c STATE OF KARNATAKA v. K. H. ANNEGOWDA & ANR. December 8, 1976 [P. N. BHAGWATI AND A. C. GUPTA, JJ.J Code of Criminal Procedure 1893-S. 494-Scope of Prosecution withdraw11 before. S~ssions Court-If amounts "discharge" or "acquittal" of accused-Code of Criminal Procedure 1973-S. 300-lf a bar for fresh prosecution for the same offence.
. Section 494 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1893 provides that ariy Pub- lic Prosecutor may, with the consent of the Court, in cases tried by jury before th.e return of the verdict and in other cases before the judgment is pronounced, withdraw from the prosecution of any person either generally or in respect of any ono or more of the offences for which he is tried and upop such withdrawal- ( a) if it is made before a charge has been framed the accused shall be discharged; and
(b) if it is made after the charge has been framed or when under the Code no charge is required, he shall be acquitted. In the instant case, the committing Magistrate framed a charge against the respondents for having committed an offence under s. 302 read with s. 34 I.P.C. and committed them for trial by a Sessions Court. The Sessions Judge granted permission sought by the . Public Prosecutor to withdraw from the prosecution under s. 494 of the Code and "discharged" the respondents. After fresh investigation a new charge sheet was filed.
Sy then the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 had come into force. Following the provisions of the new Code, the committing Magistrate committed the respondents to. stand trial before the Sessions Court for the same offence.
When the case came up for trial, the respondents contended that by virtue of the earlier orders of the Sessions Court, they had been acquitted and that they were not liable to be prosecuted again for the offence in view of s. 300 of the new Code. This was rejected on the ground that they had earlier been "discharged" and not acquitted and that s. 300 had no application to their case. The High Court allowed their revision application holding that since the withdrawal from the prosecution in the earlier case was made after t1ie charge had been framed, the respondent' had been acquitted and the bar of s. 300 was attracted.
Dismissing the appeal, HELD : The High Court was right in holding that by reason of the order of the Sessions Judge granting consent to the withdrawal from the prosecution in the earlier case, the respondents were acquitted and in view of s. 300 they were not liable to be tried again for the same offence. [356B]
(1) Section 484 of the new Code provides that where a trial is pending imme- diately before the commencement of the new Code, it shall be proceeded with in accordance with the provisions of the old Code as if the new Code were not in force.
r3 52Hl In the instant c.ase, when the new Code came into force the case was pending before the Court of Session for trial and so was liable to be tried according to the old Code. It was for this reason that the withdrawal application was mnde under s. 494 of the old Code. f353A-BJ
(2) (a) When the prosecution against an accused committed for trial is allowed to be withdrawn by the Court of Session under s. 494 of the old Code, KARNATAKA v. K. H. ANNEGOWDA (Bhagwati, J.)
the withdrawal of the prosecution would be after the framing of tho charge against the accused and it must result in the acq11ittal of the accused under cl. (b) -0f that section. [355G]
(b) The charge against an accus~d under the procedure p~escribe? in the n~w Code is to be framed for ·the first time by the Court of SeSSion whlle accordmg to the procedure prescribed under the old Code, the charge is framed by the committiRg Magistrate and the Court of Session is merely given the power to alter or amend the . charge, if it thinks necessary to do so. Therefore, when
under the old Code, the Court of Session commences the trial of an accused, there is already before it a charge framed by the committing Magistrate and it is that charge that is required to be read out and explained to the accused, and -0n which the plea of the accused is required to be taken. [3 ~5D-F] (c) In the instant case, the Judicial Magistrate followed this procedure aml after framing the charge eommitted the respondents for trial. [354G] Queen Empress v. Sivaran1a, 12 Mad. 35 and In re. Ve/ay11dha M11dali, A.LR. 1949 Mad 508, approved.
CRIMINAL APPLLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 361 -Of 1975. (Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated the 19th Sept., 1975 of the Karnataka High Court in Criminal Petition No. 52 of 1975.)
D. Mookerjee and B. R. G. K. Achar, for the appellant. H. B. Datar and R. B. Datar, for respondents. The Judgment of the Court was deLvered by c BHAGWATI, J., This appeal by special leaVle raises a short
but interesting question of law relating to the interpretation of certain pro- visions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (hereinafter referred to as the "Old Code"). The facts giving rise to the appeal are few
and may be briefly stated as follows. · One Bodegowda was murdered and in regard to this incident a case was registered at the Police Station on 13th October, 1973 as Crime No. 62 of 1973.
The police investigated the case and after the investigation was complete, a charge-sheet was filed against the respon- <lents in the Cou~t of Judicial Magistrate, 1st Class Chickmagalur and the case was registered as C.C. No. 2319 of
1973. The learned Magistrate held an inquiry in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XVIII of the old Code and being of the opinion that the respondents should be committed for trial, the learned Magistrate framed. a charge :against the respondents for having committed an offence under section 302 read with section34 of the Indian Penal
Code. The learned Magistrate then read and explained the charge to the respondents and after giving an opportunity to the respondents to give in a list the names of witnesses whom they wished to be summoned to give evidence, the learned Magistrate made an order committing the respondents for
trial by the Court of Sessions, Chickmagalur. This order of commi- ttal was made on 15th March 1974 and in pursuance of it, the records of the case were forW'arded to the Court of Sessions, Chickmagalur where they reached on 23rd March, 197 4 and the case was registered as S.C. No. 5 of 1974.
The Sessions Judge fixed the trial of the case on 15th July, 197 4 but before that date, the Public Prosecutor filed an [ 1977) 2 /!.C.R. application on 29th June, 1974 praying for permission to withdraw from the prosecution under section 494 of the old Code.
The learned Sessions Judge by an order passed on the same day accorded permissioa to the Publi9 Prosecutor to withdraw from the prosecution and 'dis- charged' the respondents in respect of the offence charged against them. The State thereafter ordered fresh investigation into the offence and ia consequence of such investigation, a new charge sheet was filed a&ain~t the respondents and three other accused in the Court of Judicial Magis- trale, 1st Class, Chickmagalur.
Since this chargesheet was filed after 1st April, 1974 when the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (herein- after referred to as "New Code") had come into force, the learned Magistrate, following the provisions of the New Code, committed the respondents and the other three accused to stand their trial before the Court of the Sessions Judge, Chickmagalur for the same offence. When the case came up for hearing before the Sessions Judge, the respondents made an application contending that by virtue of the order dated 29th June, 1974 made by the Sessions Judge under section 494 of the Old Code, the respondents had been acquitted and they were, therefore, not liable to be prosecuted again for the same offence in view of section 300' of the New Code.
The Sessions Judge rejected the application, taking the view that the respondents were discharged and not acquitted under the Order dated 29th June, 1974 and, therefore, section 300 of the New Code was not applicable and there was no bar against their fresh prosecution for the same offence.
The respondents challenged this Order by preferring a revision application to the High Court. This revision application was allowed and the High Court held that though tho Order passed by the Sessions Judge directed that the respondents be 'dii!Charge<l', the legal effect ot this order was to bring about the acquittal of the respondents since the withdrawal from tho prosecution was made after the charge had been framed and the respondents hav- ing been acquitted under that Order, the bar of section 300 of the New Code Tra~ attracted and the respondents were not liable to be prosecuted again for the same offence.
This order made by the High Court is challenged in the present appeal preferred by the State with ~pceiaI leave obtained from this Court. It may be pointed out that before the High Court it was contended on behalf of the State that the earlier case before the Session~ Judge, viz., Sessions Oase No. 5 of 1974, was governed by the provisioss of the new Code and, therefore, in view of section 228 of the new Code, it was the obligation of the Sessions Judge to frame a charge before proceeding with the trial and since the withdrawal from the prOliecution was effected before the framing of such charge by the Sessions Judge, the order passed by the Sessions Judge amounted to an order d. di~ charge and not of acquittal.
This contention was, however, no1 pr~sccf at the hearing of the appeal before us and it was conceded, and in our opinion rightly, that the earlier case before the Sessions Judge was governed by the provisions of the old Code and the new Cods h.ad n.- application to it.
Section 484 of the new Code clearly provide3 that where a trial is pending immediately before the commencement of the new Code, it shall be proceeded with in accordance with the provisions of the old Code as if the new Code were not in force.
Here in ihe present case the Judicial Magistrate had already made an order of_ KARNATAKA v. K. H. ANNEGOWDA (Bhagwati, ].) eommittal on 15th March, 1974 and pursuant to that order, the records of the case had reached the Court of the Sessions Judge on 23rd March, 1974.
The case was, therefore, already before the Court of Sessions prior to 1st April, 1974 and it was pending before that court for trial en 1st April, 1974 when the new Code c~me into force.
It is _imma- terial as to when the case was actually registered and a number given to it Since the case was pending for trial before the Sessions Court iln 1st April, 1974, it was liable to be tried in accordance with the
provisions of the old Code and it was for this reason that the applic~ tion for withdrawal from the prosecution was also made by the Publ!c Prosecutor under section 494 of the old Code and not under the
eorresponding provision of the new Code. Section 494 of the old Code provides that any Public Prosecutor may, with the co~sent of t~e Court, in cases tried by jury before the return of the verdict and m other cases, before the judgment is pronounced, withdraw from the prosecution of any person either generally or in respect of any one or more of the offences for which he is tried and the section then goes on to add that :
"upon such withdrawal,- ( a) if it is made before a charge has been framed, the accused shall be discharged (in respect of such offence or offences) ; (b) if it is made after a charge has been framed or
when under this Code no charge is required he shall be acquitted in respect of such _offence or offences) . " The withdrawal from the prosecution in the present case having been made 1Jnder this section, it is clear that if it was made before a
charge was framed, the respondents would be discharged but if it was made a charge had been framed, the consequence would be that the responden~ would be acquitted. It, therefore, becomes material to inquire whether at the date when the withdrawal from the prosecutio:i was made, a charge had been framed against the respondents or not. Whether the order of the Sessions Judge granting consent to the with- drawal from the prosecution amounted to an order of discharge or acquittal would depend upon the answer to this question.
It may l::e pointed out that it is of no consequence that the Sessions Judge directed the respondents to be 'discharged' because if the legal effect of the order was to acquit the respondents, then the incorrect use of the
expression 'discharged' by the Sessions Judge would not alter the legal position and convert the order of acquittal into one of dischari:e. Now, in order to determine whether the.withdrawal from the pro:e- cution was made before the framing of the charge or after, it is neces- sary to notice the scheme of the relevant provisions of the old Code. Sessi0ns Case No. 5 of 1974 in which the witfidrawal was made was committed to the Sessions Court by the Judicial Magistra·e under the provisions of Chapter XVIII of the old Code. The proceed:ng before the Judicial Magistrate was instituted on a police report and the learned Magistrate, therefore, followed the procedure specified in secfon 207 A. This section lays down a special procedure to be adopted in ~roceed ings instituted on police report with a view to expeditious disposal of criminal cases.
Sub-section ( 1) provides that the Magistrate, on c: c receipt of the report forwarded under section 173, shall fix a date for the purpose of holding an enquiry and sub-section (2) empowers the Magistrate to issue process for compelling the attendance or any witness or the production of any document.
The Magistrate is required by sub-section (3) to satisfy himself at the commencement of the enquiry that the documents referred in section 173 have been furnished to the accused. Sub-section ( 4) then requires the Magistrate to proceed to take the evidence of such persons as may be produced by the prose- cution as witnesses fo the actual commission of the offence and also empowers the Magistrate to take the evidence of any other witness for the prosecution if he thinks it necessary to do so in the interest of
justice. The accused is given liberty under sub-section (5) to cross-examine the witnesses examined under sub-section ( 4) and sub- section (6) provides that the Magistrate shall, if necessary, examine the accused for the purpose of enabling him to explain any circumstance appearing in the evidence against him and there-after give to the prose- cution and the accused an opportunity of being heard. If the Magistrate, at the end of this procedure, feels that there is no ground for committing the accused for trial, be is bound to discharge the accused under sub- section ( 6).
But where "upon such evidence being taken, such documents being considered, such examination (if any) being made and the prosecution and the accused being given an opportumty of rcing heard," the Magistrate forms an opinion that the accused should re committed for trial, sub-section (7) provides that the Magistrate shall frame a charge under his hand declaring with what offence· the accused is charged.
Sub-section (8) then requires the Magistrate to rc;"l and explain the charge to the accused and to give a copy thereof to him free of cost. Sub-section (9) provides that the accused shall
lh~n be required to give in at once, orally or in writing, a list of the persons, if any, whom he wishes to be summoned to give evidence at the trial and when the accused on being required to give the !'st under ··ub-secti.on (9) declines to do so, or gives such list, the Magistrate is empowered under sub-section ( 10) to make an order committing the ;1 ::::used for trial by the Court of Session.
It will thus be seen that, according to this procedure, the Magistrate is required to frame a charge and to read and explain it to the aceused before making an order of committal and the accused is in fact committed to stand his trial before the Court of Session on the charge so framed.
This was the procedure followed by the Judicial Magistrate in the present case and in accor- dance with it, the Judicial Magistrate framed. a charge against the res- pondents and committed them for trial to the Court of Session on this charge.
The procedure to be followed by the Sessions Court when an accus- ed is committed to it for trial is laid down in Chapter XXII of the old Code. Section 271 provides that when the court is ready to com-
mence trial. the accused shall appear or be brought before it and the charge shall be read out and explained to him and he shall be asked whether he is guilty of the offence charged or claims to be tried. That
is the first step to be taken by the Sessions Court in relation to the case committed to it for trial. Now, obviously, the charge that is re- quired to be read out and expl~i~ed to th~ accused is the char~e that has been framed by the Co1111mttrng Magistrate under sub-section (7) KARNATAKA v. K. H. ANNEGOWDA (Bhagwati, !.)
of section 207 A. There is no provision in Chapter XXIII which re- quires the Sessions Court to frame a charge before proceeding with the trial of the accused. That is plainly unnecessary because a charge is
already framed by the Magistrate when he commits the accused for trial to the Sessions Court and that is the charge on which the Sessions Court is to try the accused. Of course, the Sessions Court is given
an overriding power under section 226 that when it finds that an accus- ed i~ committed for trial without a charge or the charge is imperfect or erroneous, it may frame a charge or add to or otherwise alter the
charge, as the case may be, havling regard to the rules contained in the old Code as to the framing of charges. But this is only an enabling power to frame a charge where, for some reason or the other, no charge has been framed by the committing Magistrate or to correct a charge where the charge is imperfect or erroneous.
It does not say that in every case the Court of Session shall frame a new charge before procee- ding with the trial. On the contrary, it clearly postulates that ordina- rily there would be a charge framed by the committing Magistrate and it is an that charge that the accused would be tried, unless the Court of Session finds it necessary to alter or amend the charge.
It is interest- illg to compare the procedure under the new Code where there is no provision for framing a charge by the committing magistrate and it is only when the Court of Session to which tlie case is committed finds, after considering the record of the case and the documents submitted therewith and after heating the submissions of the accused and the
prosecution, that there is ground for presuming that the accused has committed an offence which is exclusively triable by the Court of Session, that it is required by section 220 of the new Code to frame a charge against the accused.
The charge against the accused under the proce- dure prescribed in the new Code is to be framed for the first time by the Court of Session while according to the procedure prescribed under the old Code, the charge is framed by the committing Magistrate and the Court of Session is merely given the power to alter or amend the charge, if it thinks necessary to do so.
It is, therefore, clear that when the Court of Session commences the trial of an accused, there is already before it a charge framed by the committing Magistrate and it is that charge, unless altered or amended under section 226, that is
required to be read out and explained to the accused apd on which the plea of the accused is required to be taken. It must follow inevitably as a necessary corollary from this proposition that when the prosecu- tion against an accused who has been committed for trial is allowed to be withdrawn by the Court of Session under section 494, the withdrawal of the prosecution would be after the framing of the charge against the accused and it must result in the acquittal of the accused mi.der clause (b) of that section.
We find that this view which we are taking has prevailed with the Madras High Court si_gce the last about eight or nine decades. The Madras High Court held as far back as 1888 in Queen-Empress v. Sivarama (1) that where an accused is comrnitted to stand his trial be- fore a court of session on a charge and the prosecution is withdrawn by (I) 12 Mad. 35.
c J!I [1977] 2 S.C.ll. the public prosecutor with the consent of the court of session under section 494, the accused is entitled to be acquitted and not merely di~ charged. The same view was reiterated by the Madras High Court i•
In re Velayudha Mudali('). We are in agreement with the view taken in these two decisions of the Madras High Court. We accordingly affirm the decision of the High Court holding th!l.t by reason of the Order dated 29th June, 1974 passed by the Sessioas Judge granting consent to the withdrawal from the prosecution in the earlier case, the respondents were acquitted and in view of section 300 of the new Code, they were not liable to be tried again for the same offence and dismiss the appeal
P.B.R. Appeal dismissed. (I) A.I .R 1949 Mad. 50&.