Paragraph numbers below are the court’s original numbering, recovered from the source text.
STATE OF KERALA v. V. PADMANABHAN NAIR JULY 14, 1999 [K.T. THOMAS AND M.B. SHAH, JJ.] Indian Penal code, 1860/ Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947/Criminal Procedure Code, 1973: Sections 406, 409, 201 109 read with 120-B/Section 5(2)/Section 197-Respondent employed in the Public Works Department- C Defrauded Government by misappropriating steel rods in conspiracy with others-Arraigned before the Special Judge after three years of retirement alongwith others-Sought discharge on the grounfi of want of prior sanction under Section 197 Cr. P. C.-Contention overruled-Respondent challenged the order in revision-Revision allowed-High Court quashed the criminal D proceedings on the ground of want of prior sanction under Section 197- 0rder of the High Court appealed against-Held-Accused ceased· to be a public servant before ta'king of cognizance of the offence by the Court- Immunity on the ground of want of prior sanction cannot be claimed for offence under Section 5(2) of the Prevention. of Corruption Act-Sections 406 and 409 I.P.C. are cognate offences-When offence under Section 406 E l.P.C. is by a public servant, it escalates to an offence under Section 409 l.P.C.-No part of the duty of the public servant to enter into a criminal conspiracy for committing criminal breach of trust-Prior sanction under Section 197 Cr.P.C. not required in case of offen~es under the both sections.
The respondent, an Executive Engineer with the Public Works Department had conspired with four other accused for defrauding the Government by misappropriating steel rods worth Rs. 1,26,000. After about three years of his retirement from Government service, the respondent alongwith some other persons was arraigned before a Special Judge for an offence under Section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and G Sections 406, 409, 201 read with Sections 109 and 120-B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. On being chargesfteeted for the above offences, the respondent filed a petition before Special Judge for his discharge on the ground that no prior sanction, as contemplated under Section 197 Cr.P.C. had been obtained. The Special Judge, overruling the contention of the respondent, held that no sanction under Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code was required H to proceed against the respondent under the provisions of Act. The order of STATEOFKERALAv. V.P. NAIR
the Special Judge was challenged in revision. The High Court alloweci the revision on the ground that even though sanction is no bar to a prosecution under Section 409 read with Section 120- B of the Penal Code, in the instant case sanction was necessary in view of the charge under Section 406 also of the Penal Code against the respondent. Hence, this appeal.
The respondent contended that for prosecution under Sections 406 and 409 read with Section 120-B of the Penal Code and under Section 5(2) of the Act, it was necessary to obtain prior sanction under Section 197 Cr.P.C. Allowing the appeal, this Court
HELD :
1. An accused facing prosecution under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 cannot claim any immunity on the ground of want of sanction, if he ceased to be a public servant on the date when the Court took cognizance of the said offence. The High Court was at any rate wrong in quashing the prosecution proceedings in so far as they related to offences under the Act. [868-B]
2. Sections 406 and 409 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 are cognate offences in which the common component is criminal breach of trust. When c the offender in the offence under Section 406 is a public servant (or holding any one of the positions listed in the section) the offence would escalate to Section 409 of the Penal Code when this Court has held that in regard to E the offence under Section 409 read with Section 120-B of the Penal Code it is no part of the duty of the public servant to enter into a criminal conspiracy for committing criminal breach of trust then in case of an offence under Section 406 read,with Section 120-B of the Penal code also there is no difference vis-a-vis Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. F [868-H; 869-A]
3. Neither every offence committed by a public servant nor even every act -done by him while he is actually engaged in the performance of his official duties requires sanction for prosecution under Section 197 Cr.P.C. [868-DJ G
Kalicharan Mahapatra v. State of Orissa, [1998) 6 SCC 411; Harihar Prasad v. State of Bihar, [1972) 3 SCC 89, relied on. Srikantiah Ramayya Munnipal/i v. State of Bombay, AIR (1995) SC 287; Amrik Singh v. State of Pepsu, AIR (1955) SC 309; S.A. Venkataraman v. State, [1958] SCR 1040 and C.R. Bansi v. State of Maharashtra, [1970) 3 H A sec 537, referred to.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Crirtlinal Appeal No. 632of1999. From the Judgment and Order dated 25.9.98 of the Kerala High tourt B in Crl.R.P. No. 421of1993. P. Vipin Nair and K.M.K. Nair for the Appellant.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by THOMAS, J. Leave granted. In July 1989, respondent retired from Government service as Superintending Engineer of the P.W.D. under the government ofKerala. About three years thereafter he was arraigned along with certain other persons before a Special Judge for offence under Section 5(2) of the Prevention of D Corruption Act 1947 (for short 'the P.C. Act') and Sections 406,40?, 201 read with Sections 120-B and 109 of the Indian Penal Code. A learned Singie Judge of the High Court of Kerala quashed the criminal proceedings against the respondent for want of sanction under Section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (for short 'the code'). State of Kerala, aggrieved by the said order of the High Court, has come up with this appeal by special leave. The case against the respondent, in short, is that while he was working as Executive Engineer at the Moovattupuzha Valley Irrigation Project Division, he joined himself into a criminal conspiracy with four other accused for defrauding the Government by misappropriating about 600 tonnes of steel rods (costing Rs. 1,26,000). When respondent was charge-sheeted for the aforesaid offences, he appeared before the Special Judge's Court and filed a petition to discharge him on the ground that no prior sanction, as contemplated . in Section 197 of the Code, has been obtained. Respondent, however, conceded before the Special Judge that no previous sanction is necessary under Section 6 of the P.C. Act 1947. But the Special Judge overruled his contention and G held that "there is no necessary at all to obtain a sanction under Section 197 of the Code to proceed against the petitioner under the provisions of the P.C. Act 1947."
As the matter was taken up before the High Court the decision of this Court in Harihar Prasad v. State of Bihar, [1972] 3 SCC 89 was cited before H the learned Single Judge, who heard the matter. It was held in the said ….
STATE OF KERALA v. V.P. NAIR [THOMAS, J.] decision that : "as far as the offence of criminal conspiracy punishable under Section 120-B, read with Section 409 of the Penal Code is concerned and also Section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act are concerned, they cannot be said to be of the nature mentioned in Section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It is no part of the Code of Criminal B Procedure. It is no part of the duty of a public servant, while discharging his official duties, to enter into a criminal conspiracy or to indulge in criminal misconduct. Want of sanction under Section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is, therefore, no bar to a prosecution under Section 120-B, read with Section 409 of the Penal Code." Learned Single Judge tried to distinguish the said decision by observing thus:
c "But here he is charged under Section 406 and 409 also which relate to criminal breach of trust by a public servant. Therefore,. s~nctfon is necessary to prosecute the petitioner (respondent}."
In S.A. Venkatarman v. State, [1958] SCR [1940] and in CR. Bansi v. State of Maharashtra, [1970] 3 SCC 537 this Court has held that : "There is nothing in the words used in Section 6(1) to even remotely suggest that previous sanction was necessary before a court could E take cognizance of the offences mentioned therein in the case of a person who had ceased to be a public servant at the time the Court was asked to take cognizance, although he had been such a person at the time the offence was committed."
When the newly worded section appeared in the Code (Section 197) . with the words "when any person who is or was a public servant" (as against the truncated expression in the corresponding provision of the old Code of Criminal Procedure 1898) a contention was raised before this Court in Kalicharan Mahapatra v. State of Orissa, [ 1998] 6 SCC 411 that the legal position must be treated as changed even in regard to offences under the P.C. G Act also. The said contention was, however, repelled by this Court in Kalichar@_!fahapatra (cited supra) wherein a two Judge Bench has held thus :
"A public servant who committed an offence mentioned in the Act, while he was a public servant, can be prosecuted with the sanction H contemplated in Section 19 of the Act if he continues to be a public servant when the court takes cognizance of the offence. But if he ceases to be a public servant by that time, the Court can take cognizance of the offence without any such sanction."
The correct legal position, therefore, is that an accused facing prosecution ' B for offences under the P.C. Act cannot claim any immunity on the ground of want of sanction, if he ceased to be a public servant on the date when the court took cognizance of the said offences. So the High Court was at any rate wrong in quashing the prosecution proceedings in so far as they related to offences under the P.C. Act.
c That apart, the contention of the respondent that for offences under Sections 406 and 409 read with Section 120-B of the IPC sanction under Section 197 of the Code is a condition precedent for launching the prosecution is equally fallacious. This Court has stated the correct legal position in Shreekantiah Ramayya Munnipa/li v. State of Bombay, AIR (1955) SC 287 D and also Amrik Singh v. State of Pepsu, AIR (l 955) SC 309 that it is not every offence committed by a public servant which requires sanction for prosecution under Section 197 of the Code, nor even every act done by him while he is actually engaged in the performance of his official duties. Following the above legal position it was held in Harihar Prasad (supra) as follows : "As far as the offence of criminal conspiracy punishable under Section 120-B, read with Section 409 Indian Penal Code is concerned and also Section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, are concerned they cannot be said to be of the nature mentioned in Section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. To put it shortly, it is no part of the duty of a public servant, while discharging his official duties, to enter into a criminal conspiracy or to indulge in criminal misconduct. Want of sanction under Section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is,· therefore, no bar."
Learned Single Judge of the High Court declined to follow the aforesaid G legal position in the present case on the sole premise that the offence under Section 406 of the IPC has also been fastened against the accused besides Section 409 of the IPC. We are unable to discern the rationale in the distinguishment. Sections 406 and 409 of the IPC are cognate offences in which the common component is criminal breach of trust. When the offender in the offence under Section 406 is a public servant (or holding any one of H the positions listed in the section) the offence would escalate to Section 409 STATE OF KERALA v. V.P. NAIR [THOMAS, J.]
of the Penal Code. When this Court held that in regard to the offence under A Section 409 of the IPC read with Section 120-B it is no part of the duty of the public servant to enter into a criminal conspiracy for committing breach of trust, we find no sense in stating that if the offence is under Section 406 read with Section 120-B IPC it would make all the difference vis-a-vis Section 197 of the Code.
For the aforesaid reasons, we have no doubt that the High Court has committed a grave error in quashing the prosecution proceedings. The case against the respondent has to go to trial in accordance with law. Accordingly, we allow this appeal and set aside the judgment of the High Court and direct the Special Judge concerned to proceed with the trial.
RC.K. Appeal allowed.