c STATE OF U.P. v. SHAMBHU NATH SINGH AND ORS. MARCH 29. 2001 [K.T. THOMAS AND RP. SETHI, JJ.] Criminal Trial : Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 : Section 309-Witnesses-Examination of-Delay in-Witness examined but not cross-examined-Case adjourned to different days but witness still not cross-examined-Ultimately case posted to a particular day and witness was absent-Trial court closed the prosecution evidence and acquitted the ac- cused-Correctness of-Held: Miscarriage of justice has resulted due to trial court's failure to comply with the mandate of the Code-Order of acquittal set aside-Trial court directed to proceed with the furtherexaminazion of prosecu- tion witnesses and dispose of the case in acconlance with law. Criminal proceedings-Witness-Examination of-Requirement of Cr.P.C.-Held : Once examination of witnesses has started, trial has to be continued on a day-to-day basis-Proceedings to be adjourned only if there are special reasons-Inconvenience of Advocate is not a "special ~ason ". Worru and Phrases :
"Special reasons"-Meaning of-In the context ofS. 309 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The respondents-accused were charged for offences under Sections 302 and 307 read with Section 149 of the Penal Code, 1860. PW-1 was examined but his cross-examination was not completed. The case was adjourned to different days and, although PW-1 turned up on those days, yet he was not cross-examined due to one reason or the other. Ultimately the case stood posted for a particular day but PW-1 was not present and the trial court closed the prosecution evidence and acquitted the respond- ents-accused. The appellant-Stale moved the High Court seeking leave lo · _,
STATE v. S.N. SINGH appeal, which was refused. Hence this appeal. Disposing of the appeal, the Court HELD : 1. 1f a witness is present in court he must be examined on that day. The court must know that most of the witnesses could attend the court only at heavy cost to them, after keeping aside their own avocation. Certainly they incur suffering and loss of income. The meagre amount of Bhatia (allowance), which a witness may be paid by the court, is generally a poor solace for the financial loss incurred by him. It is a sad plight in the trial courts that witnesses who are called through summons or other processes stand at the doorstep from morning till evening only to he told at the end of the day that the case is adjourned to another day. This primitive practice must be reformed by the presiding officers of the trial courts and it can be reformed by every one provided the presiding officer concerned has a commitment to duty. No sadistic pleasure in seeing how other per- sons summoned by him as witnesses are stranded on ace· uni of the dimen- sion of his judicial powers can be a persuading factor for granting such adjournments lavishly, that too in a casual manner. [859-D-E] 2.1. Once examination of witnesses has started the court has to continue the trial from day-to-day until all witnesses in attendance have been examined (except those whom the party bas given up). The court has to record reasons for deviating from the said course. Even that is forbid- den when witnesses are present in court, as the requirement then is that the court has to examine them. Only if there are "special reasons'', which reasons should find a place in the order for adjournment that alone can confer jurisdiction on the court to adjourn the case without examination of witnesses who are present in court. [861-B-C]
2.2. Often such adjournments are granted to suit the convenience of the advocate concerned. It is made clear that the legislature has frowned at granting adjournments on that ground. At any rate inconvenience of an advocate is not a ''special reason" for bypassing the mandate of Section 309 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. [861-E]
3. If any court finds that the day-to-day examination of witnesses mandated by the legislature cannot be complied with due to the non co- operation of accused or his counsel the court can adopt any of the meas- ures indicated in Section 309(2) of the Code i.e. remanding the accused to c
c custody or imposing cost on the party who wants such adjournments (the cost most he commensurate with the loss suffered by the witnesses, includ- ing the expenses to attend the court). Another option is, when the accused is absent and the witness is present to be examined, the court can cancel his bail, if he is on bail. (861-F]
Rajdeo Shanna v. State of Bihar, (1998] 7 SCC 507 and Rajdeo Shanna (ll) v. State of Bihar, (1999] 7 SCC 604, relied on .. 4.1. In this case a miscarriage of justice has occasioned due to the failure of the trial court to comply with the mandatory directions con- tained in the Code. Criminal justice cannot be allowed to be defeated solely on account ofinaction or lapses of the coortin adhering to the mandates of law. (863-D]
4.2. The order,of the trial court is set aside. The trial court is directed to proceed with the further examination of PW-1 and examination of other witnesses to whom the court should issue process if so requested by the prosecution. [863-F]
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 392 of 2001. From the Judgment and Order dated 7 .1.2000 of the Allahabad High Court in G.A. No. 808 of 1996. T.N. Singh and Pramod Swamp for the Appellant.
Vijay Bahuguna, Anil K. Chopra and Ram Ekbal Roy for the Respond- ents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by THOMAS, J. Leave granted. Witnesses tremble on getting summons from courts, in India, not because they fear examination or cross-examination in courts but because of the fear that they might not be examined at all for several days and on all such days they would be nailed to the precincts of the courts awaiting their chance of being examined. The witnesses, perforce, keep aside their avocation and go to the courts and wait and wait for hours to be told at the end of the STATE v. S.N. SINGH [THOMAS, J.]
day to come again and wait and wait like that. This is the infelicitous scenario in many of the courts in India so far as witnesses are concerned. It is high time that trial courts should regard witnesses as guests invited (through summons) for helping such courts with their testimony for rnaching judicial findings. But the malady is that the predicament of the witnesses is worse than the litigants themselves. This case demonstrates the agony and ordeal suffered by witnesses who attended a Sessions Court on several days and yet they were not examined in full. The party who succeeded in dodging examination of such witnesses finally enjoyed the benefit when the Sessions Court acquitted them for want of evidence. The only casualty in the aforesaid process is criminal justice.
This appeal by special leave is by the State of U.P. against the order of acquittal of the respondents and also against the order of a Division Bench of the High Court of Allahabad refusing to grant leave to appeal against acquittal. How the situation reached can be narrated now after referring to c
the facts of the case summarily. Nine persons were arraigned before a Sessions Comt to face the charges of murder, attempt to murder and rioting etc. Those nine persons are the respondents in this appeal. The trial judge included Sections 302 and 307 read with Section 149 of the !PC among other offences in the charge framed against the respondents. The allegations, inter alia, are that the respondents formed themselves into an unlawful assembly at about 8 P.M. on 22.6.1982 and armed with the deadly weapons including firearms, they cansed the murder of one Ram Bachan and serions injuries to some other persons.
Prosecution cited Jiyawoo, Paras and Indresh Singh as eye witnesses and offered to examine them and other witnesses to prove the charge against the respondents. We are told that Jiyawoo was examined as PW-1, but his cross-examination was not completed on the same day. Hence, the trial court adjourned the case to some other day and then to some other day and like that to so many days. According to the learned cmmsel for the appellant State, PW-I Jiyawoo had appeared in court on 9th and 15th of November 1994, 8th December 1994, and then on 12th January, 7th February, 24th June, 25th August and 25th September of 1995. In spite of the fact that the witness turned upon on those days he was not cross-examined due to one reason or the other for which the witness is not at fault. Copy of the proceeding papers submitted before us showed that one or the other accused was absent on most of those days and the cross-examination of PW-I could not be undertaken for that reason. The Public Prosecutor in the trial court filed an application on 11.7.1995 for adopting punitive action against the accused for the dilatory tactics and the Sessions Court posted the case to 25th August, 1995 with a c
warning to the accused that no further adjournment would be given for cross- examination of PW-I. But the presiding officer happened to be on leave on 25th August, 1995 and hence the case was posted to 25th September, 1995. Though PW-I was present on that day also he was not examined. Ultimately tl1e case stood posted on 4.1.1996. But on that day PW-I happened to be absent and an application for adjournment was presented on his behalf. The trial judge dismissed the said application and closed the prosecution evidence and pronounced the judgment on 9.1.1996 acquitting the accused for want of evidence.
It is pertinent to point out that the trial judge expressed misgivings about the police that they and the accused in the case would have colluded together for not producing evidence against the accused. Th.is is what the Sessions Judge has said on that score:
"A perusal of the file in the present case shows that the said matter is pending before the sessions court since 1991 and five years have passed while the prosecution side have been given 45 dates for producing evidence but the prosecution has still failed to lead any evidence, whereas the prosecution side had filed the list of 34 witnesses in the court. It is regretted and it appears to be a handiwork of the police administration and it can be safely derived thereof that the police and the prosecution side have colluded with the defence side, and therefore they have not produced any witness in the court .. The conduct of the police (at police station Autraulia) has put a question mark on the performance of the police."
After the order of acquittal was passed the State moved the High Court seeking leave to appeal. A Division Bench of the High Court of Allahabad refused to grant leave to appeal, for which learned judges wrote only two sentences as under:
"Heard learned A.G.A. Perused the impugned judgment. We do not find any good ground for interference by this court in appeal. Leave to appeal is refused." t· STATE v. S.N. SINGH [THOMAS, J.]
If the Sessions Judge had succumbed to the collusive tactics of the parties in serious offences like murder by acquitting the accused on the ground of want of evidence in spite of witnesses being present on a large number of dates the public confidence in the efficacy of the administration of criminal justice would be further drained considerably. In the present case, when PW-I was examined in chief the court should have posted the case to the next working day for completion of cross-examination of that witness. What a pity when a Sessions Court was engaged in adjourning and again adjourning the case at long intervals in spite of the presence of eye witnesses willing to be examined fully. If the trial court thought it fit to close the evidence on a day when the witness could not be present, the accused would have had the last laugh.
We make it abundantly clear that if a witness is present in court he must be examined on that day. The court must know that most of the witnesses could attend the court only at heavy cost to them, after keeping aside their own avocation. Certainly they incur suffering and loss of income. The meagre amount of Bhatia (allowance) which a witness may be paid by the court is generally a poor solace for the financial loss incurred by him. It is a sad plight in the trial courts that witnesses who are called through summons or other processes stand at the doorstep from morning till evening only to be told at the end of the day that the case is adjourned to another day. This primitive practice must be reformed by presiding officers of the trial courts and it can be reformed by every one provided the presiding officer concerned has a commitment to duty. No sadistic pleasure in seeing how other p~rsons summoned by him as witnesses are stranded on account of the dimension of his judicial powers can be a persuading factor for granting such adjournments lavishly, that too in a casual manner.
Section 309 of t11e Code of Criminal Procedure (for short 'the Code') is the only provision which confers power on the trial court for granting adjournments in criminal proceedings. The conditions laid down by the legislature for granting such adjournments have been clearly incorporated in the section. It reads thus:
"309. Power to postpone or adjourn proceedings- (I) In every inquiry or trial, the proceedings shall be held as expeditiously as possible, and in particular, when the examination of witnesses has once begun, the same shall be continued from day to day until all the witnesses in attendance have been examined, unless the Court finds the adjourn- c
(200 I] 2 S.C.R. ment of the same beyond the following day to be necessary for reasons to be recorded. (2) If the Court, after taking cognizance of an offence, or commencement of trial, finds it necessary or advisable to postpone the commencement of, or adjourn, any inquiry or trial, it may, from time.to time, for reasons to be recorded, postpone or adjourn the same on such terms as it thinks fit, for such time as it considers reasonable, and may by a warrant remand the accused if in custody:
Provided that no Magistrate shall remand an accused person to custody under this section for a term exceeding fifteen days at a time. Provided further that when witnesses are in attendance, no adjournment or postponement shall be granted without examining them, except for special reasons to be recorded in writing. Provided also that no adjournment shall be granted for the purpose only of enabling the accused person to show cause against the sentence proposed to be imposed on him."
The first sub-section mandates on the trial courts that the proceedings shall be held expeditiously but the words "as expeditiously as possible" have provided some play at the joints and it is through such play that delay often creeps in the trials. Even so, the next limb of the sub-section sounded for a more vigorous stance to be adopted by the court at a further advanced stage of the lrial. That stage is when examination of witnesses begin. The legislature which diluted the vigour of the mandate contained in the initial limb of the sub-section by using the words "as er.peditiously as possible", has chosen to make the requirement for the next stage (when examination of witnesses has started) to be quite stem. Once the case reaches that stage the statutory command is that such examination "shall be continued from day to day until all the witnesses in attendance have been examined." The solitary exception to the said stringent rule is, if the court finds that adjournment "beyond the following day to be necessary" the same can be granted for which a condition is imposed on the court that reasons for the same should be recorded. Even this dilution has been taken away when witnesses are in attendance before the Court. In such situation the court is not given any power to adjourn the case except in the exlreme contingency for which the second proviso lo sub- section (2) has imposed another condition, "provided further that when STATE v. S.N. SINGH [THOMAS, J.]
witnesses are in attendance, no adjournment or postponement shall be granted without examining them, except for special reasons to be recorded m writing." (emphasis supplied) Thus, the legal position is that once examination of witnesses started the court has to continue the trial from day to day until all witnesses in attendance have been examined (except those whom the party has given up). The court has to record reasons for deviating from the said course. Even that is forbidden when witnesses are present in court, as the requirement then is that the court has to examine them. Only if there are "special reasons", which reasons should find a place in the order for adjournment, that alone can confer jurisdiction on the court to adjourn the case without examination of witnesses who are present in court.
Now, we are distressed to note that it is almost a common practice and regular occurrence that trial courts flout the said command with immunity. Even when witnesses are present cases are adjourned on far less serious reasons or even on flippant grounds. Adjournments are granted even in such situations on the mere asking for it. Quite often such adjournments are granted to suit the convenience of the advocate concerned. We make it clear that the legislature has frowned at granting adjournments on that ground. At any rate inconvenience of an advocate is not a "special reason" for bypassing the mandate of Section 309 of the Code.
If any court finds that the day to day examination of witnesses mandated by the legislature cannot be complied with due to the non co- operation of accused or his counsel the court can adopt any of the measures indicated in the sub-section i.e. remanding the accused to custody or imposing cost on the party who wants such adjournments (the cost must be commen- surate with the loss suffered by the witnesses, including the expenses to attend the court). Another option is, when the accused is absent and the witness is present to be examined, the court can cancel his bail, if he is on bail (unless an application is made on his behalf seeking permission for his counsel to proceed to examine the witnesses present even in his absence provided the accused gives an undertaking in writing that he would not dispute his identity as the particular accused in the case.
The time frame suggested by a three-Judge Bench of this court in_ Rajdeo Sharma v. Stale of Bihar, [1998] 7 SCC 507 is partly in consideration c of the legislative mandate contained in Section 309(1) of the Code. This is what the Bench said on that score:
"The Code of Criminal Procednre is comprehensive enongh to enable the Magistrate to close the prosecution if the prosecution is unable to produce its witnesses in spite of repeated opportunities. Section 309(1) Cr.P.C. supports the above view as it enjoins expeditious holding of the proceedings and continuous examination of witnesses from day to day. The section also provides for recording reasons for adjourning the case beyond the following day."
inRajdeo Sharma(//) v. State of Bihar, [1999] 7 SCC 604, this Court pointed out that the trial conrt cannot be permitted to flout the mandate of Parliament unless the court has very cogent and strong reasons and no court has permission to adjourn examination of witnesses who are in attendance beyond the next working day. A request has been made by this Court to all the High Courts to remind all the trial judges of the need to comply with Section 309 of the Code. The request is in the following terms: "We request every High Court to remind the trial judges through a circular, of the need to comply with Section 309 of the Code in letter and spirit. We also request the High Court concerned to take note of the conduct of any particular trial judge who violates the above legislative mandate and to adopt such administrative action against the delinquent judicial officer as the law permits."
We believe, hopefully, that the High Conrts would have issued the circular desired by the apex conrt as per the said judgment. If the insistence made by the Parliament through Section 309 of the Code can be adhered to by the trial courts there is every chance of the parties co-operating with the courts for achieving the desired objects and it would relieve the agony which 1-
witnesses summoned are now suffering on account of their non-examination Al for days. It is no justification to glide on any alibi by blaming the infrastructnre for skirting the legislative mandates embalmed in Section 309 of the Code. A judicious judicial officer who is cmmnitted to his work could manage with the existing infrastructure for complying with such legislative mandates. The precept in the old homily that a lazy workman always blames his tools, is the only answer to those indolent judicial officers who find fault with the defects in the system and the imperfections of the existing infrastructure for STATE v. S.N. SINGH [THOMAS, J.]
his tardiness in coping up with such directions. In some states a system is evolved for framing a schedule of consecu- tive working days for examination of witnesses in each sessions trial to be followed. Such schednle is fixed by the Court well in advance after ascer- taining the convenience of the counsel on both sides. Summons or process would then be handed over to the Public Prosecutor incharge of the case to cause them to be served on the witnesses. Once the schedule is so fixed and ·-"f
witnesses are summoned the trial invariably proceeds from day today. Titis is one melhod of complying with the mandates of the law. It is for the presiding officer of each court to chalk out any other methods, if any found better, for complying with the legal provisions contained in Section 309 of the Code. Of course, the High Court can monitor, supervise and give directions, on the administration side, regarding measures to conform to the legislative insistence contained in the above section.
We have no doubt that in this case a miscarriage of justice has occasioned due to the failure of lhe trial court to comply with the mandatory directions contained in the Code. Criminal justice cauuot be allowed to be defeated solely on account of inaction or lapses of the court in adhering to the mandates of law. When the State of UP moved lhe High Court of Allahabad, in this case, seeking leave to appeal, the above aspect should have been considered by the learned Judges and set right the grave miscarriage of justice occasioned on account of flouting the directions of law.
We, lherefore, allow this appeal and set aside the order of the acquittal passed by the trial court. We direct the trial court to proceed wilh the furlher examination of PW-I and examination of other witnesses to whom the court p
should issue process if so requested by lhe prosecution. (It is open to the prosecution to produce such witnesses without bothering the Court to issue summons to them). The case shall be disposed of after taking all the remaining steps, in accordance with law.
This appeal is disposed of in the above terms. V.S.S. Appeal disposed of.