ll c TAPINDER SIN6h l'. STATE OF PUNJAB May 7, 1970 [A. N. RAY AND I. D. DUA, JJ.] Code of Cri111i11a/ Procedure, 1898 .\". 154-F.irJ'I lnfonnation Report, 1rlu1t is-S. 162( I) of Cude 1vht•ther bars adn1ission a/ dying declartltivn i11to evidence.
Ei·idence Act. 1872-Dying declaration is ad111issible under s. 32(1.) t111d har of s. 16:2( I) c·r. P. C. does not app/y–Value of dying declara- tion. Ballistic expert-If eye-·witnesse.\· are believed the non.exan1ina1ion of h"llistic expert lost'.\' all i111portance.
The appellant \\'as tried for Jl1Urder on the allegation that he caused the death of B by firing five shots at him from his pistol. The te;timony against him consisted of a dying de;::laration made by B, the statements of three eyewitnesses and some circumstantial evidence.
The trial court convicted the appellant and sentenced him to death. The conviction and sentence "W',,!rc affirmed by the High Court. ln appeal by special Jea>e before this Court the appellant con:ended : (i) that the information relating to the occurrence given to the p91icc by telephone regarding \\ hich an entry v.·as made in the daily dairy must be treated as the first information report: (ii) that the. dying declaration of deceased was in- a<lmissible because it was hit by s. 162 of the code of Criminal Pro- ce<lure; (iii) that the dying declaration was unreliable; (iv) that the evid- ence in the case was not sufficient to iustify the conviction of the appellant; ( ,. ) that, amon_g other omissions, the non-examination of the ballistic ex- pert created a lacuna in the prosecution case; and (vi) that in view of the alle.e:ed motive-the appellant's suspicion that the de:eased ha<l illicit re- lations with his ,i,.·ifc-the sentence should be reduced.
H) LD : ( i) The telephonic message recorded in the daily diary of the police station IA-·as a cryptic and anonymous oral message which did not in terms clearly specify a cognizable offence and could not, therefore, be treated as first information report. The mere fact that this information ,\'as the first in point of time could not by itself clothe it v.·ith the character of first information report. The question whether or not a parti- cular document constitutes a first information report, has to be deter- n1ine<l on the relevant facts and circumstances of each case. f605 B-Cl Iii) Section 162 Criminal Proced.urc Code in expres'i terms excludes fron1 its purvicv.: statements 'falling within the provisions of s. 32( 1) of the Indian Evidence Act.
Indisputably, the dying declaration in the present case fell within s. 3 (I) of the Indian Evidence Act and as such it was hoth relevant and outside the prohibition contained in s.161(1) Cr. P. C. 1605 D-El
iiii) (a) In view of the evidence of the Judicial Ma.gi:strate -.yho re- corded the dving declaration the mere fact that the ori~mal clymg de- claration had been stolen from the file, could not destroy its value. Nor
could the fact that the investigating officer was allowed to make a copy (1971] l S.C.R. of the dying declaration be interpreted to mean that the Magistrate was subservient to the police. A dying declaration is not a confidential docu- ment and can legitim<:.tely serve as a guide in further investigation. [606 D-G]
(b) A dying declaration is not a deposition in court and it is neither made on oath nor in the presence of the accused. It is therefore not tested in cross-examination on behalf of the accused.
But a dying de- claration is admitted in evidence by way of an exception to the general rule against the admissibility of hearsay evidence on the principle of necessity. The weak points of the dying declaration merely serve to put the court on its guard while testing its reliability by imposing on it an obligation to closely Scrutinise all attendant circumstances. So scrutinised, the dying declaration in the present case must be accepted as true. [607 D-E]
(iv) If the dying declaration is acceptable as true then even 1n the absence of other corroborative evidence it would Oe open to the court to act upon the dying declaration and com·ict the appellant stated therein to be the offender.
An accusation in a dyin.Q: c!ectaration comes from the victim and if it is accepted then in view of its sources che ,court can safely act on it. In the present case not on-ly the dying declaration but
the oth_er evidence including that of three eye-witnesses justified the convic lion of the appellant. [609 E-F] (v) When the eye witnesses have been believed minor points such a· non-production of the ballistic expert lose all" importance. [610 E-Fl (v1) Jn view of the manner in which five sh9ts were fired at the dr;· ceased, the
murder was deliberate and pre-planned and the plea for re- duction of the sentence could not be accepted. (611 E] c Samp Singh v. Stace of Punjab, A.LR. 1964 Punjab 508, Brahmin Ishwarlal Manila/ v. State of Gujarat, Cr. A. No. 120/63 dt. 10.8-1965. Kushal Rao v. State of Bqmbay, [1958] S.C.R. 152 at pp. 568-569 and
Harbans Singh v. State of Punjab, [1962] Sup. 1 S.C.R. 104, referred, to. CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 244 of 1969. Appeal by special le;tve from the judgment and order dated July 23, 1969 of the Punjab and Haryana High C0urt in Criminal Appeal No. 302 of 1969 and Murder Reference No. 25 of 1969. Nur-ud-din Ahmad and R. L. Kohli, for the appellant.
R. N. Sachthe.v, for respondent No. 1. Frqnk Anthony, S. R. Agarwal and E. C. Agarwala, for respondent No. 2. The Jud~ent of the Court was delivered by Dua, J. In this 'appeal by special leave the appellant chal-
lenges· his conviction and sentence under .s. 302, I.P.C. for the murder of his brother-in-law (husband of his wife's sister). The -occurrence is stated- to bave taken place on Sunday October 8, 1968 at about 4.45 p.m\near the clock tower in Ludhiana City. c
TAP!NDER SINGH V. PUNJ;\ll (Dua, J.) It is not disputed that on August 13, 1968 the appellant Tapinder Singh, a business man and a Municipal Commissioner, had lodged a first information report (Ex. PR) with the police station, Sadar,. Ludhiana against Kulwant Singh, deceased whom he described as his Sandhu (his wife's sister's husband) and one Ajit Singh, alleging that on the pretext of consulting him they had taken him in their car to the canal near the Agricultural College and after getting down from the car, when they had walked about 150
paces on the banks of the canal, the deceased Kulwant Singh, say· ing that he would teach the appellant a lesson, whipped out a- clasp-knife and attacked him. Ajit Singh also shouted that the
appellant should not be allowed to escape. The appellant raised alarm and tried to run away. While endeavouring to ward off with his right hand the knife blow by Kulwant Singh the appel· lant's right hand palm got wounded and started bleeding .. Just at that moment Gurmel Singh, Sarpanch and Shamsher Singh,
Lambardar, happened to pass that way in a car. They stopped the car. In the meantime Kulwant Singh and Ajit Singh got into· their car and went away. Pursuant to this report admittedly a
criminal case was pending against the deceased when the occur- rence in question took place. Kulwant Singh, deceased, who had been arrested pursuant to that report, in a case. under s. 307 / 324; I.P.C., was actually on bail on the date of the occurrence. Accprding to the prosecution Gurdial Singh (P.W. 7), father of the deceased Kulwant Singh is employed as Works Manager in the Ludhiana Transport Company, which is a private concern and which plies buses on different routes in Ludhiana Dis!rict. Gurdial Singh is also a share-holder of tpis Company.
The workshop, the office and the taxi stand of this Company are located in Sarai Bansidhar which faces the clock tower. Gurdial Singh, in addi- tion, owns two taxis which he runs on hire. He also owns two private cars which are used both for personal requirements and as taxis.
The deceased used to look after these four vehicles. The father and the son used to live together in Model Town. The two taxis used to remain at the Taxi Stand about 100 yards away f, om the clock tower whereas the other two cars used to be parked at Gurdial Singh's business premises. On August 8, 1968 at about 4.45 p.m. the deceased was sitting on a Takhat posh at the Taxi Stand.
It being a Sunday the shops in the neighbou.r- hood were closed. Sher Singh (P.W. 9) was standing close to the Takhat posh. Harnek Singh, the driver of one of the taxis and Gurdial Singh were also present.
At the taxi stand Jhe~ was at that time only ·one taxi belonging to Gurdial Singh. The appellant came from the side of the railway station and fired at the deceased five shots from his pistol.
After receiving th~ee shots the deceased dropped down and the remaining two s~ots hit him when he was lying. The persons peresent there raised an- (1971] I S.C.R. ·alarm, shouting 'Don't kill; don't kill'. The appellant, after firing the shots, bris)dy walked back towards the railway station. The deceased who was bleeding profusely w_as taken in the taxi by Gurdial Singh, his father and Harnek Singh, the driver, to Daya- naiid Hospital where they were advised to take the injured to Brown's Hospital because his condition was serious.
It is in evidence :hat some person had telephoned to the City Kotwali, Ludhiana on the day of the occurrence at about 5-30 p.m. inform- ing the poliice authorities that firing had taken place at Taxi Stand, Ludhiana. The person, giving the information on telephone, did not disclose his identity; nor did he give any ftuther particulars. When the police officer receiving the telephone message made further enquiries from him he disconnected the telephone.
This report was entered in the daily diary at 5.35 p.m. The Assistant Sub'.Inspector, Hari Singh, along with Assistant Sub-Inspectors Amrik Singh, Jagat Singh and Brahm Dev and constables Prakash Singh,. Har~hajan Singh and Harbans Lal, left the police station in a government jeep for the Taxi Stand, Ludhiana near Jagraon Bus Stand on the Grand 'frunk Road, about a furlong and a half away from the City Kotwali Police Station.
From there Hari Singh learnt that . the injured man had been removed by some persons to Dayanand Hospital. As it was rumoured at the place of the occurrence that the appellant Tapinder Singh had sho, at the deceased, Hari Singh deputed Amrik Singh and Brahm Dev to search for him.
Hari Singh himself, along with Sub-'Inspector Jagat Singh and the police constables left for D~yanand Hospital. Frorn there they went to the Civil Hospital and then they pro- ceeded to C.M.C. Hospital at about 6-30 p.m. On enquiry they were informed that Kulwant Singh had been admitted there as an indoor patient.
Hari Singh went upstairs in the Surgiqil Ward and obtained the report (Ex. PH/ 13) prepared by Dr. E. Pothan who was in the Surgical Ward where Kulwant Singh was lying. The statement of Kulwant Singh (Ex. PMl was also recorded by him at about 6.50 p.m. in that ward and the same after being read out _by him was thumb marked by Kulwant Singh as token of its correctness.
That statement was forwarded tq the police station. City Kotwali for registration of the case under s. 307, I.P'.C. Exhibit PM was also attested by Dr. ' Sandhu, House S~rgeon. Hari Singh deputed Assistant Sub-Inspector; Jagat Singh to arrange for a Magistrate for recording Kulwan~ Singh's dying declaration in the hospital.
The statement of Gurdial Singh. father of the deceased was also recorded there at about' 7.20 p.m. Jagat Singh, AS.I. brought Shri Sukhdev Singh. P.C:S., Judicial Magistrate, First Class, to the Hospital at about 7.30 p.m. The dying declaration was, however, recorded at about 8.30 p.m.
because Kulwant Singh was not found to be in a fit cstate of health to make the statement earlier. Kulwant Singh died c c TAPINDER SINGH I'. PUNJAB (Dua, J.) at the operation theatre the same midnight. Pursuant to Ex. PH/ 13 first inforination report was registered and the appellant com- mitted to stand his trial for an offence under s. 302, 1.P.C. The learned Additional Sessions Judge, believing Gurdial
Singh (P.W. 7), Sukhdev Singh, Judicial Magistrate (P,W. 10) and Mukhtiar Singh, H. C. (P.W. 6) held proved the motive for the crime viz.. that the appellant suspected illici~ intimacy be- tween his wife and the deceased who was married to her elder sister. According to the trial Judge the appellant for this reason bore a itrudge against the deceased.
The three eye witnesse>, Gur~ial Singh, (P.W. 7), Harnek Singh (P.W. 8) and Sher Singh (P.W. 9) were held to have given a true and correct account of the occurrence and being witnesses whose presence at the place 0f occurrence was natural their evidence was considered trust- worthy, which fully proved the case against the accused.
The dying declaration was also found to be free from infirmity and being categorical and natural t!1e court considered it sufficient by itself to sustain the conviction.·, The circumstantial evidence, in· eluding that of the recovery of blood stained earth from the plac~ of occurrence, the recovery of \llood stained
clothes of the deceased, the fact of the accuse4 having absconded and the recovery of the pistol and cartridgi:s were also held to corroborate the prosecution story. Omission dyi the part of the prosecution to produce a ballistic export was considered to be immaterial and it was held not to weaken or cast a i!oubt on the prosecution case because the oral evidence of eye witnesses to the commission of the offence impressed the court to be trustworthy and acceptable. The trial court also took into consideration the allegations con- the course of the committal proceedings in the court of Shri Mewa Singh. Magistrate, on November 20, 1968 to the effect, inter alia, tained in an application presented by Gurdial Singh (P.W. 7) in that an attempt was being made on behalf of the
accused to tamper with the prosecution witnesses. 'The trial court convicted the accused under s. 302, I.P.C. and imposed capital sentence. On appeal the High Court rejected the criticism on behalf of the accused that the occurrence had noMaken place at the spot and in the manner deposed to by the eye witnesses.
On a detailed and exhaustive discussion of the arguments urged before the High· Court it came to this conclusion : ". . . . . . that there was motive on the part of the appellant to commit this crime, that the three eye-
witneses produced by the prosecution are reliable, they were present at the time of the occurrence and have given a correct version of the incident and that the medical (1971] l S.C.R.
evidence fully supports the prosecution an.d no suspicion is attached to it. The deceased made more than one dyjng declaration and we are satisfied that they were not induced and that the deceased gave a correct version of
the incident. The suggestion made that Tapinder Singh has been roped in on suspicion in ·not correct because implicit in such an argument is the suggestion that the crime was tommitted by somebody else·.
It wa~ broad day light, the. assailant. must have been identified and consequently we are satisfied that the offence has been fully brought home to· the appellant. _The place of the
occurrence does not admit of any doubt because there is good deal of evidence on the record that blood was recovered from where the Takhat posh was kept by GurJial Singh and there is no suggestion that the blood
was found from anywhere else. The learned counsel has then urged that the. offence does not fall under section 302, Indian Penal Code, but no reasons have been given as to why this is not an
offence punishable under section 302, Indian Penal Code. Learned counsel urged that something must have happened which induced Tapinder Singh to commit this crime. There is nothing on the record, not even a sug-
gestion, that anything happened. Tapinder Singh came armed with a pistol and fired as many as five snots at Kulwant Singh, two of which he fired on his back when Kulwant Singh had falled on the ground.
The appel- lant, therefore, does not deserve the lesser penalty contemplated by law. Consequenily, we uphold the conviction and sentence imposed upon Tapinder, Singh. The appeal is dismissed and tfie sentence of death is
confirmed." On appeal in this Court under Art. 136 of the Constitution, Mr. Nuruddin Ahmed, learned advocate for the appellant. 3'1- dressed elaborate arguments challenging the conclusions of the courts below on whi£h they have sustained the al?pellant's con- viction.
He started with an attack on the F.I.R. based on the dying declaration. According to the counsel, the information in regard to the offence had already been conveyed to the police by means of a telephone message and the police had actually started investigation on the basis of that information. This argument was, however, not seriously persisted in and was .countered by the respondents on the al!thority of the decision in Sarup Singh v. c
c TAP!NDER SINGH v. PUNJAB (Dua, J.) State of Punjab('). The te_lcphone message was received by Hari Singh, A.S.l., Police St~tion, City Kot~~li at. 5-35 p.m. on September 8, J 969.
The person conveyini: the information did not disclose his identity, nor did; he give any other particulars and all that is said to have been conveyed was that firing had taken place at the taxi stand,_ Ludhiana. Th_is was, of course, recorded in the daily diary of the police station by the police officer res- ponding to the telephone call. But prim51 facie this cryptic and annoymous oral message which did not in terms clearly specify a cognizable offence cannot be treated as first information report The mere fact that this inform'ation was the first in point of time does not by itself. clothe it with the character of first information report. The question whether or not a particular document con- stitutes a first information report has, broadly speaking, to be determined on the relevant facts and circumstances of each case. The appellant's submission is that since the police authorities had actually proceeded to the spot pursuant to this information, how- ever exiguous it may appear to the court, the dying declaration is hit by s. J 62. Cr. P.C.
This submission is unacceptable on the short ground that s. 162(2), Cr. P.C. in express terms excludes from its purview statements falling within the provisions of s.'.\2 (I), Indian Evidence Act.
Indisputably the dying declaration before us falls within s. 32( I), Indian Evidence Act and as such it is both relevant and outside the prohibition contained in s. 162 (1 ), Cr. P.C. The counsel next contended that the dying decla- ration does not contain a truthfu, version of the circu'histances ln which Kulwant Singh had met with his death and, therefore, it should not be acted upon. This ~rgument is founded on the suo- mission that the deceased did noi meet with his death at the spot sworn by the prosecution witnesses and that none of these wit- nesses actually saw the occurrence because they were not present a1 the place and time where and when the deceased was shot at We are far from impressed by this contention.
The trial court and the High Court have both believed the three eye witnesses and have also relied on the dying declaration. Normally, when the High Court believes the evidence given by the eye witnesses this Court accepts the appraisal of the evidence by that Olurt and does not examine the evidence afresh for itself unless, as observed by this G:ourt in Brahmin !sharia/ Manila/ v. The State of Gujarat. (1)
"It is made to appear that justice has failed for reason of some misapprehension or mistake in the read- ing of the evidence by the High Court." (I) A.l.R. 1964 Punjab 508. (1) Crl. A. No. 120 of 1963 decided on August 10, 1965.
[1971] l S.C.R. It was added in that judgment : "There must ordinarily be a substantial error of law or procedure or a gross failure of justice by reason of mis-apprehension or mistake in reading the evidence
or the appeal must involve a question of principfe of general importance before this Court will allow the oral evidence to be discussed." In the present case it was contended that the original document embodying the dying declaration is missing from tlte judicial record and it is suggested that the mysterious disappearance of .this important document during the committal proceedings was intended to remove from the record the evidence which would have shown that this dying declaration could not legally constitute the basis of the F.I.)l. and thereby frustrate the
ple'a of the accused that s. 162;> Cr. P.C. operated as a bar to its admissibi- lity. The bar created bys. 162(1), Cr. P.C., as already noticed, is inapplicable to dying declarations.
But', as the original dying declaration has somehow disappeared from the Judicial record artd the case is of a serious nature, we undertook to examine the evidence in respect of the dying declaration.
The evidence of Shri Sukhdev Singh, Judicial Magistrate, as P.W. 10, is clear on the point. The witness has repeated in court the statement made to him by Kulwant Singh which was ·recorded by the witness in Punjabi in his own hand. An attempt was made by Mr. Nurud- din to persuade us to hold that Shri Sukhdev Singh's statement is not trustworthy.
It was argued that there was no cogent reason for the Magistrate to permit the police officers to make a copy of the dying declaration. This, according to the counsel, shows that the Magistrate acted in a manner subservient to the demands of the police officers and, therefore, his statement should not be taken on its face value.
We do not agree. The Magisirate, as observed by the High Court, is quite clear as to what the deceased had told him. He ltas repeated" the· same in his statement in court. Exhibit PJ has been proved by him as a correct account of the dying declaration recorded by .. him.
It is not understood how the fact that the Investigating Officer was allowed to make a copy of the dying declaration could go against the Magistrate. The dying declaration could legitimately serve ·as a guide in fur- ther investigation.
It was not argued that the dying declitration being a confidential document had to be kept secret from the Investigating Officer. Our attention was drawn by the respon- dents to the application dated November 20. 1968 (Ex. PZ) Ried 1'y Gurdial Singh in the court of Shri Mewa Singh, Magistrate. for expeditious disposal t)f the commitment proceedingi;.
In that application it was suggested that the defence had got removed the dying declaration and statements under s. 164. Cr. P.C. which c c TAP!NDER SINGH v. PUNJAB (Dua, J.) had presumably been destroyed.
Accord.ing to the. respondent's· suggestion it was the accused who was mterested m the dis- appearance of the original dying declaration from the record. I~ this connection yie may point out that. on October 27, 1968 S~n Mewa Singh, Magistrate, had lodged a report with the pohce under ss. 379/409/201, I.P.C., alleging theft of the F.I.R., the dying declaration and statements of witnesses recorded under s. 164, Cr. P.C. in the case State v. Tapinder Singh. For the dis- posal of this appeal it is unnecessary for us to express any opinion as to who is responsible for the disappearance of the dying decla- ration. That question was the subject matter of a criminal pro- ceeding and we have not been informed about its fate.
The dying declaration is a statement b~ a person as to the cause of his death or as to any of the circumstances of the tran- saction which resulted in his death and it becomes relevant undc1 s. 32 ( 1) of the Indian Evidence Act in a case in which the cause of that person's death comes into question. It is true that a dying declaration is not a deposition in court and it is neither made on oath nor in the presence of the accused.
It is, therefore. not tested by cross-examination on behalf of the a~cused. But a dying declaration is admitted in evidence by way of an exception to the general rule against the admissibility of hearsay evidence, on the principle of necessity. The weak points of a dying decla- ration just mentioned merely serve to put the court on its guard while testing its reliability, by imposing on it an obligation to closely scrutinise all the relevant attendant circumstances. This
Court in Kushal Rao v. The State of Bombay(') laid dowm the test of reliability of a dying declaration as follows : "On a review of the relevant provisions of the Evidence Act and of the decided cases in the different
High Courts in India and in this Court, we have come to the conclusion, in agreement with the ·opinion of the Full Bench of the Madras High Court, aforesaid, ( 1) that it cannot be laid down as an absolute rule of law
that a dying declaration cannot form the sole basis of conviction unless it is corroborated; (2l that each case must be determined on its own facts keeping in view the circumstances in which the dying declaration was ma<!e;
( 3) that it cannot be laid down as a general proposition that a dying declaration is a weaker kind of evidence than other pieces of evidence; ( 4) that a dying declara- tion stands on the same footing as another piece of
evidence and has to be judged in the light of surround- ing circumstances and with reference to the principles governing the weighing of evidevce: (5) that a dying lll[\9581 S.C.R. 55~ at pp. 568-569.
ROB (1971 J l S.C.R. declaration which has been recorded by a competent magistrate in the proper manner, that is to say, in the form 'of questions and answers, and, as far as practic-
able, in the words of the maker of the declaration, stands on a much higher footing than a dying declara- tion which depends upon oral testimony which may suffer from all the infirmities of human memory and
human character, and ( 6) that in order to test the reliability of a dying declaration, the Court has to keep i.n view the circumstances like the opportunity of the dying man for observation, for example, whether
there was sufficient light if the crime was committed at night; whether the capacity of the man to remember the facts stated had not been impaired at the time he was making the statement, by circumstances beyond his con-
trol; that the statement has been consistent throughout If he had several opportunities of making a dying decla- ration apart from the official record of it; and that the statement had been made at the earliest opportunity and
was not 'the result of tutoring by interested parties. Hence in order to pass the test of reliability, a dying declaration has to be subjected to a very close scrutiny, keeping in view the fact that the statement has been
made in the absence of the accused who had no oppor- tunity of testing the veracity of the statement by cross- examination. But once the court has come to the con- clusion that the dying declaration was the truthful ver-
sion as to the circumstances of the death and the assailants of the victim, there is no question of further corroboration. If, on the other hand, the court, after examining the dying declaration in an its aspects, and
testing its veracity, has come to the conclusion that it is not reliable by itself, and that it suffers from an infir- mity, then, without corrob'Jration it cannot form the basis of a conviction.
Thus, the necessity for corrobo- ration arises not from any inherent weakness of a dying declaration as a piece of evidence, as held in some of the reported cases, but from the fact that the court, in a given case, has come to the conclusion that that parti-
cular dying declaration was not free from the infirmities referred to above or from such other infirmities as may be disclosed in evidence in that case." This view was approved by a Bench of five Judges in Harbans Singh v. State of Punjab.(')
Examining the evidence in this IJ) [1962] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 104. c TAPINDER SINGH V. PUNJAB (Dua, /,) case in the light of the legal position as settled by this Coun we find that the dying declaration was recorded by the Magistrate within four hours of the occurrence. It is clear and concise and sounds convincing. It records :
c "Today at 4.45 p.m. my Sandhu (wife's sister's husband) Tapinder Singh fired shots with his pistol at me in the presence of Harnek Singh, Sher Singh and Gurdial Singh at the taxi stand. He suspected that I
had illicit relations with his wife. Tapinder Singh injured me with these fire shots." Considering the nature and the number of injuries suffered by the deceased and the naturalanxiety of his father and others present at the spot to focus. their attention on efforts to save his life we are unable to hold that he had within· the short span of time between the occurrence and th~- making of the dying declaration been tutored to falsely name the -appellant as his assailant in place of the real culprit and also to concoct a non-existent motive for the crime. It is unnecessary for us to refer to the earlier declaratioru;,contained in EX. PM, Ex. DC and Ex. PH/13 because the one recorded ·and proved by the Magistrate seems to us to be acceptable and free from infirmity. tf the dying decla- ration is acceptable as truthful then even i!n the absence of other corroborative evidence it would be open to the court to act upon the dyi\ng decl.aration and convict the appellant stated therein to be the offender.
An accusation in a dying declaration comes from the victim himself and if it is worthy of_ acceptance then in view of its source the court can safely act upon it. In this case, however, we have also the evidence of eye witnesses Gurdial Singh, (P.W. 7), Hamek Singh (P.W. 8) and Sher S~gh (P. W. 9) whose testimony appears to us to be trustworth:- and\':1nshaken. No convincing reason has been urged on behalf of the appellant why these three witnesses and particularly the father of the deceased should falsely implicate the appellant substituting him for the real assailant. It is not a case in which, along with the real culprit, someone else, with whom the complainant has some scores to settle, has been added as a co-accused. The only argu- ment advanced on behalf of the appellant was that the deceased ' was shot at somewhere else and not at the place where the prose- cution witnesses allege he was shot at. It was emphasised that these three witnesses were not presen~ at the. place and time where the occurrence actually took place. This su~mission is, in our view, wholly unfounded ,and there is absolutely no material in supp0rt of it on the existing record. Tlte probabilites are clearly against it. The fact that Hari Singh, .A.S.I. (P.W. 2) went to . the place of occurrence and from there he learnt from someont 13Sup. CI{10-IO
[1971] l S.C.R. that the· injured person had been taken to Dayanand Hospital clearly negatives the appellant's suggestion. The fact th.at the A.SJ. did not remember the name of the person who gave this information would not detract from its truth.
On the contrary it appears to us to be perfectly natural for the A.SJ. in those circumstances not to attach much importance ti 1 the person who gave him this information. And then, the short duration within
which the injured person reached the hospital also shows that those who carried him to the hospital were closeby at the time of the occurrence and the suggestion that Gurdia; Singh (P,W'. 7), Harnek Singh (P.W. 3) and Sher Singh (P.W. 9) must have
been informed by someone after the occurrence does not seem to us to fit in with the rest of the picture. We are, therefore. unat)le io accept the appellant's suggestion that the deceased was shot at somewhere else away from the place of the occurrence as deposed by the eye witnesses.
Some minor points were also sought to be raised by Mr. Nuruddin. He said that the pair of shoes belonging to the deceas- ed were Jett at the spot but they have not been traced. The
.takhat posh on which the deceased was sitting has also not been proved to bear the marks of blood nor a~ the blood marks proved on the seats of the car in. which the deceased was taken to the hospital. The counsel also tried to make a point out of the omis- sion by the prosecution to prove blood stains on the clothes of Gurdial Singh (P.W. 7) and Harnek Singh (P.W. 8) who had
·carried Kulwaht Singh fr«;im the place of the occurrenc~ to the hospital. Omission to produce a ballistic expert was also adversely criticised. These, according to the coumrel, are serious infirmities ·and these omissions militate against the prosecution story. In our opinion, the criticism of the counsel assuming it to be legitimate. which we do not hold, relates to mat\ers which are both insignificant and immaterial on the facts and circumstances of this case. They do not in any way affect the truth of the main elements of the prosecution story.
On appeal under Art. 136 ' -of the Constitution we do not think it is open to this •Court to allow such minor points to be raised for the purpose of ·showing <lelects in appraisal of the evidence by the High Court 3*l for evaluating the evidence for ourselves so as to anive at conclulions ~ilfereat from. those of the High Court. The eye witnesses hmng been believed, these points lose all importance and cannot be p1used in this Court.
Considerable stress was laid on behalf of the appellant. on the submission that according to the -f6fder Ex. DC one Trilochan Sinllt was present iii the hospital ,as a friend or Itlation of the illjuftd person. From this it was sought to be inferred that Gur· dial Singh, father of Kulwant Singh, had not accompanied his c
c TAPINDER SINGH V. PUNJAll (Dua, /,) 6lt son to the hospital and that this would show that the eye wit- nesses are not telling the tt'Uth. The argument seems to us to be without any basis and is misconceived. In the first instance the name of Trilochan Singh on the folder has not been proved. It is the contents of Ex. DC which have been proved by Dr. E. Pothan (P.W. 1 at the trial) who had appeared as P.W. 10 in the court of the Committing Magistrate. Secondly in this document, as we have verified from the original recordGurdial Singh is actually mentioned as the father of the injured person. We are, therefore, not impressed by the submission that Ex. DC goes against the testimony of the eye witnesses. Incidentally, Ex. DC also contains the precise information which was the subject matter of the dying declaration.
It appears that in order to discredit Ex. DC with respect to the information about the appellant being the assailant, the name of one Trilochan Singh (whose identity still remains unknown) was somehow made to appear on the folder but as it has not been legally proved and not referred to by any witness we need say nothing more about it.
This argument thus also fails. The submission that the medical evidence contradicts the version given by eye witnesess also remains unsubstantiated on the record. As a last resort it was contended that if the motive alleged by the prosecution is accepted then the sentence imposed would appear to be excessive.
In our view, the manner in which the five shots were fired at the deceased clearly shows that the offence committed was deliberate and pre-planned. We are unable to find any cogent ground for interference with the sentence. The appeal accordingly fails and is dismissed.
G.C. Appeal dismissed,