly correct and is not disputed on behalf of the plaintiff. We feel difficulty, nowever, in accept- ing the second part of the contention raised by Mr.
Harish Chandra. The receipt of this hundi was totally denied by the plaintiff both in the plaint as well as in the evidence and it is doubtful whether even if the story was true, it could constitute a valid tender m law.
The defendants undoubtedly had the use of this money all this time and in our opinion the plaintiff is entitled to some interest. The learned counsel appearing for both the parties, at the close of their arguments, left this
question· of interest to be determined by us ·and we think that it would be quite fair if we allow interest on the sum of Rs. 30,000 at the rate of 4% per annum from the beginning of September, 1943.
It is admitted that the plaintiff's possession of the house ceased by the end pf August, 1943. ll7 19!>1 StiniiJas. Ramkumar v. M ahahir Praiad and Others. Mukherjea j. Srirtiotu 11am1;,,.,,,
v. Mahabir Prasad dlld Otlurs. Muk/urfa• ]. Marcb2 [1951) The result is that we allow the appeal in part; th? decree made by the High Court is affirmed in so far as it dismissed the claim for specific performance.
The plaintiff, however, will be entitled to a money decree for the sum of Rs. 30,000 against the defendants second party w'1th interest at 4% per annum from the 1st of September, 1943, to the date of realisation. Each
party to this appeal will bear his own costs. Appeal allowed in part. Agent for the appellant : R. C. Prasad. Agent for respondents : Tarachand Brii Mohan Lal. D. STEPHENS NOSIBOLLA.
(SAIYID FAZL ALI, MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN, Munn:RJEA and CHANDRASEKHARA AYYAR JJ.] Criminlll Prot:edure Code, 1898, ss. 417, 439-Revision againll order of ocq11ittal-lnterf<rmce-Guiding principles-Indian Mer- chant Shipping Act, XX! of 1923, ss. 25, 26-Supply of seamen- Constitution of Board by owners of ships and seamen for recruii. ment of seamen-Levy of one rupee from each
seaman towanls expenses of B011rd-Whether contrDvenes ss. 25, 26-Giving .of muster card permitting appearance at muster-Whether amounts· to 11engaging 01' supplying" seamen. The rcvisional
jurisdiction conferred on the High Court under s. 439 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is not to be lightly exercised when it is invoked by a private complainant against an order of acquittal, against which the Government has a right of appeal under s. 417.
It could be exercised only in exceptional cases where the interests of public justice require intcrfcn:ncc for ):he correction of a manikst illegality or the prevention of a gross
miscarriage of justice. This jurisdiction is not ordinari!J invoked or used merely because the lower Court has taken a wrong view of the law or misappreciated the evidence on t1ie l'CCDrd.
Shipowners had an organisation in Cakntta called the c.1- cutta Liners' Confrcncc and the seamen had an organisaliaa