8i4 STATE OF WEST BENGAL v. ADMINISTRATOR, HOWRAH MUNICIPALITY & ORS. December 14, 1971 (C. A. VAIDIALINGAM AND K. K. MATHEW, JJ.) Lilnitcuiun Act, 1963, s. 5-'Su:fficient cc.:use' and 'necessary stieps', '"'P'' of-Party acting on advice of legal adviser-If sufficient cause. In certain land acquisition references the District Judge passed an order in 1963 awarding compensation to be paid by the appellant to the first respondent.
Wi1en the first respondent levied execution the appel- lant filed objections on August 27, 1964, under s. 47, Civil Procedure Code, but the objection petitions were dismissed in January 1965. On
March 4, 1965, it was discovered that no appeal was filed against the .arder of the district judge awarding compensation. Thereafter the appel- lant took dilil!llnt and active steps to challenge the de~sion of the district judge. On the advice of the legal adviser an application under Art. 227 was filed on May 17, 1965 and on July 4. 1965 appeals were filed g.
against the decision of the district judge with an application under s. 5 ot' the Limitation Act, 1963, praying that the delay in filing the appeal may he excused. In that application after stating the above facts it was also overred that the delay was caused by the omission and neglect of the Government Pleader to advise the appellant.
The High Court held that the appellant had not sufficiently explained the delay during the period between August 27, 1964 ""d July 3, 1965 but gave no reasons for its conclusion. Allowing the appeal to this Court,
HELD : It is not possible to lay down precisely as to what facts or matters WGuld <Pnstitute 'sufficient cause' under s. 5 of the Limitation Act. But those words should be liberally construed so as to advance substantial justice when no negligence or any inaction ot want of bona fides is imputable tG a party; that is, th., delay in filing an appeal should not have been for reasons which indicate the party's negligence in not taking necessary steps which he could have or should have taken. · What would be such necessary steps will again depend upon the circumstances of a particular cµsc.
The High Court in the present case was .. certainly not bound to accept readily whatever has been stated on behalf of the State to explain the delay. But, it was the duty of the High Couh to
have scrutinised the reasons given by the State and considered ·\he same on merits. The circumstance that the appellant discovered that no appeal "·as filed only in March 1965 'and that thereafter diligent steps were taken by filing the application under Art. 227 and the appeal show that it is nor possible to impute to the appellant want of bonQ {ides or such inaction er negligence as would deprive them of the protection of s. 5 of the Limitation Act.
Even if filing the application Wldelr Art. 227 was not a proper step, if a party had acted in a partic!,ular manner on the wron~ advice given by his legal adviser be cannot be held guilty of negligence· so as to dissentitle him to plead 'sufficient cause' under s. 5 of the Limita.· tion Act. [883 B-D, H; 888 E-G; 889 B-C]
ff WEST BENGAL v. HOWP.AH )(UNIC. (Valdialingam, /.) 8 7 5 Rc.mlal, Motilal and Chhotelal v. Rewa Coalfields Ltd. [1962] 2 S.C.ll. 71>2, Slwk1mtala Devi Jain v. Kuntc./ K11mari & Ors. [1969]1 S.C.R. 1006, Rmn Narain Joshi v. Par111esln11ar Narain Maltta & Ors .. 30 I.A. 20 and Kunwar Rajendra Singh v. Rai Rc.jeshwar Bali & Ors., A.l.R. 1937 P.C. 27~. referred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTI0'.11 : Civil Appeals Nos. 821 to 823 of 1968. Appeals by special leave from the order dated, A11gust 18, 1966 of the. Calcutta High Court in Civil Rules Nos. 1827 (F) to 1S29(F) of 1966.
Jagadish Swarup, Solicitor-General of India, P. Chatterjee a1'd P. K. Chakravarti, for the appellant (in all the appeals). D. Mookherjee and S. C. Majumdar, for respondent No. 1 (in C.As. Nos. 821 and 823 of 1968).
D. N. Mukherjee and G. K. Deb, for respondents Nos. 2 to 4 (ia C.As. Nos. 821 a.nd 823 of 1968) and the respondents (in C.A. No. 882 of 1968). The Judgment of the_ Court was delivered by
Vaidialingam, J. These three appeals, by special leave, are directed against the comon judgment and order dated August Iii, 1966 of the Calcutta High Court dismissing Civil Rule Nos.
827(F) to 829(F) of 1966, which were applications filed by the. appellant under s. 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963, to excuse lhe delay in filing three appeals against the decision of the Addit;onal District Judge, Howrah. dated June 27, 1963,
in three Land Acquisition Reference Cases. In this judgment we are referring the ranks of the parties as in Civil Appeal No. 821 of 1968. The first respondent is the Howrah Municipality. The ~econd respondent had taken a lease of about 21 bighas 9 kolas of land from the first respondent and respon- dents Nos. 3 and 4 have taken a su!l'-lease from the second res- .p:;ndent of the said area.
The circumstances leading up to the order of the High Court may be stated : About 41 bighas of land situated in Salkia at Howrah were acquired by the Government of West Bengal for the purpose of utilising the same as market place at Howrah.
After the acquisition, the entire land was placed at the disposal of the tlw respondent the_Municipality, Howrah, on the specific condition that the said land was to be used for estab/lishing a public market a.nd that it would not be used for any other purpose without the permission of the Government. According to the appellant there "-O~ also an agreement that the land would be resumed in the event of a public market not being established within a reasonable tiine. {1972)2 S.C.R.
In or about 1952, the first respondent passed a resolution Jea:;iug out an extent of about 21 bighas and 9 kotas, from and out of tlie above land, in favour .of the second respondent and communicat~d the said resolution to the appellant on February 12, 1953. The first respondent executed a lease deed on March '27, 1953 in favour of the second respondent in respect of 21 bighas and 9 kotas. The second re'Spondent in turn sub-leased to respondents 3 and 4 the entire land taken on lease by him from the first respondent. On
April 12, 1954, the appellant passed an order under s. 586(1 J of the Bengal Municipalities Act, 1932, annulling the resolution of the first respondent, dated November 28, 1952. The first respon- dent called upon the second respondent to surrender possession of the property, which led to the latter instituting title suit No. 15 of 1959 against the Municipality and the appellant for a declaration that the lease in his favour is valid and the order of the Govern- ment dated April 12, 1954 annulling the resolution oi the Muni- cipality is illegal and void.
The first respondent in turn filed title suit No. l 0 df 1959 against the second respondent for reco\1ry of possession of the property together with mesne profits. In the me<lnwhile the appellant issued two notifications under s: ~-Of the Land Acquisition Act, in November, 1955 .and March 1966, regarding the acquisition of 8.44 acres of land comprised in 41 bighas and odd of land given to the Municipality for putting up a public market.
ft also included a part of the land leasetl'by the first respondent to the second respondent, who in turn had sub- 1.eased them to the respondents Nos. 3 and 4. The Land Acquisi- tion Collector in June, 1958 passed an Award in favour of respon- dents Nos. 1 to 4.
Out of. the said Award three References arose under s. 1 S of the Land Acquisition Act, being Miscellaneous Cases Nos. 21 and 40 of 1958 and 13 of 1959. · The respondents Nos. 1 to 4 made claims for increased compensation and also claimed exclusive title .. On March 10, 1959 the appellant filed title suit No. 16 of 1959 agamst the respondents Nos. 1 and 2 for recovery of possession oi 41 bighas of land. The said suit was later on renumbered as Title Suit No. 34 of 1961. There is no controversy that during the pendency of the suit, the second respondent was struck off from the array of defendants.
This title suit was instituted by the appe!!ant for recovery of posses&ion together ~ith mesne profits on the ground: that as no market place was estabhshed by the Municipality a8 agreed upon, the appellant was entitled to rei\Ume the same. The
action of the Municipality by way of leasing a part oi the property to the second respondent was also alleged to be in clear violation• of rhe agreement and that the said transaction was not bindin ~ on c
c WEST BENGAL v. HOWRAH MUNIC. (Vaidia/ingam, J.) the appellant. On January 25, 1960, the suit filed by the .second respondent, namely, T. S. No. 15·of 1959 was decreed and the suit• No. 10 of 1959 filed by the Municipality was dismissed.
It is claimed by th,e appellant that T. S. No. 34 of 1961 for possession of 41 bighas was decreed on July 21, 1961. We are particulaqy referring to this aspect because considerable argument was advanced before us, particularly on behalf of the respondents Nos. 2 to 4 regarding the binding nature o.f this judgment.
Mr. D. N. Mukherji, learn~d counsel for respolldenlS Nos. 2'lo 4 urged that as the name of respondent No. 2 had been struck otr from the array of defendants in the said suit, the decree th.e(etn· is not binding either on the second respondent or his sub-lessees, respondents Nos. 3 and 4.
According to him, even o·n the basis that the decree is binding on the Municipality, that decree will have no effect so far as tlie properties, which have been sub-leased· by the Municipality in favour of respondent No. 2. are concerned .. On the other hand, it was the contention of the ]earned Solicitor General that the decree in the suit clearly shows that the appellant was entitled to recover the entire area of 41 bighas and odd which included the portion leased out by the Municipality to respondent No. 2.
Once the right of the Government to r~sume the entire area was recognised by the Court, the second respondent has no further right on the biasis of the lease granted in his favour by the first respondent and that the position is not in any manner altered by the second respondent having ceased to be in the . array of defendants in the said suit. It is not necessary for us· to go into. all these aspects more especially when it is brought to our notice that the 1st respondent has filed an·appeal against this decree, which is pending in the High Court as First Appeal No. 135 of 1963. On June 27, 1963, the Additional District Judge, Howrah,
decided the three Land Acquisition References and made the appel- lant liable to pay compensation in the sum of about Rs. 16,00,000. The decrees in these references were signed on Septen\ber . 2 l. 1963. According to th appellant, when in the title suit No. 34 of 1961, which has been decreed on July 21. 1961. it has ~n held that the State is entitled to recover possession of the entire area, the Award made in the Land Acquisition Cases on June 27. 1963~ in favour of respondents Nos. 1 to 4 is illegal and without jurisdic- tion as the respondents are mere trespassers. who have rio right, title or interest in the lands concerned.
It is the .further a\·erment of the State that in view of the enormous amount awarded in the Land. Acqu~sition Reference~. the first respondent is purposely delaymg taktng f~rthe~ steps m prosecution of First Appeal No· . . 135 of 19~3: ~ht~ attitude, t?e State avers, is due to the fa~t that tf t~e Mumc1pah~y is.able to withdraw th~ huge amount of compen- sauon awa~ded. It wtll have no further interest in prosecutin~ tiie' appeal against the decree in Title Suit No. 34 of t 961.
.- · 8i8 The second respondent on the basis of the Award, levied exe- cution and the appellant filed objection on August 27, 1964 under · s. 47 C.P.C. on the ground that the Award is not executable in view elf the decree in Title Suit No. 34 of 1961.
According to the appellant, the Department of Land Acquisition at Howrah did not koow about the proceedings in Title Suit No. 34 of 1961 as the latter related to another Department of the Government.
When the objections filed regarding the executability of the Award were rejected,,.the matter was referred to the Legal Remembrancer, West Bengal, for taking necessary action. It was on March 4, 1965,
tbat i! was discovered that the judgment of the Additional District Judge in the three Land Acquisition References had not been appealed against. As the reasons for the appeals not being filed,
were not clear, they were investigated by the Legal Adviser of the State. On or ab.out April 15, 1965, the State Lawyer in the High Court advised the State to move the High Court under Art. 227 of the Constitution to quash the judgnwnt of the Addi. District Jud~e dated June 27, 1963 in the three Land Acquisition Refe. rences, as the time for filing appeals had expired.
Accordingly writ petitions under Art. 227 of the Constitution 'll'ere filed in the High Court on May 17, 1965 to quash the judg- ment of the Addi. District Judge in the Land Acquisition Refe. rences.
On the' same day the learned Judges while declining to issue a Rule, however, granted stay of execution of the Award for one month with a direction that appeals should be filed with proper applications against the Award in Miscellaneous Cases Nos. 21 and 40 of 1958 and 13 of 1959 within a month. The learned Judges giailted further two weeks' time on June 17, 1965 and also extend· ed the period of stay by two weeks.
A further order was passed on July 1, 1965 to obtain the necessary orders oi stay regarding the execution of the Award from the appropriate Bench dealing with the appeals. Three appeals_ against the three Land Acquisition
References Nos. 21 and. 40 of 1958 and 13 of 1959 were filed in the Hi£h Court on July 3, 1965. The appeals on being returned by the High Court Office on July 5, 1965 with the endorsement that there is a delay of one year seven months and twentytwo days, were represented on July 7, 1965 with the nece.ssary applications under s. 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963. All the above facts were set out in the ·application> for excusing the delay and praying that irreparable loss and injury would be caused to the State, if nearly R~. 16,00.000 have to be paid to persons who have been held to be .in wrongful possession of the land and agaip.st whom a decree in Title Suit No. 34 oi 1961 for eviction had been passed on July 21, 1961.
It was further submitted that in view of the various m;itlers mentioned in the applications filed under s. 5 of the Limi· talion Act, sujficient cause has rJeen shown for excusing the delay in filing the appeals.
c g c WEST BENGAL v. HOWRAH MUNIC. (Vaidialingam, J.) 87!> The High Court on July 7, 1965 issued notice to the respon- dents to show cause why the delay should not be condoned and the appeals taken on file.
After the issue of the notice, the appe!fant filed an additional affidavit on January 18, 1966 referring to the relevant provisions of the Legal Remembrancer Manual in West Bengal regarding the procedure to be followed by its Legal Officers in cases where appeals have to be filed.
The State also referred to the letters written by the Collector of Howrah on December 18, 1965 and January 5, 1966 to the Advocate, who was at the mate- rial time Government Pleader asking for his explanatioo as to why the Government was not advised by him regarding the filing of appeals against the Land Acquisition References.
On January 21, 1966, the High Court passed the following order : "On the present materials before us we are not satis- fied that sufficient cause has been made out to explain the delay of over a year and a half in filing of the con-
nected appeals. Mr. Chakrabarty expressed his in- ability to produce better materials on information, at present available to him. In the circumstances, we have no option but to discharge these Rules.
Lilierty is, however, given ·to the petitioner to apply for reconsidera- tion or modification of this order on further and better materials. There will be no order as to costs in any of these
Rules." Later on, the appellant received a reply dated January 29, 1966 from their Ex. Government Pleader and filed the three applications- in question requesting the High Court to reconsider its previous crder dated January 21, 1966 and to excuse the delay under s. 5 of the Limitation Act in filing the three appeals.
The High Court, on June 3, 1966 issued notice to the respon- dents. After hearing the respondents, the High Court passed thcr ccmmon order in question on August 18, 1966 dismissing the applications filed by the appellant for excusing the delay under s. 5 of the Limitation Act in filing the three appeals.
In the order it is stated that though the decrees, under appeal, were passed as early as September 21, 1963, the appeals were filed along with the applications under s. 5 of the Limitation Act only on July 3, J 965, the interval being over one year and nine months.
The High Court, no doubt, states that there were previous proceedings, but it is not necessary to refer to them. Ultimately, the High Court in its brief order is of the view that the State has not sufficiently explained the delay during the period August 27, 1964 an<) July 3, 1965. The former is the date on which the State filed objectio~ under s. 47 C.P.C. to the executability of the Land Acquisition 8:80
Award; in view of the decree in Title Suit No. 34 of 1961. Regard- ing the period anterior to August 27, 1964, so far as we could see the High Court does not put it against the appellant and in fact it does not seem to give much importance to that period.
On the other band,. the view of the High Court is : "These applications must fail for the unexplained delay between the two dates, August 27, 1964 and July 3, 1965." Ultimately, the lea med Judges dis- missed the application for excusing the delay.
There is a further direction given by the High Court that the writ petitions filed by the appellant under Art, 227 of Constitution <?.n May 17, 1965 be taken up by the appropriate Bench for dis- posal.
There is also a further direction that the order of stay of execution of the Award will continue for a fortnight with lil:Jierty to the State to apply for its continuance before the Bench, wh!ch is to take up the writ petitions.
It may be mentioned at this stage that the writ petitions filed under Art. 227 on May 17, 1965 and in which stay had been granted and which stay was continued till the disposal of the app! i- catioris filed under s. 5, was actually withdrawn only on September 28, 1966 as having become infructuous.
The learned Solicitor General, on behalf of the appellant rather strenuously urged that it was the duty of the High Court to consider on the materials placed before it whether sufficient cause for excu1- ing the delay had been made out by the appellant.
Though the decision in the Land Acquisition Cases \Vas given on June 27, 1963, and the Award signed on September 21, 1963, the High Court w:is prepared to proceed on the basis, in view of the averment made in the affidavit of the appellant that the delay between September 2 l, 1'963 and Au~ust 27, 1964 has been properly explained.
At any rate, the Solicitor General pointed out the High Court has not put that period against the appellant. On the other hand, the High Court has held that there is an unexplained delay from August 27, J 964, the date on which the State filed objections under s.. 4 7 C.P.C. to the execution of the decree under the Award and Julv 3. ll>65, the date on which the appeals were filed, and on this gr0und the applications have been dismissed.
The learned Solicitor General further pointed out that there is no proper consideration of the various matters, referred to in the affidavit, which according to him, have not l:leen controverted by the respondents.
He has further urged that the judicial power anti discretion to excuse the. delay given to the Courts under s. 5 of the Limitation Act, should be exercised to advance substantial justice, especially when the appellant has not been held guilty of any negligence or inaction.
The learned Solicitor General further pointed out that the High Court has not disbelieved any of the facts c WEST BENGAL v. HOWRAH MUNJC. (Vaidia/ingam, J.) mentioned in the affidavits filed on behalf of the appellant, regard- ing the circumstances under which the appeals came to be filed beyond the period oi limitation.
On the other hand, Mr. D, Mukherji, learned counsel for the first respondent Howrah Municipality, urged that the question whether ·a party has made out a sufficient cause for excusing the delay in filing the appeals is a pure question of fact and it was within the exclusive jurisdiction of the High Court to decide it one way or the other.
In this case, the counsel pointed out, that after a consideration of the reasons given by the appellant, the High Ccurt has come to the conclusion that the delay during the period August 27, 1964 and July 3, 1965 has not been properly accounted fer.
In fact, the counsel poin'ted out the appellant should have been called upon to explain the delay even from September 21, 1963 and the High Court has been very considerate in reducing the period upto August 27, 1964. Mr. Mukherji further pointed out thJt the period of Iimltation applicable both to a private litigant as well as to the State is the same and the same prinCiples are applicable to both the parties in considering whether sufficient cause has ~en shown for excusing the delay in filing an appeal beyond the period of limi'tation.
Mr. Mukherji further urged that the same Gc\·ernment Pleader was appearing on behalf of the State both in the title suit No. 34 of 1961 and in the Land Acquisition Proceed- ings and therefore it is idle for the State to contend that it was not aware that an appeal had not been filed against the decision in Land Acquisition References till March 4, 1965.
The fact that one Department may be dealing with Land Acquisition matters and another Department may be dealing with Ordinary Civil Suits, is not a sufficient excuse which will be accepted by tne courts to justify an application under s. 5 of the Limitation Act.
Mr. D. N. Mukherji, learned counsel for the respondents Nos. 2 to 4, in particular, attempted to argue about the binding nature against his clients o.f the decree obtained by the State against the Municipality in Title Suit No. 34 of 1961.
He also relied on the decision in the said suit to controvert the averment of the State that the Municipality has been held to be a trespasser without any rights in the land in question,
The learned Solicitor General has als::i referred us to the various a>pects dealt within the said judgment. According to him the effect of the said judgment is that the respondents are all trespassers having no rights in the land and therefore they are not entitled to receive the compensation amount.
He has also stated that if the decrees in the Land Acquisition Reference Cases are allowed to stand, the respondents, who are in possession as trespassers without any title or right in the jlroperties, will have to be paid by the State re2rly about Rs. 16,00,000.
SUl'RF:Mll COURT REPORTS (1972] 2 S.C.R. We have only referred ablove to the vari<;>us matters placed before us. We expressed no opinion whatsoever regarding thos;: aspects. As and when occasion arises, it is open to the · parties
concerned to raise any contention that may be available to them in law or on facts. We have already referred to the fact that on the first occasion when the High Court dealt with the applications under s. 5 oi the Limitation Act it had passed an order on January 21, 1966, which we have extracted in the earlier part of this judgment.
That itse:f was a brief order. But that order clearly indicates that the leacneJ Judges were not inclined to close the proceedings once and for aU. In fact, they have given a further opportunity to the State 'to move for re-consideration of the order or modification of the order on better materials.
The order dated August 18, 1966, unfortunately, is very brief and doe§ not give the reasons as to why the High Court has come to the conclusion that the delay between August 27, 1964 and July 3, 1965 has not been .explained by the appellant.
There is mly a brief sta'tement to the effect that on the first of the abo\'e dates, i.e. August 27, 1964, the. appellant filed objections under c s. 47 C.P.C. to the execution of the decree under Award.
Though the respondents urged that the delay is really from September 21, 1963, we are not inclined to accept that contention, especially when the High Court itself has not given an)( importance to the period prior to August 27, 1964. In view of the nature of the order passed " by the High Court without an inventigation into the facts
and without giving reasons, we would have normally remanded the pro- ceedings· to the High Court. for a fresh consideration. · But we are not adopting that procedure in view of the fact that considerabk time has already elapsed and if the matter is remanded, it will give rise again to a further challenge by way of appeal to this Court. whatever the decision of the High Court may be.
Hence, we proceed to consider the matter and adjudicate upon the question whether the High Court was justified in rejecting the applications filed by the appellam under s. 5 of the Limitation Act.
One feature that strikes us on a perusal of the judgment of th~ High Court is that there is absolutely no indication that it has dis- believed any o( the averments made in the affidavits filed on behal' of the appellant. If the High Court had considered the reason' given by the appellant, and rejectgd them as false or if the High Court had held that there has been such total inaction or negligence on the part of the appeUant'c as would deprive the State of the protection under s. 5 of the Limitation Act, the position would be different.
We do not have the benefit of the views of the Higl' c WEST BENGAL v. HOWllAH MUNIC. (Vaidia/ingam, J.) St~ Court, one way or the other, on these aspects. At any rate, it has not held that the appellant is guilty of negligence or that the applications lack in bonafides.
The legal position when a question arises under s. 5 of the Limitalion Act is fairly well-settled. It is not possible to lay down precisely as to what facts or matters would constitute "sufficient cause" under s. 5 of the Limitation Act.
But it may be safely stated that the delay in filing an appeal should not have been for reasons which indicate the party's negligence in not taking ne{;es- sary steps, which he could have or should have taken.
Here again, what would be such necessary steps will again depend upon the circumstances of a partfoular case and each case will have to be decided by the courts on the iac'ts and circumstances of the case. Any observation of an illustrative circumstance or fact, will only tend to b~ a curb on the free exercise of the judicial mind by the Court in determining whether the facts and circumstances of a particular case amount to "sufficient cause" or not.
It is needle5s to emphasise that courts have to use their judicial discretion in 11le matter soundly in the interest of justice. Mr. D. Mukerji learned counsel for the first respondant
is certainly well-founded in his contention that the expression "sufficient cause" cannot be construed too liberally, merely because the party in default is the Government. It is no doubt true that
whether it is a Government or a private party, the provisions of law applicable are the same, unless the Statute itself makes any distinc- tion. But it cannot also be gainsaid that the same consideration that will be shown by courts to a private party when he ctaims the protection of s. 5 of the Limitation Act should also be available t'.l the State.
In the case before us, it must be stated in fairness to the learned Solicitor General that he has not contended that the State must be treated differently. On the other hand, his contention is that the
reasons given by the appellant, which, according to him will estab- lish "sufficient cause" have not at all been adverted to, much less. considered bly the High Court. In our opinion, the contention of the learned Solicitor General is perfectly justified in the circum- stances of this case.
The High Court, certainly, was not bound t0 accept readily whatever has been stated on behalf of the State w explain the delay. But, it was the duty of the High Court to have scrutinised the reasons given by the State and considered the same on merits and expressed an opinion, one way or the other. Th'at, unfortunately, is lacking in this case.
. It has been pointed out by this Court in Ramlal, Motilal and Chhotelal v. Rewa Coalfields Ltd. ( 1) as follows : "In construing s. 5 it is relevant to bear in mind two important considera'tions. The first consideration is
that the expiration of the period of limitation prescribed for making im appeal gives rise to a right in favour of the decree-holder to treat the decree as binding .between the parties: In other weirds, when the period of !imitation prescribed has expired the decree holder has obtained a
benefit under the law of limitation to treat the decree as beyond challenge, and this ·1egal right which has accrued lo the decree-holder by lapse of time should not be light- he~rtedly disturbed.
The other consideration which. cannot be ignored is that if sufficient cause for excusing delay is shown discretion is given to the Court to condone delay and admit the appeal. This discretion has been
deliberately conferred on the Court in order that judicial power and discretion in that behalf should be exercised to advance substantial justice. As has been observed by lhe Madras High Court in Krish11a v.
Chattappan{') s. 5 gives the Court a discretion which in respect of jurisdiction is to be exercised in the way in which judicial power and discretion ought to be exercised upon prin-
ciples which are well understood; the words 'sufficient cause' receiving a liberal construction so as to advance .substantial justice when no negligence nor inaction nor want of bona fide is imputable to the appellant."
c From the above obl;ervations it is clear that the words "sufficient came" should receive a liberal construction so as to advance sub- stantial justice when no negligence or inaction or want of bona fide is imputable to a party.
No doubt. Mr. D. Mukherji drew our attention to the observa- tions at page· 771 to the effect : "The procf of a sufficient cause is a condition prece- dent for the exercise of the descretionary ·jurisdiction
vested in the Court bv s. 5. If sufficient cause is not proved nothing further has to be done; the application for condoning delay has to be dismiss.ed on that ground alone." That is. according to Mr. Mukherji as the appellant has not shown sufficient cause in this matter, the only course open is to dismiss 1he applications, as has been done by the High Court. That, in om· opinion, is, over-simplifying the matter and begging the (I) [I %2] 2 S.C.R. 762.
(2) [1890] I L.R. 13 Mad. 269. c WEST BENGAL v. HOWRAH MUNIC. (Vaidialingam, J.) question. That point really is whether on the facts stated by the appellant, it can be held that it had shoWlll sufficient cause for filing the appeals beyond the period of limitation.
The observations of the Madras High Court, extracted in the abl:>ve decision, have again been quoted with approval in Shakun- tala Devi Jain v. Kuntal Kumar; and others(!). On the particular
facts of the case, this Court held in the said decision that it was not a case where it was possible to impute to the appellant therein want of bonafide or such inaction or negligence as would deprive a party of the protection of s. 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963. Mr. D. N. Mukherji, learned counsel for the respondents Nos. 2 to 4 invited our attention to the decision of th~ Judicial Com- mittee in Ram Narain Joshi v. Parmeshwar Narain Mahta afi</ others( 2 ), where the Judicial Committee declined to interfere with the order of the High Court deciining
to excuse the delay in filing an appeal under s. 5 of the Limitation Act on the ground that no sufficient cause was shown by the party concerned. The judgment of the High Court, which was under appeal before the Judicial Committee, is contained in the report.
The High Court had considered the reasons given by the party for filing th1 appeal out of time. After a full and detailed consideration of the reasons given by the party, the High Court had come to the con- clusion that the party had not shown due diligence in the matter of filing appeal and, therefore, it was further held that no sufficient cause had been shown for not having filed the appeal within time. The Judicial Committee after a consideration of the reasons given py the High Court declined to interfere on the ground that they were satisfied that the refusal by the High Court to admit the appeal after the period of limitation was over, was justified. This decision does not heip the respondents in view of the fact lhat there has been no such proper consideration by the High Court in the case before us. We have already stated that the High Court has neither adverted to '.he reasons given by the appellant; nor has the High Court expressed its views on them.
Bearing in mind the principles, reierred to bv us earlier, we proceed to consider the facts in the case on hand. We do not think it necessary to refer very elaborately to the affidavits filed on both sides b~cause they contain a lot of material relating to the various litigations, referred to above, as well as the legal conse- quences flowing from them.
As stated earlier, we do not propose to go into those matters in these appeals. Though originally when the High Court dealt with the applica- tions under s. 5 of the Limitation Act, on January 21, 1966, it was of the vi"ew that there has been a delay of .over one and a half yea1- (I) [!969] 1 S.C.R. 1006.
(2) 30 l.A. 20. 9- L736SupCT/72 SUPltEME COURT IU!PORTS (1972] 2 S.C.R. in filing the appeals, nevertheless, in the present order, which is under attack, the High Court has rejected the appJ.cations ou the ground that there is an unexplained delay during the period August 27, 1964 and July 3, 1965.
Therefore, even according to the High Court the appellant has been able to satisfactorily explain the delay upt0 August 27, 1964 and therefore the period of delay has been very much narrowed down.
On behali' of the appellant it had been categorically stated in the affidavit filed in support of the applications under s. 5 of the Limitation Act, to excuse the delay, that when the objections filed by the State under s. 47 C.P.C. regarding executability of the Award in the Land Acquisition Cases were dismissed on January 30, 1965, ihe matter was referred to the Legal Remembrancer, West Bengal, for taking necessary action.
It has been further stated that it was on March 4, 1965, that it became known that the judgment of the Addi. District Judge, dated September 21, 1963 in the three Land Acquisition Cases had not been appealed from.
It must ~ noted that the objections to the execution were filed by the State in Reference No. 21 of 1958, which was one of the cases covered by the judgiµent of the Addi. District Judge, and in which execution was taken for realising the compensation amount.
It has bee.n further stated th:tt the counsel for the State in the High Court persued all the papers and consulted the officers of the Land Acquisition Department, Howrah, to consider the steps to .be taken -to challenge the decision of the Addi. District Judge in the Land Acquisition Reference Cases.
It was only on April 15, 1965, 1ha1 the State was advised by its lawyer in the High Court to move applications under Art. 227 of the Constitution to quash the judg, ment of the Addi. District Judge in the Land Acquisition Reference Cases.
Admittedly, writ petitions under Art. 227 were filed on May 17, 1965, in which the High Court granted stay of execution of the decree under the Award. We have already referred to the
fact that these writ petitions were kept pending till September 28, 1966. It may be, that the State was not properly advised regarding the remedy to be adopted to challenge the judgment in the Land Acquisition Reference Cases.
But, as pointed out by the Judicial Committee in Kunwar Rajendra Singh v. Rai Rajeshwar Bali and others('), if a party had acted in a particular manner on a wrong advice given by his Legal Adviser, he cannot be held guiltv of negli- gence so as to disentitle the party to plead sufficient cause under s. 5 of the Limitation Act.
In fact the Judicial Committee observes as follows: "Mistaken advice given by a legal practitioner may in the circumstances of a particular case ~ive rise to sufficient cause. within the section though there ia cer-
0) A.I.R. 1937 P.C. 276. c c WEST BENGAL v. HOWRAH MUNIC. (Vaidialingam, J.) tainly no general doctrine which saves parties from the results of wrong advice." The advice given by the lawyer to file applications under Art. 227 in our opinion, is also a circumstance to bl:: taken into account in c~nsidering whether the appellant has shown sufficient cause. In the additional affidavit filed on behalf of the State on Janu- ary f 8, 1966, after a reference to the provisioos oi. the Legal Remembrancer's Manual in West Bengal, it· has been stated that the Government Pleader at Howrah omitted and neglected to send any proposal, according to the Rules, advising the Government to file appeal against the decision of the Addi. District Judge in the Land Acquisition Reference Cases. In support of the application filed on behalf of the State, copies of the letters written by the Collector dated December 18, 1965 and Ja:nuary 5, 1966 to the Ex. Government Pleader as well as the copy of the latter's reply elated hnuary 29, 1966 were also filed in the High Court.
In the letter dated December 18, 1965, the Collector. after a reference to the relevant provisions of the Legal Remembrancer's Manual infom1ed the Ex. Government Pleader that the fatter had not com- plied with those provisions inasmuch as he had not obtained the certified copies of the judgment and decree and forwarded them to the Collector with his opinion in the case specially when the decision was adverse to the Government.
In the counter-affidavit filed on behalf of the respondents there is no specific denial of the fact that the Government came td know onlr .on March 4, 1965. th~t no appeals had been filed against the decision of the Addi. D1stnct Judge in the Land Acquisition Refe- renc~ Cases.
On the other hand, the main stand taken by them is that inasmuch as the State filed objections under s. 47 C.P.C. on August 27, 1964, regarding cxecutability of the Awm·d in view of the decree in Title Suit No. 34 of 1961, the Govern~ent had become fully aware that it was imperative that appeals should be filed against the decision in the Land Acquisition Reference Cases. It was also emphasised that the same Law Officer who appeared in the Land Acquisition Reference Cases and repres~nted the Govern- ment, had appeared on behalf of the State in the Title Suit No. 34 of 1961.
It is also avecred that the opinion of the Government Pleader regacdi~g ~he necessity of filing appeals against the decision of the Addl. D1stnct Judge in the Land Acquisition Reference c;ases had been furnished to the Government even in l 963. In
view of all these circumstances, it is pointed out on behalf of the res~on~ents that !he Government is guilty of negligence and in- ~ct1on m not havmg filed the appeals immediately after August 27 1964.
SUPREME COURT REPO!lTS (1972] 2 S.C.R. We have already referred to the fact that the High Court itself did not attach any importance to the period anterior to August 27, 1964. It has dismissed the applications of the State on the grouad that there is unexplained delay between the period August 27, 1964 and July 3, 1965.
We have already referred to the fact.that the High Court does mot disbelieve the statement .in the affidavit filed on behalf of the State that it was only on March 4, 1965 that it was known that no appeal had been filed against the decision of the Addi. District Judge in the Land Acquisition Reference Cases.
We have already pointed out that even this fact is not denied in the counter-affidavits filed on behalf of the respondents. If that is so, it follows that the High Court was not justified in holding, at any rate, that there was an unexplained delay from August 27, 1964 upto March 4, 1965. The date, August 27, 1964, is a date prior to the date of the know- ledge of the Legal Remembrancer, namely, March. 4, 1965, that no appeal has been filed against the Award.
Then the question arises whether the appellant has taken dili- gent steps after March 4, 1965. It has been stated in the affidavit filed on behalf of the State that innnediately after March 4, 1965, the matter was investigated and the question of the remedy to be persued for challenging the judgment in the Land Acquisition Reference Cases was immediately taken on hand.
According to the State, papers were entrusted to the Lawyer in the High Court for giving advice regarding the procedure and that the State Lawyer in the High Court on April 15, 1965, advised the appellant to file an application in the High Court under Art. 227.
111e averrnent that the Sta'te was so advised on April 15, 1965, by the State Lawyer has neither been disputed nor denied by the respondents. The High Court also has not disbelieved this plea of the State. That
writ petitions were filed under Art. 227 on May 17, 1965, is clear from the proceedings, refened to earlier. In fact we have also stated that the High Court granted in the said proceedings stay of execution of the decree under the Award and the writ petitions were pending till Septemb~r 28, 1966. No doupt, it may be a wrong advice on the part of the State Counsel; but the fact that the State acted upon 'that advice cannot be considered to be a circumstance showing negligence on the part of the State.
At the utmost what could be said is that they were misguided by a wrong advice given by its counsel. Even as late as June 17, 1965, the High Court in the writ petitions extended the stay and granted further time to the appel- lant to file regular appeals together with applications under s. 5 of the Limitation Act.
Again, even on July l, 1965, the High Court in the writ petitions further extended the stay -and directed . the c c WEST BENGAL v. HOWRAH MUNIC. (Vaidia/ingam, J.) appellant to get appropriate orders from the Bench dealing with the regular appeals.
On July 3, 1965, the appe_als were filed along with the applications for excusing the delay. In view of the circumstances mentioned above, which, unfor- tunately, have not been adverted to and touched upon by the High Court, we are oi the opinion that after March 4, 1965 the appellant had been taking diligent and active steps to challenge the decision of the Addi. District Judge in the Land Acquisition Reference Cases.
We are satisfied tha't in the circumstances of this case, the appellant has shown sullicient cause and it is not possible to impute to the appelant want of bona {ides or such inaction or negligence as would deprive them of the protection of s. 5 of the Limitation Act. We are, therefore, inclined to allow the three applications tiled by t)ie appellant in the High Court under s. 5 of the Limitation Act and to condone the delay in filing the three appeals.
In the result, we set aside the judgment and order of the High Court dated August 18, 1966 and allow the appeals. The appli- cations filed by the appellant under s. 5 of the Limitation Act are allowed.
The High Court will take up the three appeals on its file and dispose them of according to law. The appellant will pay the taxed costs separately oi the first respondent and respondents Nos. 2 to 4 in all these three appeals in this Court.
The appellant will also pay the separate costs of respondent No. 1 and respondents Nos. 2 to 4 as taxed by the High Court in all the proceedings file<! by the appellant under s. 5 of the Limitation Act.
It is needless to state that the High Court· will consider the question of giving a very early disposal to the appeals. It is open to the High Court to give appropriate directions regarding the land acquisition amount.
V.P.S . Appeals allowed.