TARAK NAm GHOSH v. STATE OF BIHAR & ORS. February 22, 1968 [K. N. WANCHOO, C.J., S. M. SIKRI, J.M. Sm!LAT, V. BHARGAVA AND C. A. VAJDIAL!NGAM, JJ.) Co11sti111tion of India, Art. 314-All India Servict9 Act, 1951-The Indicn Police ServU:e C&cruitment) Rules 1954; The All India ServU:u '(Discipline and Appeal) Rules 19SS; Civil Services (C/IJSsificatlon, Contr0l and Appeal) Rules, 1930, r. SS-Appellant recruited to the Indian Police in 1931-Enquiry ordered against him and susp.enslon under 19SS Ru/ts -:If valid-Whether he became member of Indian Police Strvice-There- fore iJ gov_erned b,y service conditions accordingly.
The appellant was appointed to the Secretary of States ServiQ! known as the Indian .Police in 1937. On June 29, 1965 while he was wrotina as a Deputy Inspector-General of Police in Bihar,
an order was mad< by the State Government placing him under suspension pending an enquiIJ. Later, this order was partially amended by_ the Central Government which itself passed an order of. suspension in vie.w of the pending enquiry. Tho appellant challenged these orders by a writ petition It was contended by him that he had never become a member of the Indian Police Service which was constituted in August 194 7, therefore the All India Service (Discipline and Appeal) Rules, 19SS, did not apply to him and conse- quently the enquiry directed under rr. 4 and S could not be instituted
against him under these rules, that in any case in view of r. SS of the Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1930, which applied to him by virtue of Ari. 314 of the Constitution, the Bihar Government had no power to order an enquiry against him as it was not the authority entitled to pass an order of dismissal removal or reduction in rank; only the Central Government could have, have ordered the inquiry. It was 1urther contended that if the enquiry itself had been invalidly instituted, the order of suspension automatically became invalid.
The High Court dismissed the petition. On appeal to this Court, HELD : dismissing the appeal, On the passing of the Indian Independence Aet, the appellant ceased to be a member of the service constitut<:d by the Secretary of State but he continued to serve the Government of India and the Province of Bihar, as a result of which certain rights relating to conditions of service and disciplinary matters. "'·hich \\"ere earlier applicable to him. were presened. At the time when the Indian Polioe (Cadre) Rules, 1950, were framed, c
the· appellant was not a member of any regularly constituted service and his position remained the same until, under the Indian Police Service (Recruitment) Rules, 19S4, he was included in the Indian Police Service and again became a member of a regularly constituted service; he could be competently incl)lded in that service, because on that date he was only holding a cadre post, but \\'as not a member of any other regular service. Consequently, the contention that the Rules of 1955 did not apply to the appellant must he rejected, because. when those Rules came into force, the appellant was already a member of the Indian Police Service. [229 H- 230 DJ
Those persons, who were. appointed to the Indian Police under the Crown before Independence, ceased to be members of any regularly co.n· c T. N. GHOSH v. BIHAR (Bhargava, J.) 22~ •tituted Service when the Indian Independence Act came into force in 1947. Coder the agreement that was entered into by the new Indian Government with the British GovernmenJ, provision was made that members of the previous Secretary of State's Service could continue to serve tho Govern· nlent of India on a provincial Government and certain rights were pre- served to them if they continued to do so. There was, however. no pro~ vision that the old Secretary of State's Service would continue, so that with the passing of the Indian Independence Act, Secretary of State's Police ceased to exist. [228 G, HJ
Stotc of Madras & Anr. v. K. M. Rajagopalan, [19SS] 2 S.C.R. S4!, R. ·p, Kapur v. Union of India & Anr. [1964J $.C.R. 431, referred to. Under Ari. 314 of the Constitution, the right that continued to enure to the benefit of the appellant was that the enquiry to be held in his con. duct nfost comply with the requirements of r. 55 of the Rules of 1930. An enquiry ordered under the Rules of 19S5 is in no way detrimental to tlie interest of the person against whom the enquiry is held as compared with an enquiry under r. SS of the Rules, of 1930. Under both sets of Rules, the enquiry could be ordered by the authority under whom the person concerned happened to be serving, so that the order made bv the Bibar Government for enquiry did not in any way violate the rights which tlie appellant possessed under r. SS of the Rules of 1930 and· which were preserved to him by Art. 314 of the Constitution. The preliminary enquiry under r. SS of the Rules of 1930 was not required to be initiated or to be held by the Secretary of State in the case of a member of an All India Service, and it was only at the subsequent stage when the order of dis· missal had to be passed that the Secretary of State was required to give 111 opportunity of showing cause to the officer concerned under s. 240(3) of the Government of India Act. The language used in r. SS shows that that rule is only concenred with the holding of an enquiry and lays down the procedure for the enquiry.
It does not at all deal v1ith the question of passing an actual order of dismissal, removal or reduction. It is clear that that rule \Vas confined to making provision for an enquiry whereafter, if an order of dismissal had to be made, the appropriate au~hority under s. 240(2) of the Government of India Act, 193S had to take up the p!'°«eedings and pass the final order. The expression "authority concerned" in. r. 55 in these circumstances, must clearly be interpreted as referring to the authoriiy under which the officer concerned happcnc; to be serving at the relevant time. [231 F-232 C; 232 A-CJ
. High Commissioner for India and H;gfi Comn1irsfoner for Pakistan Y. I. M. Lal. 1S I.A. 225. referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2432 of 1966. Appeal from the judgment and order dated October 4, 1966·
of the Patna High Court in Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No. 784 of 1965. B. C. Ghosh and P. K. Chatterjee, for the appellant. V. A. Seyid Muhammad and S. P. Nayar, for the respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Bhargava, J. The appellant, Tarak Nath Ghosh, was appoin- ted ~y the Secretary of Stat~ for India to the Secretary of State's Semce known as the Indian Police on 25th January, 1937.
When agreement took place with the British Government for inde- SVPR.EMB COUllT REPORTS pendence of India, the Central Government, on 21st October, . 1946, in agreement with a number of Provincial Governments in.- clading the Government . of Bihar, constituted another S'ervioe blown as the Indian Police Service. Recruitment to this Indiaa Police Service began on 15th August, 1947, after India attained Dominion status.
Subsequently, on 23rd January, 1950, the ·Governor-General, in consultation with the Provincial Govern· ments, promulgated rules for forming a cadre for the Police Offi- cers. The Rules, known as the Indian Police (Cadre) Rules, 1950, came into force on 23rd January, 1950, and laid down that ;i number of posts mentioned in the Schedule would be treated as cadre posts and no cadre post shall be filled otherwise than by a cadre officer. Amongst the cadre officers defined in the Rules were included. members of the Indian Police and of the Indiaa. Police Service. On 26th January, 1950, the Constitution of India ·came into force and provision was made in Art. 312(1) empower- ing Parliament by law to provide for the creation of one or more .~India services common to the Union and the States, and to T~late the recruitment and conditions of service of persons al>' pointed to any such service. Article 312(2) laid down that the services known at the commencement of the Constitution as the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service shall be deemed to be services created by Parliament under this article. In pursuance of the power given to Parliament under this Article,. Parliament passed an Act for constituting all-India services. That Act is fin: Ail-Iu.:liii &ryices Act, 1951 (No. 61 of 1951) (herc- inl\fter referred to as "the Act"). The Act recognised the existence of the two All-India Services mentioned in Art. 312(2) of the Con- stitution and, by section 3, empowered the Central Government, after consultation with the Governments of the States concerned, 10 make rules for the regulation of recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed to an All-India Service. Section 4 laid down that all rules in force immediately before the com- mencement of the Act and applicable to an All-India Service shall continue to be in force and shall be deemed to be rules made 11nder this Act. In exercise of the powers granted by s. 3 of the Act, the Central Government promulgated the Indian Police Ser· vice (Recruitment) Rules, 1954. Under these Rules, it was laid down that. the Indian Police Service was to consist of the follow- ing persons, viz. :-
(a) members of the Indian Police; (b) members recruited to .the Service before the com- mencement of these rules; and (c) persons recruited to the Service in accordance with the provisions of these rules.
ff The Rules defined "member of the Indian Police" to mean a person who, having been appointed to the police service under the Crown c T, N. GHOSH v. BIHAR. (Bhargava, I.) in India, known as th\) Indian Police, continues on and after the commencement of these rules, to ·serve under the Government. of India, or a State. Thus, under these Rules, persons appointed to the Indian Police, who had been appointed by the Secretary of State and had continued to serve the Government of India, became members of the Indian Police, and Under clause 3 of the Rules, the Indian Police Service included these members of the Indian Police. Subsequently, in exercise of the. powers conferred by s. 3(1) of the Act, the Central Government, after consultation with the Governments of the States concerned, made rules for regulat- ing the di~cipline in the Indian Police Service. These Rules, which were enforced with effect from 1st September, 1955, came to be known as the All-India Services (Discipline and Appeal) Rules. 1955 (hereinafter referred to as "the Rules of 1955"). Rule 4 of these Rules was amended subsequently on 23rd July, 1960.
On 29th June, 1965, while the appellant was working as the Deputy Inspector-General of Police in Bihar, an order was made by the State Government placing the appellant under suspension pendipg an enquiry. This order was partially amended by the Central Government by pas.gng an order of suspension of the ap- pellant in view of the enquiry instituted by the State Government. On 13th JUiy, 1965, the appellant filed a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution in the High Court at Patna challenging these orders passed against him. The order for institution of an enquiry made by the State Government, which had been directed in pursuance of Rules 4. and 5 of the Rules of 1955,. was challeng- ed on two grounds. One· ground was that the appellant had never become a member of the Indian Police Service and these Rules did not, therefore, apply to him, so that no enquiry could be insti- tuted against him under these Rules. The second ground was that, in any case, in vie.w of Rule 55 of the Civil Service.s (CidSsi- fication, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1930 (hereinafter referred to as "the Rules of 1930") read with Article 314 of the Consti- tution, the Government of the State of Bihar had no power to order institution of an enquiry against the appellant, even if it be held that he had become a member of the Indian Police Service. The order of suspension was challenged <in the sole .ground that if the enquiry itself had been invalidly instituted, the order of ;us- pension automatically became invalid. The High Court dismissed the writ petition holding on both points against the appellant and consequently, the appellant has come up to this Court under certi- ficate gra1!ted by the High Court.
The first contention put forward by learned counsel for the appellant that the appellant never became a member of the Indian Police Service as deem¢ to have been created by virtue of Art. 312(2) of the Constitution has no force. It is true that the appel- lant was originally appointed on 25th January, 1937 to the Secre- tary of State's Service known as the Indian Police and when the "228
SUPllJ!MB CO'UllT UPOllTS Indian Police Service was first constituted on 21st October, 1946, persons, who were members of the Secretary of State's Service known as the Indian Police, did not bel;ome members of this newly constituted Indian Police Service. The Indian Police (Cadre) Rules, 1950 also did not bring about any merger of the two Ser- vices. All that those Rules did was to constitute cadre posts which were to be filled by Officers belonging to either the Indian Police -0r the Indian Police Service as it existed at that time. Article .312(2) of the Constitution simply provided that the existing Indian Police Service constituted on 21st October, 1946 shall be deemed .to be created by Parliament underr that Article. Thereafter, Par· liamcnt passed the All-India Services Act, 1951 and under sec- tion 3 of the Act the Indian Police Service (Recruitment) RuleS, 1954 were promulgated laying down that persons, who had been .appointed to the Secretary of State's Servico-Indian Police, were to be inciuded in the Indian Police Service. Consequently, from the time that these Recruitment Rules of 1954 came into force,' all persons, who had been appointed to the Secretary of Staie:s · Service-Indian Police, became members of the Indian Police Ser- vice, so that, thereafter, they were governed by the provisions of the Act and the Rules framed thereunder. The submission of learned counsel for the appellant was that the provisions in the Recruitment Rules of 1954 that the Indian Police Service shall .consist, inter alia, of members of the Indian Police, could not make them members of the Jndian Police Service, because, under the Act, the only power that was conferred on the Central Govern- ment was to make Rules regulating recruitment to the Service, and conditions of service of persons appointed to the Service, and ·did not empower the Government to include within the Service persons who were already members of another Service. The argu· ment has to be rejected, because, in our opinion, the provisi<m laying down that the Indian Police Service shall consist, inter alio of members of the Indian Police, amounts to a rule recruiting the members of the Indian Police to this Indian Police Service. It may be mentioned that those persons, who were appointed to. the Indian Police under the Crown before Independence, ceased to be members of any regularly constituted Service when the Indian Independence Act came into force in the year 194 7. When inde- pendence was achieved by India, the Secretary of State and the ·crown ceased to have any authority in India, so that no Service of the Secretary of State or the Crown could continue thereafter. Under the agreement that was entered into by the new Indian Government with the British Government, orovision was made that members of the previous Secretary of State's Service could ·continue to serve the Government of India or a Provincial Govern- ment and certain rights were preserved to them if they continued io ·-do so. There was, however, no provision that the old Secretary <Of State's Service would continue, so that with the passing of the c
T. N. GHOSH v. BIHAR (Bhargava, 1.) A Indian. Independece Act, Secretary of State's Services. like the Indian Civil Service and the Indian Police ceased to exist. The cffect of the Indian Independence Act on the Secretary of State's Services was considered in detail by this Court in State of Madras and Another v. K. M. Rajagopalan(') and it was held : "Thus, the essential structure of the Secretary of State
Services was altered and the basic foundation of the con- tractual-cum-statutory tenure of the service disappeared. It follows that the contracts as weU as the statutory pro- tection attached thereto came to an automatic ilbd
legal tcnnjnatiOn ….•… " C The effect of the decision in that case was also noticed by this Court in the case of R. P. Kapur v .. Union of India and Another(') where this Coun held that in the case of K. M. Rajagopalan ( 1) it had been decided that :
"the conferral of Independence on India brought about an automatic and legal termination of service on the date of Independence. But all persons previously holding civil posts in India are deemed to have been ap-
pointed and hence to continue in service, except those governed by 'general or special orders or arrangements' affecting their respective cases. The guarantee about prior conditions of service and the previous statutory safe-
guards relating to disciplinary action continue to apply to those who are thus deemed to continue in service but not to others." In.the latter case of R.P. Kapur('), the Court proceeded further to take notice of s. I 0 of the Indian Independence Act under which every person appointed by the Secretary of State to a civil service of the Crown in India, who continued on and after the appointed day to serve under the Government of either of the new Dominions or of any Province or part thereof, was entitled to receive the same conditions of service as respects remuneration, leave and pension and the same rights as respects disciplinary mat- ters or, as the case may be, as respects the tenure of his office, or rights as similar thereto as changod circumstances may permit as . that person was enritl-d to immediately before the allOOinted day, I.e., Angust lS, 1947. This, it was clearly reccgniaed by this Court that the Services constituted by the Secretary of State- earlier disappeared with the passing of the Indian Indeoendence Act, though persons, who continued to serve thereafter under the Indian Dominion or any Province, were entitled to Cl':11ain e rights in reg~ to rem~ner!l~i«?n, !~ave, pensi11n and disciolinary matters. In View of th1s dec1s10n, 1t has to be held that OTI the passing of the Indian Independence Act, the anpellant ~Sl!d to (I} (19SS] 2 s.c.R. 541, 662.
(2) (1964) 'S.C.R. 431. SUPREME OOUP.T UPO&TS be a member of the Service constituted by the Secretary of State but he continued to serve the Government of India and the Pro- vince of Bihar, as a result of which certain rights relating to con- ditions of service and disciplinary matters, which were earlier ap- plicable to him, were preserved. At the time when the Indian Police (Cadre) Rules were framed, the appellant was not a mem- ber of any regularly constituted Service and bis position remained the same until, under the Recruitment Rules of 1954, he was included in the Indian Police Service. With effect from the date of enforcement of these Rules, he again became a member of a regulady constituted service and he could be competently included in· that service, because on that date he was only holding a cadre post, but was not a member of any either regular service. While he was simply holding a cadre post, there was no bar to the Central Government making a Rule llllder s. 3 of the Act so as to illclude him in the Indian Police Service. Consequently, the first ground of attack on behalf of the appellant that the Rules of 1955 did not apply to him must be rejected, because, when those Rules came into force, the appellant was already a member of the Indian Police Service which service was governed by those Rules.
o The second grouJ!d of attack on behalf of the appellant is based on the contention that under Art. 314 of the Constitution the appellant was entitled to the same rights as respects.' disciplinary matters, or rights as similar thereto as changed circumstances per- mitted as the appellant was entitled to immediately before the commencement of 'the Constitution. According to the appellant immediately before the commencement of the Constitution, he was governed in the matter of discipline by the Rules of 1930, so that the rights which he was entitled to under those Rules were preserved to him under Art. 314.
This proposition is not dis- puted op behalf of the respondents. What is, however, disputed is the interpretation sought to be put on behalf of the appellant on r. 55 of the Rules of 1930. · The appellant urged that, under r. 55 of those Rules, an enquiry against a member of the Indian Police could only be instituted at the instance of the authority en- titled to pass an order of dismissal, removal or reduction and by no other authority. On this ground, it was urged that until the Indian Independence J\ct c;une into force, an enquiry could only be ordered by the Secretary of State, whereas, thereafter, until the enforcement of the Constitution, the enquitr could be ordered by the Central Government only, because, dunng these two periods, the Secretary of Stat~ and the Central Government were the ap- propriate authorities entitled to pass orders of dismissal or removal. We are unable to accept this interpretation of r. 55 urged on behalf of the appellant.
Rule 55 of the Rules of 1930 is as follows:- "Without prejudice to the provisions of the Public Servants Jnquitjes Act, 1850, no order of dismissal, c T. N. GHOSH v. BIHAll (Bhargava, I.)
removal or reduction shall be passed on· a m~ber of a Service (other than an order based on facts which have led to his conviction in a criminal court or by a Court Martial) unless he has been informed in writing of the
grounds on which it is proposed to take action, and has been afforded an adequate opportunity of defending himself. The grounds on which it is propos~ to take action shall be reduced to the form of a definite charge
or charges, which shall be communicated to the person charged togeth.\:r ~t~ a statement of the allegati~ns on which each charge 1s based and of any other cU"Cum- stances which it is proposed to take into consider~tion
in passing orders on the case. He shall be required, within a reasonable time, to put in a written statement of his defence and to state whether he desires to be heard in person. If he so desires or if the authority concern-
ned so direct, an oral inquiry shall be held. At that inquiry oral evidence shall be heard as to such of the allegations as are not admitted, and the person charged shall be entitled to cross-examine the witnesses, to give
evidence in person and to have such witnesses called as he may wish, provided that the officer conducting the inquiry may, for special and sufficient reason to be re- corded in writing, refuse to call a witness.
The pro- ceedings shall contain a sufficient record of the evi- dence and a statement of. the findings and the grounds thereof." It is true that the first sentence of this Rule purports to lay down the procedure where an order of dismissal, removal or reduction is sought to be passed. In the next sentence, the Ruic requires that the grounds on which.it is. proposed to take action must be reduc- ed to the form of a definite charge or charges and they must be communicated to the person charged, together with other neces- sary material.
The person charged is then required to put in a written statement of his defence within a. reasonable time and to state whether he desires to be heard in person. After this stage comes the m~ntion of the authority who is .to take action by laying down that, 1f the person charged so desires or if· the authority concerned so directs, an oral inquiry shall be held.
The argu- ment is that the autllority concerned referred to in. this sentence must necessarily mean the autllority entitled to pass the order of dismissal, removal or reduction. We are unable to accept this
submission. The language used in r. 55 shows tllat that rule is only concerned with the holding of an enquiry and Jays down the procedure for tile enquiry. It does not at all deal with the qnes- t!on of passin~ an actual order of dismissal, removal or reduc- t10~. At tile tim!l .when t!te appell3!1t was appoin_ted to the Indian Police,. the prov1S1on which prescribed tile authority who could L6Sup.C.J./68-2
SUPIU!MJI COT.11.T UPO&TS pass an order of dismissal . in respect of the appellant was con- tained in sub-s. (2) of section 240 of the Government of . India Act, 1935, as a result of which the appellant .could only be dis- missed from service by the Secretary of State who had appointed him. Rule 55 of the Rules of 1930, which then applied to him, did not, however, require that the enquiry under that rule must be initiated by the Secretary of State. In fact, that rule made no mention at all of the authority who was empowered to pass the order of dismissal. On the face of it, it is clear that that rule was confined to making provision for an enquiry whereafter, if an order of dismissal had to be made, the ·appropriate authority under s. 240(2) of the Government of India Act, 1935 had to take up the proceedings and pilss the final order, The expression "autho- rity concerned" in r. 55, in these circumstances, must clearly be interpreted as referring to the authority under. which the ·officer · concerned happens to be Serving at the relevant time. If the officer was serving under. the Government of India, the Government of India or such officer thereof as may be competent in that 11ehalf would be the authority to take proceedings under r. 55 and, in doing so, to initiate the proceedings also. If the officer happened to be serving under a Provincial Government, that Government or such officer thereof as may be competent in that behalf would be the authority concerned for initiating and holding the enquiry. Thereafter, of course, if the officer happened to be a member of the Secretary of State's Service, neither the· Government of India nor the Provincial Gove~nt could pass an order of dismissal, and, on conclusion of the enquiry, the report necessarily would have to be submitted to the Secretary of State who alone could pass the order of dismissal. At that stage, the officer was entitled to a fresh·"Show-cau!l!l notice under s. 240(3) of the Government of India Act, 1935 as held by the Privy Council in the case of High Commissioner for India and High Commissioner for Paki- stan v. I. M. Lal('), It is clear in these circumstances that the preliminary enquiry under r. 55 of the Rules of 1930 was not required to be initiated or to be held by the Secretary of State in the case of a member of an All-India Service, and it was only at the subsequent stage when the order of dismissal had to be passed that the Secretary of State was required to ~ive an opoortunity of showing cause to the officer concerned under s. 240(3) of the Government of India Act. . In this connection, we may take notice of the fact that the High Court has held that, as a matter of fact also, prior to the Independence of India, whenever an enquiry was initiated in the conduct of a member of one of the Secretary of State's Services, the order was made by the Government of India and not by the Secretary of State, so that even at that time the Secretary of State as well as the Government proceeded on this very interpretation of r. · 55 which we are inclined to accept. (I) 7S I.A. 225.
c T. N. GHOSH v. BIHAll (Bhargava, !.) 233. The result of the view that we have taken is that, under Art 314 of the Constitution, the right that continued to enure to the benefit of the appellant was that the enquiry to be held in his con- duct must comply with the requirements of r. 55 of the Rules of 1930. We find that an enquiry ordered under the Rules of .1955 is in no way detrimental to the interest of the person against whom the enquiry is held as compared with. an enquiry under r. 55 of the Rules .of 1930. The Rules of 1955 lay down the .same. type of opportunity to be given as did rule 5? of the Rules of 1930. Under both sets of Rules, the enquiry could be ordered by the autliority under whom. the person concerned happened to be serv- ing, so that, in the case of the appellant, the order made by the. Government of Bihar for enquiry does not in any way violate the rights· which the appellant possessed under r. 55 of the Rules of 1930 and which were preserved to him by Art. 314 of the Con- stitution. The second ground of attack also, therefore, fails. The appeal is dismissed, but, in the circumstances Of this case, we make no order as to costs .
.R.K.P.S. Appeal dismiss~d.