c STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH v. SHOBHARAM AND ORS. April 22, 1966 [A. K. SA/RKAR, C.J., M. HIDAYATULLAH, J. R. MUDHOLKAR, R. S. BACHAWAT AND J. M. SHELAT, JJ.) Madhyabharat Panchayat Jl.ct (58 of 1949), s. 63-If violates Art. 22 of the Constitution.
Constitution of India, 1950, Art. 22(1)-Right of accused to be de· fended by counsel-If ensures in cases when accused cannot be sen- tenced to imprisonment. The respondents were arrested by the police for the offence of trespass and were released on bail. They were tried and sentenced to pay a fine by the Nyaya Panchayat, a court established under the Madhya Bharat Panchayat Act, 1949, with powers to impose only a sentence of fine. The conviction was set aside by the High Court on the ground that s. 63 of the Act, which provides that no legal practi- tioner shall appear on behalf of any party in a proceeding before the Nyaya Panchayat, violated Art. 22(1) of the Constitution and was therefore void.
HELD: (Per Sarkar C.J., and Mudholkar, J.): The High Court was in error in setting aside the conviction. Under Art. 22(1) a person arrested has the constitutional right to consult a legal practitioner concerning his arrest; and, a person who has been arrested as well as one who, though not arrested runs the risk of loss of personal liberty as a result of a trial, have the consti- tutional right to be defended by an advocate of their choice. But in a trial under a law which does not provide for an order resulting in the Joos of his personal liberty, he is not entitled to the constitutional rtght. because, the Article is concerned only with giving protection to personal liberty. [241 H-242 C. 244 B-C].
The Act does not give any power to deprive any one of his per- sonal liberty either by way of arrest before the trial or by way of sentence of imorisonment as a result of the trial; nor does it deprive an arrested person of his constitutional right to take steps against the arrest or to defend himself at a trial which might occasion the loss of his personal liberty. The fact that the resoondents were arrested under another statute, namely, the Criminal Procedure Code can- not make either the section or the Act void. [242 G-H; 243 C-D; 244 D-E]
' … l State of Bombay v. Atma Ram Sridhar Vaidya, [19511 S.C.R. 167. 204. followed. QUAERE: Whether resnondents were not entitled to the consti- tutional right because, at the trial they were on bail. [244 E] Per Bachawat and She lat JJ.: Section 63 of the Act is violative of Art. 22(1) and is void to the extent that it denies any person who is arrested the right to be defended bv a legal practitioner of his choice in any trial for the crime for which he is arrested. but, the order of the High Court, quashing the conviction, should be set !l. :P.
3T.A.TE v. eo11HAI1ill (Sarkar, O.J.) Ul B. Sen and /. N. Shroff, for the appellant. B. D. Sharma, for the respondents. A. V. Rangam, for Intervener No. I. V. A. Seyid Muhammad, Advocate-General, Kerala, B. R. L.
Iyengar, A. G. Pudessery and M. R. K. K. Pillai fur Intervene!! No. 2. B. R. G. K. Achar, for intervener No. 3 The Judgment of SARKAR C.J. and MUDHOLKAR J. was delivered by SARKAR C.J. The Judgment of BACHAWAT and. SHELAT J J. was delivered by BA CHAW AT J. HIDAYATULLAH J. delivered a dissenting Opinion.
Sarkar, C.J. On a complaint of trespass the police registered a case against the respondents under s. 447 of the Penal Code. The respondents were later arrested by the police and released on the execution of surety bonds whereby the sureties undertook to pro- duce them as required by the police. The case against the respon- dents was thereafter put up before the Nyaya Panchayat, a court established under the Madhya Bharat Panchayat Act, 1949. In that court, fresh bonds were executed by sureties on behalf of the respondents to ensure their presence during the trial. The Nyaya Panchayat, after trial, convicted and sentenced the respondents to a fine of Rs. 75 each. The conviction was upheld by the Additional Sessions Judge, Barwani. The respondents then moved the High Court of Madhya Pradesh in revision which set aside the convic- tion. Hence the present appeal.
Section 63 of the Panchayat Act provides that no legal prac- titioner sh~ll appear on behalf of or shall plead for or defend any party in any dispute, case or proceeding pending before the Nyaya Panchayat. The High Court observed that in view of the provisions of Art. 22(1) of the Constitution, the section was void in respect of persons who were arrested.
As the respondents had been arrested, it set aside their conviction. The question in this appeal is, whether the section violated Art. 22(1). That provision has to be considered along with Art. 21 of the Constitution and both are set out below:
"Art. 21. No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure estab- lished by law. Art. 22(1). No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as
may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice." It seems to us fairly clear that a person arrested has the constitutional right to consult a legal practitioner concerning U2
SUPllllMll OOUBT REPOllT~ (19a6] SUPP, 8.U.R, his arrest. It is also clear that a person arrested has the consti· tutional right to be defended by a legal practitioner. But, against what is he to be defended? We think that the right to be defended by a legal practitioner would include a right to take steps through a legal practitioner for release from the arrest. Now, s. 63 of the Act puts no ban on either of these rights. It cannot be said to be invalid as denying these rights. We may add that the Act is not concerned with arrest and gives no power to arrest.
But, is the right to be defended by a legal practitioner con- ferred only on a person arrested? We do not think so. In our opinion, the right to be defended by a legal practitioner extends also to a case of defence in a trial which may result in the loss of personal liberty. On the other hand, in our view, where a C person is subjected to a trial under a law which does not provide for an order resulting in the loss of bis personal liberty, he is not entitled to the constitutional right to defend himself at the trial by a legal practitioner. The reason is that Arts. 21 and 22 of the Constitution are concerned only with giving protection to personal liberty. That is strongly indicated by the language used in these Articles and by the context in which they occur in the Constitution. That also appears to be the view which has been taken by this Court. Thus in State of Bombay v. Atma Ram
Sridhar Vaidya(') Das. J. (as he then was) observed: " ……… the implication of that article (Art. 21) was that a person could be deprived of his life or per- sonal liberty provided such deprivation was brought
about in accordance with procedure enacted by the ap- propriate Legislature. Having so provided in article 21, the framers of our Constitution proceeded to lay down certain procedural requirements which, as a matter of
constitutional necessity, must be adopted and included in any procedure that may be enacted by the Legislature and in accordance with which a person may be deprived of his life or personal liberty. Those requirements arc set forth in article 22 of the Constitution."
It would follow that the requirement laid down in Art. 22(1) is not a constitutional necessity in any enactment which does not affect life or personal liberty. Now we find that the Act expressly provides that the Nyaya Panchayat cannot inflict a sentence of imprisonment, not even one jn default of payment of fine which it is authorised to im- pose. We also find that the Act does not give any power of arrest. The case against the respondents was one in which in the first instance a summons and not a war.ant could issue and therefore no arrest was inevitably necessary. The arrest. if any that could (') [1961] S.C.R. 187, ~.
M. P. STA'fE SOBJIARAM (Sarkar, O.J.) be made if a warrant came to be issued, would have been under the Code of Criminal Procedure and not the Panchayat Act. The Act, does not lay down any procedure or law entailing or justify- ing an order depriving a person of his personal liberty. For such a law, the procedural requirement in Art. 22(1) is not a constitu- tional necessity. The Act does not violate Art. 22(1) and cannot be held to be invalid on that ground.
It is true that in this case the respondents had been arrested but they had been arrested not under the Act but under s. 54(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the offence being cognizable. A cognizable offence when tried by any of the courts created by the Code is punishable with imprisonment.
But the Code by s. 340 entitles an accused person to be defended by a lawyer. We are however not concerned in this case with a trial by a court created by the Code. The question in this appeal is, whether the Panchayat Act is invalid. The Act does not deprive any arrested person of his constitutional right to take steps against the arrest or to defend himself in a trial which might occasion the loss of his personal liberty. It takes away no constitutional right at all. Can the fact that the respondents were arrested under an-
other law and thereafter tried under the Act give them the con- stitutional right to be defended at the trial by a legal practitioner? We do not think so. We think it clear that it cannot be said tha,t the fact of arrest gives the arrested man the constitutional right to defend himself in all actions brought against him.
Take the case of these respondents. Suppose that after the arrest an action was started against them for recovery of damages for wrongful trespass. Could they say that in view of Art. 22(1) they had a constitutional right to appear by a legal practitioner in that action? Could they say that if the law under which the trial was held denied the right to be represented by a legal practitioner, it was invalid as offending Art. 22(1)? We suppose the answer must plainly be in the negative. It wonld follow that it is not the fact of the arrest itself that gives the right to be defended by a law- yer in all matters.
We may put the matter from a different point of view. Assume a case in which a law creating an offence provides that on conviction a person shall be sentenced to a certain term of imprisonment but states that it shall not be necessary to arrest the person accused of that offence before he is put up for his trial. We should suppose that in such a case the person would be entitled to the constitutional right of being defended at the trial by a legal practitioner and any provision that denies that right to him would be void as violating Art. 22(1).
We think this would be in consonance with the decision of this Court in Atma Ram Sridhar Vaidya's case('). We do not think that the Constitu- (') [1951] S.C.R. 167. iUPRKMB COURT:RBPORTS
[1966] 8Ul'P. B.C.R. lion could have intended that a person who ran the risk of loss of personal liberty as a result of a trial. would not have the right to defend himself by a legal practitioner at the trial because he had not been arrested. There would be no principle to support such a view. Likewise, we do not think that the Constitution makers intended that a person arrested would have the right to be defended by a legal practitioner at a trial which would not result in the deprivation of bis personal liberty.
He, of course, bad the right to seek relief against the arrest through a legal practitioner. We would interpret the words "nor shall he" in Art. 22 as not being confined to a person who has been presently arrested but also as including a person who though not arrested runs the risk of loss of personal liberty. It seems to us that we would thereby be carrying out the spirit of the Constitution. The question before us is, whether the Nyaya Panchayat Act c
is void as offending Art. 22(1) because it contains s. 63. In our view, it is not void because it does not give any power to deprive anyone of his personal liberty either by way of arrest before the trial or by way of a sentence of imprisonment as a result of the trial. It would appear that the High Court took the same view when it said that the section was void "in the case of persons arrested". In our opinion, the High Court was in error. The validity of an Act cannot depend on the facts of a case but on its terms. The fact that the respondents were arrested under an- other statute, cannot, in our opinion, make the Act void.
A question was mooted at the Bar that since at the trial the respondents were not under arrest having been released on exe- cution of bonds, they were no longer entitled to the constitutional right conferred by Art. 22(1). As at present advised, we arc not inclined to accede to this view. We consider it unnecessary to pursue this matter further in the present case.
For the reasons earlier stated, in our view, the Act is per- fectly valid. No question therefore arises of the conviction being r bad on the ground that the Act was invalid. In our view, the High Court was in error in setting aside the conviction.
We would, therefore, allow the appeal, set aside the judg- ment of the High Court and restore that of the courts below it. Hidayatullab, J. In my opinion this appeal should fail. The short question in this appeal is whether s. 63 of the
Madhya Bharat Panchayat Act is inapplicable to criminal trials owing to its inconsistency with Art. 22(1) of the Constitution. The Panchayat Act was passed on June I7, 1949 and under its provi- sions the Nyaya Panchayats are empowered to try certain offences including the offence of criminal trespass punishable under s. 447, B Indian Penal Code. The Act, however, places a limitation on the powers of these courts by enactilli that they can impose a sentence c
lil llO:. !'. iTATlil •• SOBHAIIAM (Hidayatullah, J.) 2'1l of fine but not imprisonment. The respondents were arrested by the Police without a warrant from a Magistrate, for an alleged offence under s. 447, Indian Penal Code and were released on bail. After investigation the case was sent for trial before the Nyaya Pancha· yat, Barwani. Fresh bail bonds were obtained from them by the Nyaya Panchayat. The respondents were fined Rs. 75 each, but no sentence of imprisonment in lieu of fine was imposed on them. The respondents were not defended by a lawyer at the trial pre- sumably because of s. 63 of the Act which reads:
"No legal practitioner shall appear on behalf of or shall plead for or defend any party in any dispute, case or proceedings pending before the Nyaya Panchayat". The respondents filed an application for revision before the Additional Sessions Judge, Barwani but were unsuccessful. They then filed a second application for revision in the High Court of Madhya Pradesh and inter alia contended that the trial was vitiated because they were deprived of their right to be defended by counsel guaranteed under Art. 22(1) of the Constitution. They also sub- mitted that s. 63 of the Act was rendered void by reason of Art. 13 in view of its inconsistency with this guaranteed right. A learned single Judge of the High Court referred the second point for con- sideration by a larger Bench but the Divisional Court declined to consider it because, in its opinion. the decision of this Court in the State of Punjab v. Ajaib Singh and Anr.(') had distinctly laid down that Art. 22(1) was not applicable to persons held in custody or bail under an order of a court and, therefore, the point did not arise for decision. The case was remitted to the learned single Judge who, by the order under appeal, July 9, 1964 allowed the application for revision holding that the trial was vitiated as the respondents were deprived of their fundamental right to be defended by a counsel of their choice. He accordingly set aside their conviction but did not record an acquittal. The question thus arises whether s. 63 of the Panchayat Act (in the setting of the powers of the Nyaya Panchayat) can be said to offend Art. 22(1) and for that reas~n to be void in so far as it takes away the right of a person who ts arrested to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice in a trial before the Nyaya Panchayat.
My brother Bachawat has held the section to be inapplicable to cr~inal trials before the Panchayat courts. He has, however, set aside the order of the High Court on the ground that the respondents did not seek to exercise their right at the trial and cannot, therefore, be said to have been deprived of it. I agree with him on the first point but in view of the importance of the question which affects some other statutes and involves a very valuable right, I consider it necessary to express my views upon it. (') [11153] S.Cl.L\. zu,
iUPREllE OOURT REPORTS {1966] BUPP. B.C.R. Article 22 is in Part III of the Constitution in a sub-chapter headed "Right to Freedom''. It is one of three articles immediately following Art. 19. Under Art. 19 certain fundamental rights are protected subject to restrictions which may be imposed on those rights by law. Those restrictions are specified in relation to each of the guaranteed right in the article itself. We are not concerned with the rights or the restrictions because they do not touch the B present matter.
Article 20 which comes next consists of three clauses which are somewhat inadequately described by the margi- nal note "Protection in respect of conviction for offences''. The first clause gives protection against retroactive penal laws, the second against double jeopardy and the third against testimonial compulsion. We are again not concerned with any of these rights. The next article is a general declaration relating to protection of 0 life and personal liberty. It reads:
"21. Protection of life and personal liberty. No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law." It will be noticed that there is no mention here of any particular D l11w, nor of the articles that follow. Article 22, with which we arc concerned, deals with several matters which arc compendiously described in the marginal note as "Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases''. It consists of seven clauses of which els. (4) to (7) deal with preventive detention and the special re- quirements of such cases. They need not be considered here. Clause (3) excludes the operation of the first two clauses in respect of B alien enemies and persons detained under any law providing for preventive detention. They do not touch our case.
This leaves els. (!) and (2) which may be quoted here: "22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. (!) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as
may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice. (2) Every person who is arrested and detained in
custody shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court
of the magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period with- out the authority of a magistrate. M. P. ST.1.Tl!l v. BOBHAl\Alll (Hidayatullah, J.)
Articles 21 and 22 in a sense go together but, in my opinion, they cannot be treated as interrelated or interdependent. Article 21 prohibits arbitrary deprivation of life and personal liberty by lay- ing down that these two possessions can only be taken away in accordance with procedure established by law.
No authority in India (legislative, executive or judicial) can deprive a person of his life or personal liberty unless it can justify its action under a pro- cedure established by law. Article 21 does not indicate what that law must be nor does Art. 22 say this. Article 22, no doubt, advances in a way the purpose of Art. 21, when it specifies some guaranteed rights available to persons arrested or detained and lays down the manner in which persons detained preventively must be dealt with. But the force of the declaration in Art. 21 is much greater than that because it makes law as the sole basis of State action to deprive a person of his life and personal liberty. We are not concerned in this case with arbitrary deprivation of life and personal liberty. The respondents were considered to have committed an offence of criminal trespass and were arrested anJ tried by procedure established by law. The only defect in that proceJure was that they were unable to get assistance of counsel because of a provision of law which they claim to be void by reason of Art. 22(1). I proceed to examine the question.
Article 22(1) is in two parts and it gives to persons arrested a two-fold protection. The first is that an arrested person shall not be detained in custody without being told the grounds of such an arrest and the other is that he shall be entitled to consult and to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice. Art. 22(2) gives a third protection and it is that every person arrested and detained in custody must be produced before the nearest Magistrate within 24 hours excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the Magistrate. In Ajaib Singh's case(') it was held that by "arrest" in the article is meant physical restraint put on a person as a result of an allegation or accusation that he has committed a crime or an offence of a quasi-criminal nature or that he has acted in a manner which is prejudicial to the State or public interest. It was further held that as arrests under warrants issued by courts almost always indicate the reasons for the arrest and require the person executing the warrant to produce the person arrested before the court, such arrests are outside Art. 22(1) and (2). It was thus held that the article was designed to give protection against the act of the executive or other non-judicial authority. That case arose under the Abducted Persons (Recovery and Restoration) Act 1949 (65 of 1949) under which persons abducted from Pakistan were rescued. Such persons were taken in custody and delivered to the custody of an officer-in-charge of a camp for the purpose of return to Pakistan. In deciding that this (') (1953] 8.C.R. 254.
L}S5SOI-l8 ·~48 [19eei 8UP?. 8.c.it. was not the kind of arrest contemplated by Art. 22 the court examined what meaning could be given to the word arrest. But the Bench guarded itself by obstrving as follow~: –
" …….. .It is not, however, our purpose, nor do we consider it desirable, to attempt a precise and meticulous enunciation of the scope and ambit of this fundamentul right or to enumerate exhaustively the cases that come
within its protection ………………… ". The case cannot be treated as naving laid down the law finally or exhaustively. Similarly, in State of Uttar Prades/1 v. Abdul Sammad and Anr.(') involving arrest and deportation of a person it was held by majority that it was not necessary to produce such a per- son before the Magistrate If he was produced before the High 0 Court and the High Court remitted the person back to the same custody. Mr. Justice Subba Rao dissented with this view. Abdul Samad's case(') was also not exhaustive because the majority observed:
"In view of the very limited question before us we do not feel called upon to deal with the scope of Art. 22{1) 22(2) or of the two claUIC!S read together in relation to the taking into custody of a person for the purpose of exe-
cuting a lawful order of deportation ……… " I consider that there is room for further deliberation on the point. I do not see how wo can differentiate between arrests of different kinds. Arrest is arrest, whatever the reru;on. In so far as the first part of Art. 22(1) is concerned it enacts a very simple safeguard for persons arrested, It merely says that an arrested person must be told the grounds of his arrest In other words. a person's personal liberty cannot be curtailed by arrest without in- forming him, as 110on Bll is possible, why he is arrested. Where
. the arre~t is by warrant, the warrant it~lf must lell him, where it is by an order, the order must tell him and where there is no warrant or order the person making the arrest must give that in- fonnation. However the arrest is made, this mu5t be done and tllat is all that the first part of Art. 22(1) lays down. I find nothing in Art. 22(1) to limit this n1quirement to arrests of nny particular kind. A warrant of a court and an ordet of any authority mns~ show on their face the reason for arrest. Where there i~ no such warrant or order, the per91>n making the arrest must inform the person the ree10n of his arrest. In other words, Art. 22(1) means what it says in its first patt.
· _.,._ I now come to the latter p~rt of Art. 22(1). Here again, the language is extremely clear. The words "nor shall he be denied th~ right to consult. and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice" refer to a person who is arrested. This is the sense of the B (') [162] Bupp. 3 B.C.R. 915.
M. P. 81'ATE v. BOBHARAll (Hidayatullah, J.) matter and the grammatical construction of the words. It is con- tended by Mr. B. Sen that the article only affords a person to get released from arrest and the word 'defended' means that the person who is arrested ha.s a right to consult a legal practitioner of his choice and to take his aid to get out of the arrest. He con- tends that if a person has already been released on bail either by ' '.
the authority making the arrest or by an order of the court. the v purpose of the article is served and occasion for the exercise of the guaranteed right is over. He argued, therefore, that in the present case the section cannot be characterized as unconstitutional because the respondents were not under arrest during their trial and they were not in danger of losing their personal liberty in any r.
way since the Nyaya Panchayat had no power to impose a sentence of imprisonment. I do not agree. As I have stated already a person who is arrested gets three rights which are guaranteed. The first is that he must be told why he is arrested. This requirement cannot be dispensed with by taking bail from him. The need to tell him why he is arrested, remains still. The next is that the person arrested must not be detained in custody more than 24 hours without being produced before a Magistrate. This requirement is dispensed with when the person arrested is admitted to bail. Otherwise it remains. The third is that he gets a right to consult and to be defended by a legal practitioner ·1
of his .choice. This is, of course, so while the arrest continues but there are no words to show that the right is lost no sooner than he is released on bail. The word 'defended' clearly includes the exercise of the right so long as the effect of the arrest continues. Before his release on bail the person defends himself against his arrest and the charge for which he is arrested and after his release on bail, against the charge he is to answer and, for answering which, the bail requires him to remain present. The narrow meaning of the word "defended" cannot be accepted.
The framers of ouf Constitution must have been aware of the long struggle that took, place in .England before the right to be represented by counsel and to be told the grounds of arrest was established. No doubt the Crown was then concerned with traitors and other Jaw-breakers. and in a desire to. put them down denied them these privileges: The system then was inquisitorial as against the accusatorial which we have adopted. Although the trial was open (which was better than the continental trial behind doors), defence as late as 1640 meant in the words of Sir Thomas Smith('), a mixture of formality and informality which consisted of an alter- cation between the accused and the prosecutor and his witness. The prisoner was not told what .charge he had to meet because he was not informed why he was arrested. and no copy of the indictment was handed to him('). He was closely questioned by the examining (1) De Republica Anglorum Bk. II o. 23 quoted by Holdsworth, Hiatory Q/ 11'tgli6k f.11w V""ol. IX, p. 225.
(1) Stephen: History of Oriminal Law Vol. l, pp. 325, 330-31. L;85SC!-18(a) St:PREl\11!. COURT RF.l'ORTS [ IB66) RUPP. B.O.R Magistrate and then by the Judge at the trial and the prosecuting counsel. Thus it was that Throckmorton, as an accused, was first subjected to lengthy cross-examination and had to argue even points of law in which at least he got the better of the Judge and the King's counsel and secured a verdict of not guilty from the jury. It is, of course, a matter of history, which is well-known, that the jury were themselves punished('). Sir Walter Raleigh was also denied assistance of counsel and was cross-examined by Popham CJ. without being \\·arned or confronted with witnesses whose statements were used against him('). Colledge had legal advice but he fared no better because at the trial his papers containing instruc- tions for his defence were taken away from him on the ground· that this would be tantamount to getting assistance from
counsel('). By an Act of 1695 only persons accused of high treason were given assistance of counsel and by 6 and 7 William IV. c. 114 (in the year 18371 the Prisoners' Counsel Act gave persons accused of felony the right to be defended by counsel. This history of English law makes it clear that lhe right to be defended by counsel and to be informed lhe reason for arrest is not an empty declara· tion coming to an end with release on bail.
Nearer to our times we have the example of the United States of America. Right to counsel is considered so fundamental to a criminal trial that the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that there was a mistrial when Clarence Gideon could not afford a counsel and the State <lid not furnish one to him. Clarence Gideon was not charged with anything more serious than "the crime of breaking and entering with the intent to commit a mis· demeanour, to wit, petty larceny". In the American Constitution there is no provision that an accused has a right to counsel but the Supreme Court stretched the due process clause to cover such a case. It is significant that at the retrial. with counsel. Gideon was acquitted of the charge on which he was first convicted.
No doubt this was considered by the Supreme Court of America from the point of legal aid to persons accused of crime and our laws view legal aid differently. Under our jurisdiction providing counsel to an accused who cannot afford one (except in capital cases\ is not a right. Our law in respect of legal aid is similar lo that declared by the Lord Chief Justice of England ir Reg. v. Howes(') who pointed out that the right to be defended by counsel is (in all save murder and treason cases) one ultimately for the discretion of the court to confer or deny.
—————· c p (') I 8t•te Tr;a) 8;2.R9~. 1'1 [1603] 2 S.T. I. 4- (') SST. 549-51\3. North C.J. after e:1am?t1ing thf' p&J>f'fr< Ht.id : "for that whirb eontninR the nom~ of the witn~. that you ha.-re &~flin for other rna.ttem, the instru1·tin:1 .. in point of law, if they had l:>N-n wr;U('n in th,. fir -t J>f!fMO, in your own n11me, thl\.t wn mill'.ht believe it wr.e yo11r writing, it would bar,. liNm something; hut when it i" wriU.fln in tho &eco•\d pnr1on, you ~bould do PO llnd l'Q, bv which it n.ppe.ar:.i to br- written by another person, it i!!' an ill prt!oednnt t permit :<•:ch t.hing&; that wero iog:\·eyou OO!!D&el in Ml indif"&('t way, whic-h tho law 7hll1o you U(•t 1tif'l'lelly". ibid p. 6R5.
i'I [191\4] I W.J,,R. 576. c lil M. P. STATE v. SOBHARAM (Hidayatullah, J.) As we are not concerned with legal aid I need· not say more but it is at least clear that when our Constitution lays down in absolute terms a right to be defended by one's own counsel, it cannot be taken away by ordinary law and it is not sufficient to say that the accused who was so deprived of this right, did not stand in danger of losing his personal liberty. If he was exposed to penalty, he had a right to be defended by counsel. If this were not so then instead of providing for punishment of imprisonment, penal laws might provide for unlimited fines and it would be easy to leave the man free but a pauper, and that too without a right to be defended by counsel('). If this proposition were accepted as true we might be in the Middle Ages.
The Criminal Procedure Code allows the right to be defended by counsel but that is not a guaranteed right. The framers of the Constitution have well-thought of this right and by including the prescription in the Constitution have put it beyond the power of any authority to alter it without the Constitution being altered. A law which provides differently must necessarily be obnoxious to the guarantee of the Constitution. There is nothing in the words of the Constitution which permits any authority to alter this condi- tion even on grounds of public interest as is the case with the guaranteed rights in Art. 19. Nor can we by a niggling argument lessen the force of the declaration so explicit in its terms or whittle down its meaning by a specious attempt at supposed harmony between rights which are not interdependent.
There are three rights and each stands by itself. The first is the right to be told the reason of the arrest as soon as an arrest is made, the second is the right to be produced before a Magistrate within twenty-four hours and the third is the right to be defended by a lawyer of one's choice. In addition there is the declaration that no person shall be deprived of his personal liberty except by procedure established by law. The declaration is general and insists on legality of the action. The rights given by Art. 22(1) and (2) are absolute in themselves and do not depend on other laws. There is no force in the submission that if there is only a punishment of fine and there is no danger to personal liberty the protection of Art. 22(1) is not available. Personal liberty is invaded by arrest and continues to be restrained during the period a person is on bail and it matters not whether there is or is not a possibility of imprison- ment. A person arrested and put on his defence agai.nst a criminal charge, which may result in penalty, is entitled to the right to defend himself with the aid of counsel and any law that takes away this right offends against the Constitution. In my judgment, therefore, s. 63 of the Panchayat Act being inconsistent with Art. 22(1) be- 'came void on the inauguraton Qf the Constitution in so far as i~ took away the right of an arrested person to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice.
(') [1964] IW.L.R. 576. SUPREMR COURT REPORTS [1966] SUPP. s.o.R. My brother Bachawat has reached the same conclusion but has reversed the order of the High Court and restored the convic- tion and penalty on the ground that no request was made at the trial for permission to be defended by courisel. I find it difficult to accept this result. It is true that the contention raised· in the High Court has the appearance of an after-thought because no com- plaint was made before the Sessions Judge. But it is nevertheless a question of a fundamental right. Since a request to bring in counsel would have been doomed to failure. I feel I should not hold that the respondents go by default. As this objection is taken in the criminal case itself, albeit at a late stage, and not by a belated collateral proceeding, I would allow the High Court order to stand. After all the prosecution will be free to start the case again. if it is so desired. and the accused will have the opportunity to defend themselves with the assistance of counsel if they so care. I would, therefore, dismiss the appeal.
Bachawat, J. On or about November JS, 1962, on receipt of c· a first information report charging ihe respondents with an offence under s. 447 of the Indian Penal Code, the Station Officer, Bar- wani registered the offence and arrested the respondents. The arrests were made without warrants issued by a magistrate. Subse- quently, the respondents were released by the Station Officer on execution of bail bonds with sureties for appearance in the Court of Nyaya Panchaya.t, Barwani and other courts. On November 20, 1962, the Station. Officer submitted to the Nyaya Panchayat, Bar, wani a charge-sheet against all the respondents. On the same day, the respondents appeared before the Nyaya Panchayat, and execut- ed fresh bonds with sureties for appearance before the Nyaya Pan- chayat. The case was heard on several days, and on January 31. 1963, the Nyaya Pancbayat convicted all the respondents under s. 447 and sentenced each of them to pay a fine of Rs. 751-. On April 9, 1963, the Additional Sessions Judge, Barwani dismissed a revi- sion application filed by the respondents. The respondents filed a revision petition before the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, Indore Bench, and contended for the first time that s. 63 of the Madhya Bharat Panchayat Act, 1949 is violative of Art. 22(1) of the Con- stitution and their trials and convictions were illegal. The High Court accepted these contentions, and by its order dated July 9, 1964 declared that s. 63 is void to the extent that it denied the res- pondents the right to be defended by a legal practitioner. of their G, choice in the trial before the Nyaya Panchayat, quashed the convic- tions and sentences and directed that they be dealt with in accord- ance with law. The State of Madhya Pradesh now appeals to this Court on a certificate granted by the High Court.
Mr. B. Sen appeared on behalf of the appellant. Mr. Sharma. who was appointed as amicus curiae by an order of this Court, argued the case of the respondents. In view of the constitutional c
_,,_ M. P. STATE v. SOBIUBAM (Bachawat, J.) questions raised in this case, notices were issued to the Advocates- General of .all the States. Mr. Jengar appeared on behalf of the Ad- vocate-General of Kerala, and he stated that there was no provision similar to s. 63 of the Madhya Bharat Panchayat Act in the State of Kerala. Mr. Rangam appeared on beh;i.lf of the Advocate- General of Madras, and he drew our attention to s. 76(5) of the Madras Village Courts Act (Act I of 1887).
The Madhya Bharat Panchayat Act was passed on June 17, 1949. By s. 75 of the Act, the Nyaya Panchayat is empowered to try certain offences committed within its jurisdiction including offences under s. 447. The Nyaya Panchayat has power to impose a fine not exceeding Rs. 100 /-, but it has no power to inflict a sub- stantive sentence of imprisonment nor a sentence of imprisonment in default of payment of fine. Section 79 provides that if at any time it appears to the Nyaya Panchayat (a) that it has no jurisdiction to try any case before it or (b) that the offence is one for which it cannot award adequate punishment or (c) that the complaint is such or that it is so complicated that it should be tried by a Court of Justice, the Nyaya Panchayat shall ~tum the complaint to tt.< complainant directing him to file it before a Sub-U1V1s1onal Mag- istrate having jurisdiction to try the case. By. s. 89, the decision of the Nyaya Panchayat in its criminal jurisdiction is final and not appealable except that it is subject to revision by the Sessions Judge. Section 8.7 provides that subject to .\be provisions of s. 63. any party may appear before a Nyaya Pancha,yat by a duly authorised 1. presentative. Section 63 prov)des:
"No legal practitioner shall appear on bebalf of or shall plead for or defend any party in any dispute. case or proceedings pending before the Nyaya Pane.hay.at." The question is whether this section infringH Art .. 22 of the Constitution. The second part of Art. 22(1) reads:
"nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice." Mr. Sen submitted that "he" means a person who is arrested and detained, and as the respondents were not detained at the time of the trial before the Nyaya Panchayat, the constitutional guarantee is not available to them. Alternatively, he submitted that "he" means "any parson". He argued that in the case of The SttJte of Punjllb v. Ajaib Singh and another('), this Court has restricted the constitutional guarantee embodied in the first part of Art. 22(1) to persons arrested otherwise than under a warrant issued by a Court, and he submitted that this restricted interpretation should not be given to the second part, the two parts should be read independent- ly of each other and the protection of the second part should be extended to all persons. But he also submitted that m the context of Art. 21 the right given by the second part of cl. (!) of Art. 22 (') (1953] S.C.R. 154.
8UPRl!llE COURT REPORTS [1966] SUPP. s.r.R. should be limited to trials in which any person is deprived of his life or personal liberty or is in jeopardy of being so deprived. He point- ed out that the Nyaya Panchayat has no power to inflict a sentence of imprisonment an~ he, therefore, submitted that the constitu- tional guarantee embodied in the second part of Art. 22(1) did not apply to a trial before a Nyaya Panchayat. It will thus appe;1r that Mr. Sen asked us on the one hand to give a liberal interpretation to the second part of Art. 22(1) by applying it to all persons, whe- ther arrested or not and whether arrested under or without a war- rant issued by a Court, and, on the other hand, he asked us to give it a restricted interpretation by limiting its operation to a trial in which the accused is in jeopardy of being deprived of life or liberty. Mr. Iengar submitted that "he" means "any person who is arrested". He argued that the second part of Art. 22(1) is an injunctiQJl on the arresting and detaining authority not to prevent consultation and defence by a legal practitioner, and it gives no right to be defended at a trial. Mr. Rangam adopted the arguments of Mr. lengar. Mr. Sharma submitted that "he" means any person who is arrested and -1-.
that any person who is arrested has the right to be defended at the trial for the offence for which he is arrested. Our duty is to lL~ten to the clear words of the Constitution, understand its message and then interpret it. Article 22(1) reads: "No person who is arrested shall be detained in cus-
tody without being informed, as soon as may be. of the grounds f,… such arrest .. .. .. .. . Every person is prima facie entitled to his personal liberty. If any person is arrested, he is entitled to know forthwith why he is being deprived of his liberty, so that he may take immediate steps to regain his freedom. Article 22(1) then continues:
"nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice." 'F Who is this "he" in the second part of Art. 22(1)'! The pronoun "he" must refer to the last antecedent. "lie" therefore means "any 'F
person who is arrested''. He has the right to consu!t his lawyer and to be defended by him, so that he may guard himself against the accusation for which he is arrested. Both parts of cl. (!) of Art. 22 thus come into play as soon as any person is arrested. Clause (2) of Art. 22 then goes on to give every person who is arrested and detained the right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours and the right to freedom from detention beyond the said period
without the authority of a magistrate. Das. J., therefore, observed in A. K. Gapa/an v. The State('): "Clauses (I) and (2) of article 22 lay down the pro· cedure that has to be followed when a man is arrested.
They ensure four things: (a) right to be informed regard· ('> [I969J s.c.R. ss, 326. I ….. c M. P. SO'ATR v. S»BHARAM (Bachawat, J.) ~55 ing grounds of arrest, (b) right to consult, and to be de- fended by, a legal practitioner of his choice, (c) right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours and (d)
freedom from detention beyond the said period except by order of the magistrate." Clauses (I) and (2) of Art. 22 safeguard the rights of the per- son arrested. The arrest of any person on a criminal charge is a step in an intended criminal proceeding against him. Save where the magistrate dispenses with his personal attendance and permits him to appear by a pleader, the first step in a criminal proceeding is to bring the accused before the magistrate. The trial before the magistrate proceeds "when the accused appears or is brought be- fore him." The attendance of the accused before the magistrate is secured by summons or by arrest under or without a warrant. Upon arrest, he may either be released on bail or be remanded into cus- tody. If he is released on bail, the bail bond ensures his attendance at the trial. Summonses, warrants, arrests without warrant and bail bonds are all machinery for securing the attend;ince of the accused before the Court.
The arrest of the accused on a criminal charge has thus an intimate connection with his eventual trial on the charge. It is at the trial in the criminal Court that the accused defends or is de- fended by counsel. Section 340 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, therefore, provides that any person accused of any offence before a criminal Court may, of right, be defended by a pleader. In this background, the right of defence by a legal practitioner given by Art. 22(1) must extend to defence in a trial in a criminal Court. Article 21 guarantees that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Article 22 guarantees the minimum rights which any person who is arrested shall enjoy. In support of his contention that the right of defence of the arrested person given by cl. (I) of Art. 22 should be restricted to trial of offences in which the accusect is in jeopardy of being deprived of his life or liberty, Mr. Sen relied upon the observations of Das, J. in State of Bombay v. Atma Rani Sr dhar Vaidya(') that Art. 22 sets forth certain procedural require- ments which, as a matter of constitutional necessity, must be adopt- ed and included in any procedure that may be enacted by the leg- islature and in accordance with which a person may be deprived of his life or personal liberty. He also relied upon the following ob- servations of Das, J. in A. K. Gopalan v. The State(') at p. 325 "Clauses (I) and (2) of Article 22 lay down the procedure that has to be followed when a man is arrested." For the purp0ses of this case, let us give these observations their full effect. When any per- son is arrested, he is deprived of his liberty, the procedure lltid down in cl. (I) of Art. 22 must then be followed, and he must be allowed the right to be defended by counsel of his choice. No (') (1951] S.O.R. 167, 2'4.
[1950] S.O.R. SS. iUPRllKK OOURT RIPORTS [1966] SUl'P. R.C.R. law which permits deprivation of his personal liberty by arrest can A deny him this right. Why should this right be limited to a trial in which he may be sentenced to death or to a term of imprisonment? Why should this right be denied to him in a trial in which he is in jeopardy of being convicted and sentenced to a heavy fine? The clear words of Art. 22 furnish no basis for this limitation. On trus brnnch of his argument, Mr. Sen submitted that "he" in the second B part of cl. (I) shCYUld be read us "any person" in order that this part of cl. (I) may not suffer from the Testricted interpretation of "arrest" given in Ajaib Singh's <:Me('). It ~ impossible to accept this argu· men!. The narrow interpretation of the expression "arrest" given in that case is not a ground for giving an unrnitural meaning to the expression "he". The e<1ntext of cl. (I) suggests that "he" refers to any pers(l'll who is arrested. But let us assume that it is possible to give a more liberal interpretation to "he" nncl the operation of the second part of the clause should be extended to "any person''. Even on this view, we find no warrant for giving a restricted interpreta· tion to the second part of the clause by reference to Art. 21 and for saying that the right to be defended by counsel is limited to a trial in which the arrested person is in jeopardy of being sentenced to death or to a term of imprisonment.
It has been suggested that the right of defence by counsel given by Art. 22(1) does not extend to a tria.! of an offence before the Nyaya Panchayat because the Madhya Bharat P<tnchayat Act, 1949 does not authorise any arrest and, as a mattCT of fact. the respondents were arrested by the police in the exercise of its powers under s. 54 of the Code of Crhninal Procedure. We are unable to accept this suggestion. Suppose a statute sets up a special criminal Court for tbe trial of certain oienees, and it gives no power to the police to arrest any person. Nevertheless. the police has under its general powers under the Code of Criminal Procedure authority to arrest any person concerned in any cognisaole offence. If in the ex· ercise of these powers the police arrests some person on the accu· sation of a crime for which he is liable to be tried before the special p criminal Court, the arrested peraon has the constitutional right to be defended by oouruel at the trial before the special criminal Court in respect of the offence for which be was arrested. It bas also been suggested that the trial of an offeflllC before the Nyaya Panchay.tt u akia to an action for recovery of money and as an arrested person has no constitutional right to be defended by coWlS81 in the action for recovery of money, so also.he has no such right in a trial of an offenee before the Nyaya P&ndlayat. We are unab(e to accept this line of reasoning. A person anested on the accusation of a crime bas the constitutional right to be defended by counael at a subse- q11ent trial of the crime for which he is arrested. He cannot. there- fore, claim this right in a su'9equent aelion agaimt him for re- covery of money, but he can claim this right in a subsequent trt.1 of H the offence before the Nyaya 12ncbayat
(I) [19e3] R.O.R. !M. Jl M.P. STATE v . .SOBHARAM (lk1t:hawat, J.) :l57 As· soon as the respondents were arrested without warrants issued by a Court, they acquired the rights guaranteed by cl. (1) of Art. 22. It is true that they were subsequently released on bail and at the time ·of the trial ·before the Nyaya Panchayat they were not being detained. But the right attaching to them on their arrest conti' nued though they were not under detention at the time of the trial. The right was not lost because they were released on bail. The respondents were arrested otherwise than under a warrant issued by a Court on the accusation that they had committed crimes. Their arrests, therefore, satisfy the test laid down in Ajaib Singh's case('), and are within the purview of cl. (I) of Art. 22. We express no opinion on the question whether the test of an arrest c
laid down in that case is exhaustive. We may now briefly notice a few decisions under other Pan- chayat Acts. In Lal Bachan Singh v. Suraj Bali('), the Allahabad High Court held that a provision of the U. P. Panchayat Raj Act (26. of.1947) under which no counsel was permitted to appear in the Court of the Panchayati Adalat did not infringe any right of an accused who had not been arrested. In Gurdial Singh v. The State('), the Punjab High Court held that a provision of the Punjab Gram Panchayat Act (4 of 1953) under which the accused was not allowed to be defended by counsel of his cho'ce did not infringe any right under Art. 22. In Digambar Aruk v. Nanda Aruk('), the Orissa High Court held that no right1 of the accused was infringed by s. 94 of the Orissa Gram Panchayat Act (15 of 1948). which prohibited any legal practitioner from appearing before an Adalti Panchayat, having power to award a sentence of imprisonment in lieu of fine. The reports of the two last cases do not set out full facts. Presumably, in both cases the accused were not arrested at all, and if so, there could be no infringement of any right under Art. 22. We do not apprcve of these decisions if and so far as they might have held that the right of an arrested person to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice before the Panchayati Adalat was not infringed by the provisions precluding such defence. We, therefore, hold that s. 63 of the Madhya Bharat Pan-
chayat Act, 1949 is violative of Art. 22(1) and is void to the ex- tent it denies any person who is arrested the right to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice in any trial of the crime for which he is arrested.
Most of the safeguards embodied in els. (!) and (2) of Art. 22 are to be found in the Code of Criminal Procedure. But the Con- . stitution makes the fundamental change that the rights guaranteed by els. (!) and (2) of Art. 22 are no longer at the mercy of the legis- lature. No legislature can enact a law which is repugnant to the (') [1953] S.C.R. 254.
1•) A.LR. 1925 All 924. I') A.LR. 1957 Punjab. 149. ( 4) A.T.R, 195i Orissa. 281. SUPREME COURT RF.PORTS [1966] BUPP. 8.!.'.H. Constitution. A pre-Constitution law which is inconsistent with the provisions of Art. 22 is, to the extent of such inconsistency, void. The next question is whether the trial and convictions were illegal. During the trial, the respondents never claimed that they should be defended by counsel. Had they wanted the assistance of counsel, the Nyaya Panchayat might have under s. 79(c) returned the complaint for being filed before a magistrate. They were happy and content to be tried before the Nyaya Panchayat without the assistance of counsel. There was no occasion for enforcing the pre- visions of s. 63 against them. Even if s. 63 were repealed or struck down before the trial, they would not have engaged any counsel for their defence. The existence of s. 63 on the statute book did not cause them any prejudice. In the circumstances, the High Court ought not to have quashed the trial and convictions.
In the result. we declare that s. 63 of the Madhya Bharat Pan- chayat Act is violative of Art. 22(1) of the Constitution, and is void to the extent that it denies any person who is arrested, the right to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice in any trial of the crime for which he is arrested. Subject to this declaration, the appeal is allowed, the order of the High Court is set aside and the convictions and sentences passed by the Nyaya Panchayat. Bar- wani are restored.
ORDER In view of the majority, the Appeal is allowed, the judgment of the High Court is set aside and that of the Courts below is restored. l ,)I