STATE OF BDIAR v. UNION OF INDIA & ANR. September 19, 1969 [M. lIIDAYATULLAH, C.J., J. C. SHAH, V. RAMASWAMI, G. K. MITTER AND A. N. GROVER, JJ.] Constitution of India, Art. 131-Private party whether can be implec.d· ed in a suit under Article-Article is meant to settle only disputes between parties memioned in els. (a) (h) and (c)-Court can give 'declaratory decree simpliciter.
The State of Bihar filed a number of suits in this Court under Art. -131 of the Constitution in connection with the delayed delivery of iron and steel materials for its Gandak project. In six of the suits the defen- dants were: The Union of India (Defendant No. 1) and Hindustan Steel Ltd. (Defendant No. 2).
In six other suits the defendants were: The Union of India (Defendant No. 1) and The Indian Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. (Defendant No. 2). The prayers in all the suits were that decrees for specific •urns of mJney be passed either against the Union of India or the second defendant.
Identical preliminary issues were set down folr consi· deration in all the suits, namely : (I) whether the cause or causes of action in this suit a.re within the scope of Art. 13! of the Constitution? (2) \'ibether the suit is within the scope of Art. J.31 of the Constitution in view of a non-State viz. defendant No. 2, having been made a party to the suit? (3) Whether the suit is barred by the provisions of s. 80 C.P.C. for want of notice to defendant No. 1.
HELD: (i) The specification of the parties in Art. 131 is not of the inclusive kind. The express words in els. (a), (b) and (c) of the Article exclude the idea of a private citizen, a firm or a corporation figuring as a disputant either alone olr even along with a State or with the Government of India in the category of a party to the dispute. 'I he contents of the corresponding section, of the Government of India Act,
1935 namely s. 204, and the legislative history culminating in the adoption of Art. 131 of the Constitution support the oonclusion that so far as the parties to a dispute are concerned, the framers of the Constitution did intend that they could only be the constituent units of the Union of India and the Government ot India itself arrayed on one side or the other either singly or jointly with another unit or the Government of India. For other types of controversies or disputes special provision has been made in the sonsti- tution e.g. in Art. 143 257, 262 and 290 A dispute in which ~private party is involved must be brought before a court other than thts Court having jurisdiction over the matter. [526 D-F; 530 B; 531 C, F, H; 532 Cl
The United Provinces v. The Governor-General in Council, (1939] F.C.R. 124 and State of Seraikella and Others v. Union of India and anothei', [151] S.C.R. 474, referred to. c The enlarged definition .of 'State' given in Parts III and IV of the Consti- tution is not attracted to Mt. 131 of the Constitution and a body like the Hindustan Steel Ltd. could not be considered to be "a State" for the pur- pose of Art. 131 of the Constitution. [532 GJ
Rajasthan State Electricity Board v. Mohan Lal, [1967] 3 S.C.R. 377, distinguished. c BrHAR STATE v. UNION (Mitter, J.) In view of the above finding on issue No. 2 the suits did not lie in this Court under Art. 131 of the Constitution and the plaints must be lreturned; it \\'S.S accordingly unnecessary to decide issues Nos. 1 and 3. [532 H] Article 131 does not prescltibe that a suit must be filed in the Supreme Court for the complete adjudication of the dispute envisaged therein or the passing of a decree capable of execution ~n the ordinary. way ~ de:rees of other courts are.
Once this· Court has given a declaration of its rights to the aggrieved party the function of the Court under Art. 131 is over. [525 C-FJ ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Civil Misc. Petitions Nos. 512, 513, 574 & 575, 578 & 579, 581 & 582, 583 & 584, 587 & 588, 605 & 606, 609 & 610 and 1466 and 1467 of 1969.
Applications by defendant No. 1 for rejection of plaints and for stay of the hearing of tit> suits. Original suits Nos. 3 of 1967, 1 and 3 to 9 of 1968. Petitions under Art. 131 of the Constitution of India.
Niren De, Attarney-General, V. A. Seyid Muhammad and B. D. Sharma, for respondent No. l (in all the suits). D. N. Gupta, for defendant No. 2 (in suits Nos. 3 to 8 of 1968). D. N. Mukherjee, for defendant No. 2 (in suits Nos. 3 of 1967, I and 9 of 1968).
D. P. Singh, for the plaintiff (in suits Nos. 3 of 1967, 1, 3, 5 and 6 of 1968). D. Goburdhun, ior the plaintiff (in suits Nos. 4 and 7 of 1968). U. P. Singh, for the plaintiff (in suit No. 8 of 1968).
R. C Prasad, for the plaintiff (in suit No. 9 of 1968). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Mitter, J. This group of applications can be divided into two parts. The object of one group is to get the plaints in nine
suits filed in this Court rejected while that of the other group is to stay the hearing of the suits. The suits are all of the same pattern in each of which the State of Bihar figures as the plaintiff. The Union of India is the first defendant in all of them while the second defendant in six is Hindustan Steel Ltd. and in three others the Indian Iron and Steel Company Ltd.
The cause of action in all the suits is of the same nature. Briefly stated the plaintiff's case in all the suits is that "due to the negligence or deliberate action of the servants of both aefendants there was a short ~eliver~ of fron and steel mat.erial .ordered b)'. the planitiff to vanous sites m the State of Bthar m connectJon with the [1970) 2 S.C.R.
construction work of the Gandak Project". As the goods were in all cases booked by rail for despatch to the project site, both defendants are sought to be made liable for short delivery, the first defendant as the owner of the railways and the second de- fendant as the consignor of the goods U'lder contract with the ~tate of Bihar for supply of the material. In each case there is a prayer for a decree for a specific sum of money to be passed either against the first defendant "or alternatively against the second defendant".
Normally all suits of this kind are instituted all over India in different courts beginning from the courts of the lowest jurisdiciton to the High Courts exercising original juris- diction.
The only distinguishing feature of this series of suits from others of everyday occurrence in different courts is that a State is the plaintiff in each case. Ill all suits of a similar nature
which are filed in courts other than this Court, a notice under s. 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure is an es5ential pre- requisite. No such notice has been served in any of these cases.
The applications were set down for trial of three issues sought to be raised by way of preliminary issues. They are as follows :- 1. Whether the alleged cause or causes of action in this suit are within the scope of Art. 131 of the
Constitution ? c 2. Whether this suit is within the scope of Art. 131 of the Constitution in view of a no,n'-State, viz .• de- fendant No. 2, having been made a party to the suit ?
3. Whether the suit is barred by th~ provisions of s. 80 C.P.C. for want of notice to defendant No. I ? The question before this Court is, whether the dispute in these cases is within the purview of that aritcle (quoted in the foot-note. It must be noted that the article confers jurisdiction on this
Court to the exclusion of all other courts in any dispute between the parties mentioned therein. There is however an over-riding provision that such juris- diction is subject to the provisions of the Constitution and our attention was drawn to a few of these provisions where the dis- putes specified are to be adjudicated upon in entirely different •Art. 131. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Supreme Coill't shall, to the e~clusion of any other court, have original jurisdiction in any dispute-
( a) between the Government and one or more States; or (b) between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more ot1er States on the other; or (c) between tv,ro or more States,
c ll!HAR STATE v. UNION (Mitter, !.) manner. The most important feature of Art. 131 is that it makes no mention of any party other than the Government of Indi~ 01 any one or more of the States who can be arrayed as a disputant. The other distinguishing feature is that the Court is not required to adjudicate upon the disputes in exactly the same way as ordinary courts of law are normally called upon to do for upholding the rights of the parties and enforcement of its orders and decisions. The words in the article "if and in so far as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends" are words of limitation on the exercise of that jurisdiction.
These words indicate that the di!- putes should be in respect of legal rights and not disputes of a political character. Moreover this Court is only concerned to give its decision on questions of law or of fact on which the exis- tence or extent of a legal right claimed depends.
Once the Court comes to Its conclusion on the cases presented by any disputants and gives its adjudication on the facts or the points of law raised, the function of this Court under Art. 131 is over.
Art. 131 does not prescribe that a suit must be filed in the Supreme Court for the complete adjudication of the dispute envisaged therein or the passing of a decree capable of execution in the ordinary way as decrees of other courts are.
It is open to an aggrieved party to present a petition to this Court containing a full state- ment of the relevant facts and praying for the declaration ot its rights as against the other disputants.
Once that is done, the function of this Court under Art. 131 is at an end. The framers of the Constitution do not appear to have contemplated the con- tingency of a party to an adjudication by this Court under Art. 131 not complying with the declaration made.
Our law is not without instances where a court may be caJled upon to make an adjudication of the rights of the parties to an agreement or an award simpliciter on the basis of such rights without passing a decree.
A case in point is s. 33 of the Indian Arbitration Act. Further, all adjudications by a court of law even under a decree in a suit need not necessarily be capable of enforcement by way of execution.
Section 42 of the Specific Relief Act, 1877 now replaced by s. 34 of the new Act enables a person entitled to any legal character or to any right as to any property to insti- tute a suit against any person denying or interested to deny his title to such character or right without asking for any funher relief subject to the limitations prescribed by the section. We
If and in so far as the dispute involves any quesfon (wh(!ther of law or fact) on whic11 the existence or extent of a legal right depends: Provided that the said jurisd ction shall not extend to a dispute arisinz out of any treaty, a~reement, coven~nt, cn~agcment, sanad o;- other simila;- inst1u. ment which havin!'!, been entered into or excncatcd before the commenct'n1~nt of th•! constr11ction, contiues in op~r.ttio:l after such commenc..::m..::nt, or whid1 provides th1t the said jurisC:.:.::ation shall not extend to such a dispute. need not however Jay much stress on this aspect of the case as we are only concerned to find out whether the suits can be enter- tained by this Court.
Clauses (a), (b) and (c) of the article specify the parties who can appear as disputants before this Court. Under cl. (a) it is the Government of India and one or more States under cl. (b) it is the Government of India and one or more States on one side and one or more other States on the other, while under cl. (c) the parties can be two or more States without the Government of India being involved in the dispute.
The spec;fication of the parties is not of an inclusive kind. The express words of els. (a), (b) and (c) exclude the idea of a private citizen, a firm or a corporation figuring as a disputant either alone or even along with a State or with the Government of India in the category of a party to the dispute.
There is no scope for suggesting that a private citizen, a firm. or a corporation can be arrayed as a party by itself on one side and one or more States including the Gov- ernment of India on t~e other.
Nor is there anything in the article which suggests a claim being made by or preferred against a private party jointly or in the alternative with a State or the Government of India.
The framers of the Constitution appear not to have contemplated the case of a dispute in which a private citizen, a firm or a corporation is in any way involved as a fit sul:>ject for adjudication by this Court under its exclusive original jurisdiction conferred by Art. 131.
Like many of the provisions of our Constitution this article h:;d a fore-runner in the Government of India Act, 1935. Sec- tion 204 of that Act provided for conferment of original jnris- diction on the Federal Court of India. That section ran as follows :-
"(l) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Fede- ral Court shall, 'to the exclusion of any other court, have an original jurisdiction in any dispute between any two or more of the following parties, that is to say,
the Federation, any of the Provinces or any of the Federal States, if and in so far as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or fact) on which the exis- tence or extent. of a legal right depends :
Provided that the said jurisdiction shall not extend to- ( a) a dispute to which a State is a party, unless the dispute– (i) concerns the interpretation of this Act or of an Order in Council made thereunder, or the extent of the
c BIHAR STATE v. UNION (Mitter, !.) legislative or executive authority vested in the Federa- tion by virtue of the Instrument of Accession of that – State; or (ii) arises under an 'agreement ~ade under Part VI
of this Act in relation to the administration in that State of a Jaw of the Federal Legislature, or otherwise concerns some matter with respect to which the Fede- ral Legislature has power to make laws for that State;
or c (iii) arises under an agreement made after the estab- lishment of the Federation, with the approval of His Majesty's Representative for the exercise of the functions of the Crown in its relations with Indian States, bet-
ween that State and the Federation or a Province, being an agreement which expressly provides that the said jurisdiction shall extend to such a dispute; (b) a dispute arising under any agreement which
expressly provides that the said jurisdiction shall not extend to such a dispute. (2) The Federal Court in the exercise of its original jurisdiction shall not pronounce any judgment other
than a declaratory judgment." Clause (a) of the proviso to the section defined the categories of disputes which might be raised before the Federal Court while clause (b) permitted the parties to provide for the exclusion of such jurisdiction in the agreement in respect whereof the dispute arose. It will be noted that the scope of the dispute under sub- cl. (i) of cl. (a) was limited to the interpretation of the Govern- ment of India Act or Order in Council or to the extent of legis- lative or executive authority vested in the Federation while under sub-cl. (ii) the dispute had to relate to the administration in a State
of a law of the Federal Legl.slature or other- wis~ concerned with some matter relating to the legislative com- petency of the said legislature. Under sub-cl. (iii) the dispute could only be one under an agreement made after the establish- ment of the Federa.tion between the State and the Federation or a Province subject to the condition therein specified.
A dispute of the nature which is raised in this serks of a cuoe was outside the ken of s. 204 of the Government of India Act. It may not be out of place to trace the origin of s. 204.
The proceedings of the Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Re- (1970] 2 s.c.R. form, Session 1933-34, Vol. I, Part II, paragraph 309 read as follows: "A Federal Court is an essential element in a Fede-
ral Constitution. It is at once the interpreter and guardian of the Constitution and a tribunal for the de- termination of disputes between the constituent units of the Federation.
The establishment of a Federal Court is part of the White Paper scheme, and we approve generally the proposals with regard to it. We have, however, certain comments to make upon them, which
we set out below." The report of the Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Re- form, Session 1933-34, Vol. I, Part I contained two paragraphs bearing on this matter. Paragraph 322 was a reproduction of
paragraph 309 quoted above. Paragraph 324 ran as follows "324. It is proposed that the Federal Court shall have an original jurisdiction in- (i) any matter involving the interpretation of the
Constitution Act or the determination of any •ights or obligations arising the;·eunder, where the parties to the dispute are (a) the Federation and either a Province or a State, or (b) two Provinces or two States, or a Pro-
vince and a State; (ii) any matter involving the interpretation of, or arising under, any agreement entered foto after the commencement of the Constitution Act between the Federation and a Federal Unit or between Federal Units,
unless the agreement otherwise provides. This jurisdiction is to be an exclusive one, and in our opinion rightly >o, since it would be altogether in- appropriate if proceedings could be taken by one Unit
of the Federation against another in the Courts of either of them. For that reason we think that, where the parties are Units of the Federa:ion or the Federation itself, the jurisdiction ought to include not only the
interpretation of the Constitution Act, but also the in- terpretation of Federal laws, by which we meant any laws enacted by the Federal Legislature." It is clear from the above that the framers of the Govern- ment of India Act, 1935 thought that the Federal Court should c
c 1) BIHAR STATE V. UNION (Mitter, J.) be the :tribunal for the determination of disputes between the constituent units of the Federation and it sought to lay down the exact nature of the dispute which that Court could be called upon to examine and decide.
The Constitutional Proposals of the Sapru Committee show that they had the said report and the said proceedings of the Committee in their mind when they advocated the strengthening of the position of the Federal Court in India and widening its jurisdiction both on the original side and the appellate side but maintaining at the same time that it should "act as an interpreter ad guardian of the Constitution, and as a tribunal for the determination of disputes between the constituent units of the Federation."
It is also to be noted that under s. 204 of the Government of India Act, 1935 the Federal Court's jurisdiction was limited to the pronouncement of a declaratory judgment. Art. 109 of the Draft Constitution of India prepared by the Constituent Assembly was in the same terms as Art. 131 of the Constitution as it came into force i,n 1950. The proviso to the original article was substituted by the new proviso in the year 1956 as a result of the Seventh Amendment by reason of the abolition of the Part B States and the changes necessitated there- by. Reference was made at the Bar in this connection to the De- bates in the Constituent Assembly, Vol. IV, 13th July 1947 to 21st July, 1947. They however do not throw any additional light.
So far as the proceedings of the Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform and the report of the Committee on the same are concerned, they make it clear that the object of con- ferring exclusive original jurisdiction on the Federal Court was that the disputes of the kinds specified between the Federation and the Provinces as the constituent units of the Federation, should not be left to be decided by courts of law of a particular unit but be adiudicated upon only by the highest tribunal in the land which would be beyond the influence of any one constituent unit.
Although Art. 131 does not define the scope of the disputes which this Court may be, called upon to determine in the same way as section 204 of the Government of India Act, and we
do m>t find it necessary to do so, this much is certain that the legal right which is the subject of dispute must arise in the context of the Constitution and the Federalism it sets up. However, there can be no doubt that so far as the parties to the dispute are con- cerned, the framers of the Constitution did intend that they could only be the constituent units of the Union of India and the Government of India itself arrayed on one side or the other either singly or jointly with another unit or the Government of India.
There is no decision either of the Federal Court of India or of this Court which throws much light on the question· before us. Reference was made at the Bar to the case of The United Pro· vinces v. The Governor-General in Council(') where the United Provinces filed a suit against the Governor-General in Council for a declaration that certain provisions of the Cantonments Act, 1924, were ultra vires the then Indian Legislature. A claim was also made that all fines imposed and realised by criminal courts for offences committed within the cantonment areas in the United Provinces ought to be credited to the provincial revenues and that the plaintiffs were entitled to recover and adjust all such sums wrongly credited to Cantonment Funds since 1924. The Gover- por-General in Council contended inter alia that the dispute was not one which was justiciable before the Federal Court. On the question of jurisdiction, Gwyer, C.J. was not inclined to think "that the plaintiffs would in any event have been entitled to the declarations for which they originally asked, in.proceedings against the Governor-General in Council". According to the learned Chief Justice "their proper course would have been to take pro· ceedings against a named Cantonment Board, though . . .. such proceedings could not have been brought to this Court." He was of the view that it was competent for the court to entertain a suit for a declaration "that s. 106 of the Act of 1924 was ultra vires," and said that as the dispute between tl::e parties depended upon the validity ·of the assertion of the Province to have the fines under discussion credited to provincial revenues and not to the Cantonment funds the dispute involved a question of the existence of a legal right.
According to him the question might have been raised in proceedings to which a Cantonment Board was a party but "it was convenient to aU concerned that it should be disposed of in the proceedings before the court."
The only other Indian case cited at the Bar in this connection \Vas that of the State of Seraikella and others v. Union of India and another( 2 ) where Mahajan, J. expressed the view that s .. 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure would not affect suits instituted in the Federal Court under s. 204 of the Government of India Act.
01 [1939] F.C.R 124. (2) [!951] S.C.R. 474. c BIHAR STATE v. UNION (Mitter, J.) Our attention was drawn to some provisions of the American Constitution and of the Constitution Act of Australia and sevei-al decisions bearing on the interpretation of provision which are somewhat similar to Art. 131.
But as the similarity is only limited, we do not propose to examine either the provisions refer- red to or the decisions to which our attention was drawn. In interpreting our Constitution we must not be guided by decisions which do not bear upon provisions identical with those in our Constitution .
The Constitution makes special provisions for settlement of certalli disputes in a manner different from that laid down in 'C Art. 131. For instance, Art. 143 gives an over-riding power to the President of India to consult the Supreme Court when he is of the view that the question is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to do so.
Under cl. (1) 9f that Article the President is empo~ered to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon any question of law or fact which has arisen or is likely to arise and is of such a nature and of -such public importance that the President considers it expedient to obtain such opinion. In such a case the Court after giving such hearing as it thinks fit has to report to the President its opinion thereon.
Clause (2) of the article shows that this power of the President over-rides the proviso to Art. 131 . Art. 257 provides for control of the Union over the States in certain cases. Under clause (2) thereof the executive power
of the Union also extends to the giving of c\irections to a State as to the construction and maintenance of means of communica- tion ueclared in the direction to be of national or military im- portance.
Under cl. ( 4) where such directions are given and "costs have ·been incurred in excess of those which would have been incurred in the discharge of the normal duties of the State if such direction had not been given," the Government of India must pay to the State such sum as may be agreed, or, in default of agreement, as may be determined by an arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of India, in respect of the extra costs so in- curred by the State.
Again, when there is a dispute or complaint with regard to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter- state river or river valley cl. (2) of Art. 262 gives Parliament the power by law to provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of such dispute or complaint as is referred to in clause ( 1). Such a law ousts the jurisdiction of the court which would normally be attracted by Art. 131.
Art. 290 contains a provision somewhat similar to Art. 257(4) with regard to certain expenses and pensions and makes the same determinable by an arbitrator to be appointed by the Chief Justice of India.
Apart from these special provisions a dispute which falls within the ambit of Art. 131 can only be determined in the forum mentioned therein, namely, the Supreme Cour of India, provided there has not been impleaded in any said dispute any private party, be it a citizen or a firm or a corporation along with a State either jointly or in the alternative.
A dispute in which such a private party is involved must be brought before a court, other than this Court, having jurisdiction over the matter. It was argued by counsel on behalf of the State of Bihar
that so far as the Hindustan Steel Ltd., is concerned 1t is 'State' and the suits in which the Government of India along with Hindustan Steel Ltd. have been impleaded are properly filed with- in Art. 131 of the Constitution triable by this Court in its original jurisdiction. Reference was marle to the case of Rajasthan State Electricity Board v. Mohan Lal('). There the question arose between certain persons who were permanent employees of the Government of •he State of Rajasthan and later placed at the disposal of the State Electricity Board and one of the questions was whether the appellant Board could be held to be 'State' as defined in Art. 12.
This Court by a majority held that the Board was "other authority" within the meaning of Art. 12 and therefore was a 'State' to which appropriate direction> could be given under Arts. 226 and 227 of the Constitution.
It will be noted that under Art. 12 all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India are 'States' for pu.rposes of Part m which defines and deals with the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Constitution. The
expression ''the State" has the same meaning in Part IV of _the Constitution under Art. 36. No reason was shown as to why the enlarged definition of 'State' given in Parts m and IV of the Constitution would be attracted to Art. 131 of the Constitution and in our opinion a body like the Hindustan Steel Ltd. cannot be considered to be "a State" for the purpose of Art. 131 of the Constitution.
c In the result we hold that the suits do not lie in this Court under Art. 131 of the Constitution and issue No. 2 must be ans- wered in the negative. It is not necessary to give any answer
to issue No. 1 nor to issue No. 3. On the view we take the (I) [1967] 3 S.C.R. 377. Tl!HAR STATE V, UNION (Mitter, J.) plaints must be returned for the purpose of presentation to courts having jurisdiction av.er the disputes.
Let the plaints be returned for presentation to the proper court after endorsing on them the date of presentation of the plaints in this Court and the date on which they were returned.
We make no order as to costs ot these applications. G.C.