Art. 31A(2)(a). If that is so the contention raised by r96r Mr. Limaye that the impugned Act is not protected by 31A Shri !vlahadeo rt. ' cannot succeed. As we have already indica-
Paikaji f{olhe ted it is not disputed that if Art. 31A applies there Yavatmal can be no further challenge to the validity of the im- v, pugned statute. ·1 he State of The writ petitions accordingly fail and are dismiss-
Bomhay ed with costs, one set of hearing costs. d d' Petitions dismissed. STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH v. ABDUL KHADER (B. P. SINHA, c. J., s. K. DAS, A. K. SARKAR, K. C. DAS GUPTA and N. RAJAGOPALA
AYYANGAR, JJ.) Externment Order-Indian citizen going to Pakistan for a short period and coming back with Pakistan passport and Indian visa, if becomes a foreigner-Conviction for overstaying, if sustain … able-Foreigners Act, I946 (r3 of I946), ss. 3(2)(c), 8, 9-Citizen- ship Act, I955 (LV II of I955), s. 9-Constitution of India, Art. 5(a).
The respondent was born in India in r924 and had lived there all along till about the end of r954. He had been paying rent for his shop in India for ten years upto about r958 and his . family was and had always been in India. At the end of r954 or the beginning of r955 he went to Pakistan from where he returned on January 20, r955, on a passport granted by the Pakistan Government which had a visa endorsed on it by the Indian authorities permitting him to stay in India up to April, 1955, The respondent applied to the Central Government for extension of the time allowed by the visa but the records did not show what order, if any, had been made on it.
As the respon- dent had stayed beyond the time specified in the visa, he was on September 3, 1957, served with an order made by the Govern- ment of Andhra Pradesh under s. 3(2)(c) of the Foreigners Act, 1946, requiring him to leave India. The order described him as a Pakistan national. On his failure to comply ,with this order a;en raga 11ar
April 4. z96I The Stale of Andhra Pradesh v. Abdul Khader [1962] he was prosecuted under s. 14 of the Foreigners Act. His defence was that he was an Indian national. The trying magis- trate rejected this defence and convicted him holding (a) that the fact that the respondent obtained a Pakistan passport prov- ed that he had disowned Indian nationality and ceased to be an Indian national and (b) that by refusing to extend the time fixed by the visa the Central Government had decided that the respon- dent was a foreigner and under s. 8 of the Foreigners Act, such a decision was final.
An appeal by the respondent was dismiss- ed by the Sessions Judge on the ground that the respondent's application for extension of the time fixed by the visa proved that he had renounced his Indian nationality and had acquired the citizenship of Pakistan. The High Court of Andhra Pradesh set aside the conviction in revision. On appeal by the State of Andbra Pradesh,
Held, that neither the Magistrate nor the Sessions Judge was competent to come to a finding of his own that the respon- dent, an Indian national, had disowned his nationality and acquired Pakistan nationality for under s. 9(2) of the Citizen- ship Act, 1955, that decision could only be made by the pre- scribed authority which under the Rules framed under the Act was the Central Government. The fact that the Central Govern- ment had refused to extend the visa did not show that it had decided under the section that the respondent had renounced his Indian nationality and acquired Pakistan citizenship. In any event, in order that the Central Government might come to a decision under s. 9(2) of the Citizenship Act an enquiry as laid down in r. 30 of the Rules framed under the Act had to be made and no such inquiry had been made.
On the facts established, the respondent became an Indian citizen nnder Art. 5(a) of the Constitution when it came into force. He thereby discharged the onus laid on him by s. 9 of the Foreig- ners Act to prove that he was an Indian citizen when that was in dispute. The passport obtained by the respondent from the Pakistan Government would, therefore, only be evidence that the respondent had renounced Indian nationality and acquired Pakistan citizenship. Such evidence was however of no use in a court for no court could in view of s. 9(2) of the Citizenship Act decide whether an Indian citizen had renounced his citizenship and acquired the citizenship of a foreign country.
Section 8 of the Foreigners Act had no application to the case as it only applied where a foreign~r is recognised as a national by the law of more than one foreign country or where it is uncertain what nationality is to be ascribed to a foreigner and in the present case that was not the question but the ques- tion was whether the respondent was an Indian or a foreigner. The respondent's short visit to Pakistan had not amounted
to a migration to that country. Query, whether Art. 7 of the Constitution contemplates migration from India to Pakistan after January 26, 1950. CRIMINAL APPELLATE Appeal No. 192 of 1959.
JURISDICTION: Criminal The State of Appeal by special leave from the judgment and Andhra Pradesh order dated October 27, 1958, of the AndhraPradesh v. High Court at :Hyderabad in Criminal Revi.sion Case
Abdul Khader No. 395 of 1958. M. C. Setalvad, Attorney-General of India, T. V. R. i Tatachari and T. M. Sen, for the appellant. R. Thiagarajan for N. S. Mani, for respondent. 1961. April 4. .The Judgment of the Court was
delivered by SARKAR, J.-The respondent was convicted by the Sa•kar J . Judicial Magistrate of Adoni in the State of Andhra Pradesh, under s. 14 of the Foreigners Act, 1946. His appeal to the Sessions Judge of Kurnool was dismis-
sed. He then moved the High Court of Andhra Pra- desh in revision and the revision petition was allowed. Hence the present appeal by the State of Andhra Pradesh. The facts found were these: On January 20, 1955,
the respondent had come to Adoni on a passport granted by the Government of Pakistan which bore the date January 10, 1955. The passport had endor- sed on it a visa granted by the Indian authorities
which permitted the respondent to stay in India up to April 14, 1955. The respondent continued to stay on in India after that date. On some date, not precisely ascertainable from the record, he appears to have made
a representation to the Government of India for exten- sion of his visa till September 2, 1957, on grounds of health. The records do not however show what order, if any, was made on this representation. On Septem-
ber 3, 1957, an order dated August 9, 1957, made by the Government of Andhra Pradesh requiring him to leave India, was served on the respondent. As the respondent did not leave India as directed by this
order, he was prosecuted with the result earlier stated. The passport showed that the respondent was born at Adoni in 1924. The respondent appears to have The State of A ndhra }Jradesh
v. Abdul J(hader Sarkar ]. (1962] produced an extract from the municipal birth register, which is not on the record, but presumably showed that he was so born. The only evidence on the record
of the date when he left India, shows tha.t that must have been at the end of 1954 or early in 1955. There is evidence to show that he had been paying rent for his shop at Adoni for about ten years prior to 1958
and his parents, brothers, wife and children were and had always been in India. The respondent was charged with the bre.ach of the order to leave India which had been made under s. 3
(2.)(c) of the Foreigners Act. Now the order could not be made on him, neither could he be convicted for breach of it, if he was not a foreigner. 'That was the defence of the respondent, namely, that he was not a
foreigner. The question is, was he a foreigner? The learned Judicial Magistrate found that by ob- taining the passport from the Pakistan authorities, "he has disowned Indian nationality and he has ceased
to be an Indian National." He also held that s. 9 of the Foreigners Act did not apply to the case but s. 8 of that Act did and that under that section a decision made by the Government that a person is a foreigner
is final and such a decision had been made in this case regarding the respondent as the Government had decid- ed not to grant him an extension of his visa. On these grounds he found that the respondent was a foreigner.
It seems to us that both these grounds are untena- ble. Section 8 applies to a case where "a foreigner is recognised as a national by the law of more than one foreign country or where for any reason, it is uncertain
what nationality if any is to be ascribed to a foreig- ner." The section provides that in such cases the prescribed authority has power to decide of which country the foreigner is to be treated as the national
and such decision shall be final. The section, there- fore, applies to a person who is a foreigner and the question is of which foreign country he is a national. In the case of the respondent no such question arose
and no decision could be or was made by any prescri- bed authority of such question. The learned Magis- trate therefore cle1trly went wrong in relying on s. 8. r961 As regards the passport, the learned Magistrate did
not come to the finding that it proved the respondent Tlw State of to have been a Pakistani national all along. What he Andhra Pradesh v. did was to think that the respondent who had earlier
been an Indian national, had by obtaining it, dis- Abdul Khader owned Indian nationality and ceased to be an Indian Sarkar ]. national. Now, s. 9(2) of the Citizenship Act, 1955, provides
that if any question arises as to whether an Indian citizen has acquired the citizenship of another coun- try, it shall be determined by such authority and in such manner as may be prescribed. Under r. 30 of
the rules framed under that Act, the authority to dc- dide that question is the Central Government. So the question whether the respondent, an Indian citizen, had acquired Pakistani citizenship cannot be decided
by courts. The learned Magistrate had no jurisdiction therefore to come to the finding on the strength of the passport that the respondent, an Indian citizen, had acquired Pakistani citizenship. Nor was there any-
thing before the learned Magistrate to sho IV that the Central Government had decided that the respondent had renoun.ced Indian citizenship and acquired that of Pakistan. The learned Magistrate thought that the
fact that the Central Government had refused to extend the respondent's visa proved that it had deci- ded that he had acquired Pakistani nationality. This view again was not warranted. There is nothing to·
show that the Central Government had refused to extend the respondent's visa. Even if it had, that would not amount to a decision by it that the respon- dent, an Indian citizen, had acquired subsequently
Pakistani nationality for there may ho such refusal when an applicant for the extension had all along been · a Pakistani national. Furthermore, in order that there may be a decision by the Central Government that an
Indian citizen has acquired foreign nationality, an enquiry as laid down in r. 30 of the rules framed under the Citizenship Act has to be made and no such enquiry had at all been made. That being so, it can-
not be said that the Central Government had decided that the respondent, an Indian citizen, had acquired the citizenship of Pakistan. [1962] The question whether a person is an Indian citizen
The State of or a foreigner, as dist.inct from the question whether Andhra l'>adesh a person having once been an Indian citizen has ren- v. Abdul Khader Sarkar ]. ounced that citizenship and acquired a foreign nationa-
lity, is not one which is within the exclusive jurisdic- tion of the Central Government to decide. The courts can decide it and, therefore, the learned Magistrate could have done so. He, however, did not decide that
question, that is, find that the respondent had been a Pakistani national all along. On the evidence on the record such a finding would not have been warranted. For all these reasons we think that the conviction of
the respondent by the learned Magistrate was not well founded. Coming now to the decision of the learned Sessions Judge, he seems to have based himself on the reason- ing that the "conduct of the appellant" that is, the
respondent before us, "in applying for extension of time shows that he is not a citizen of India and that he has acquired citizenship of Pakistan. If he were a citizen of India, he could have raised this plea and
this question could have been decided by the Central Government as envisaged by Rule 30, sub-Rule 1 of the Rules made under the Citizenship Act and there was no necessity to apply for extension." Quite
plainly, the learned Sessions Judge was proceeding on the basis that the respondent had renounced his Indian citizenship and acquired Pakistani citizenship. As we have said earlier, that is not a question which
is open to a court to decide and there is no evidence to show that it has been decided by the Central Government who alone has the power to decide it. The learned Sessions Judge did not direct himself to
the quest.ion which he could decide, namely, whether the respondent had from the beginning been a Pakis- tani citizen. His decision, therefore, cannot also be sustained. We have examined the evidence on the record our-
selves and are unable to say that a conviction can be based on it. There can be no conviction unless it can be held on the evidence that the respondent is a foreigner, that is to say, a person who is not an Indian
citizen: see s. 2(a) of the Foreigners Act as amended by Act II of 1957. The evidence shows that the respondent did go to Pakistan, but the only evidence with regard to that is that he went there about the end of 1954 or the
beginning of 1955. This evidence also indicates that he stayed there for a short time. He was all along paying the rent for his shop in Adoni. His family had always been there. Therefore it can be said that
he had never migrated to Pakistan. Clearly, a short visit to Pakistan would not amount to migrating to that country. The passport obtained by him from Pakistan would no doubt be evidence that he was
a Pakistani national. As on the facts of this case he must be held to have been an Indian citizen on the promulgation of the Constitution, the passport can show no more than that he renounced Indian
citizenship and acquired Pakistani nationality. Such evidence would be of no use in the present case for, in view of s. 9(2) of the Citizenship Act, a Court can- not decide whether an Indian citizen has acquired the
citizenship of another country. The position then is this. The respondent has clearly discharged the onus that lay on him under s. 9 of the Foreigners Act to prove that he was not a
foreigner, by proving that he was born and domiciled in India prior to January 26, 1950, when the Consti- tution came into force and thereby had become an Indian citizen under Art. 5(a) of the Constitution. He
has further proved that he had never migrated to Pakistan. It has not been shown that the Central Government had made any decision with regard to him under s. 9 of the Citizenship Act that he has
acquired a foreign nationality. Therefore, it cannot be held by any court that the respondent who was an Indian citizen has ceased to be such and become a foreigner. That being so, it must be held for the pur-
pose of this case that the respondent was not a foreig- ner and no order could be made against him under. s. 3(l)(c) of the Foreigners Act. Conviction for breach of such an order by the respondent would be wholly
illegal. The State oj Andhra Pradesh v. Abdul Khader Sarkar J. [1962] Though we are upholding the decision of the High Court, we wish to observe that we do not do. so for the The State of
Andhra Pradesh reasons mentioned by it. It is unnecessary to discuss z96r v. those reasons but we would like to point out one Abdul Khad" thing, namely, that the High Court seems to have Sarkar ].
April 4· been of the opinion that Art. 7 of the Constitution contemplates migration from India to Pakistan even after January 26, 1950. We desire to make it clear that we should not be taken to have accepted or en-
dorsed the correctness of this interpretation of Art. 7. The reference in the opening words of Art. 7 to Arts. 5 and 6 taken in conjunction with the fact that both Arts. 5 and 6 are concerned with citizenship (at the
commencement of the Constitution) apart from vari- ous other considerations would appear to point to the conclusion th11t the migration referred to in Art. 7 is one before January 26, 1950, and that the
contmry construction which the learned Judge has put upon Art. 7 is not justified, but in the view that we have taken of the facts of this case, namely, that the respondent had never migrated to Pakistan, we
do not consider it necessary to go into this question more fully or finally pronounce upon it. In the result we dismiss the appeal. Appeal dismissed. UNION OF INDIA v. GRAUS MOHAMMAD
(B. P. SINHA, C. J., S. K. Das, A. K. SaRKAR, K. C. Das GUPTA and N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR, JJ.) Externinent Order-Foreigner or Indian Citizen-Burden of proof-Law applicable-Citizenship Act, I955 (LV II of 1955), s. 9-Foreigners Act, z946 (IJ of z946), ss. 3(2)(c), 9·
An order had been made under s. 3(2)(c) of the Foreigners Act, 1946, directing that the respondent, "a Pakistan national .. '