November a4. (1961] THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, BOMBAY CITY I v. M/S. JAGANNATH KISSONLAL, BOMBAY (J. L. KAPUR, M. HrnAYATULLAH and J.C. SHAH, JJ.) Income Tax-Money borrowed by two persons for business pur- poses on joint and several lidbility-One failing to pay his share- Whole paid by another-Unpaid sum by Co-borrower-If deductible as business loss-Commercial custom of joint borrowing-Mutuality -Indian Income Tax Act, z922 (II of z922), s. I0(2)(xv).
For the purposes of its business the respondent borrowed a certain sum of money from the Bank of India on a pronote executed jointly by him and one Kishorilal in accordance with a commercial practice of carrying on business by borrowing money from Banks on joint and several liability. The money was divid- ed half and half between the respondent and Kishorilal but Kishorilal failed to pay off his liability as he became a bankrupt and th~ respondent had to pay the whole amount to the Bank. The respondent, however, received from the Official Assignee a part of the sum taken by the Kishorilal leaving a balance still unpaid. The respondent's claim to deduct this unpaid balance under s. ro(2)(xv) of the Income-tax Act was refused by the In- come-tax Officer and the Appellate Assistant C6mmissioner but was allowed by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal on appeal. On a reference ma(le at the instance of the appellant the High Court decided the question in favour of the respondent assessee. On appeal by the appellant by special leave,
Held, that the view taken by the High Court was correct. On the finding that there was a well establised Commercial prac- tice of financing business by borrowing money on joint and several liability and by so doing the respondent could borrow at a lower rate of interest, and that there was mutuality bet- ween the borrowers for standing surety for each other for loans taken for business purposes, the respondent assessee in comput- ing his business profits was entitled to deduct the loss suffered by him in paying the sum not paid by his co-borrower.
Commissioner of Income-tax v. Ramaswami Chettiar, [1946] 14 I.T.R. 236, applied. Madan Gopal Bag/a v. Commissioner of Income-lax, West Bengal, [1956] S. C.R. 551, Commissioner or Income-tax v. S. R. Subramanya Pillai, [1950] 18 I. T. R. 85 distinguished.
Montreal Coke and Manufacturing Co. v. Minister of National Revenue, [1945] 13 I.T.R. Supp. 1, not applicable. Civn. APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 358of1958. Appeal by special l.;iave from the judgment and
x96o order dated 8th March, 1956, of the former Bombay Th c f 9 e 01nmsssioner 1gh Court Ill l.T.R. No. 55 0 1 55. of Income-tax, A. N. Kripal an\l D. Gupta, for the appellant. Bombay City I
N. A. Palkkivala and B. P. Maheshwari, for the Mi 1 v. d s. agannalh respon ents. Kissonlal, Bombay 1960. November 24. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Kapur J. KAPUR, J. -This is an appeal by special leave
against the judgment and order of the High Court of Bombay in Income-tax Reference No. 55 of 1955, in which two questions of law were ~tated for opinion and both were answered-in favour of the assessee and
against the Commissioner of Income-tax ~ho is the appellant before us and the assessee is the respondent. The facts of this case are these: The respondent is a registered firm carrying on
business as commission agents in Bombay. For pur- poses of its business it borrowed money from time to time from Banks on joint promissory notes executed by it and by others with joint and several liability. On
September 26, 1949, the respondent borrowed Rs. 1,00,000 from the Bank of India on a pronote executed jointly with one. Kishorilal. Out of this amount a sum of Rs. 50,000 was taken by the respondent for pur-
poses of its business and the rest by Kishorilal. Kishorilal however failed to meet his liability and became a bankrupt. The respondent had therefore to pay the Bank the whole amount, i.e., Rs. 1,00,000 with
interest. Out of the amount taken by Kishorilal the respondent received in the accounting year, from the Official Assignee, a sum of Rs. 18,805 and claimed the balance, i.e., Rs. 31,740 as deduction. The accounting
year was from August 26, 1949 to July 17, 1950, the assessment year being 1951-52. This claim was dis- allowed both by the Income-tax Officer as well as the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. On Appeal.t.o the
Income-tax Appellate Tribunal this sum was . allowed as an allowable de~uction under s, lO(~)(:~v) of the In, come-tax Act a:t;id as business loss. 8:z [1961) z96o At the instance of the Commissioner a case was sta-
Th C –. . ted to the High Court of Bombay by the Income-tax ommission" A "b h of Jn,ome-ta• ppe ate Tri una . n t e statement of the case Bombay City i which was agreed to by both parties the Tribunal said: v.
"E'or the purpose of his business, he borrows from M/s. Jagannath time to time money on joint and several liability from Kissonlal, Bombay banks. The Commercial practice is to borrow money Kapur].
from banks on joint and several liability. An illus- tration will explain what we mean. A and B require Rs. 50,000 each. They find that the Bank would not advance Rs. 50,000 to each on his individual security.
They however, find that the Bank would be prepared to advance Rupees one lac on their joint and several liability. They take Rupees one lac on joint and seve- ral liability and then divide the money equally bet-
ween themselves." It also found that the Banks advanced monies to some constituents on their personal security also but they had to pay a higher rate of interest than when the money was borrowed on joint and several responsibi-
lity; that Rs. 1,00,000 borrowed from the Bank was in accordance with tqe commercial practice of Bombay. On these facts the following two questions of law were referred to the High Court:-
"(l) Whether the assessee's claim is sustainable under Section 10(2)(xv) of the Act? (2) Whether the assessee's claim that the loss was a business loss and, therefore, allowable as a
deduction in computing the profits of the assessee's business is sustainable under law?" Both these questions were answered in favour of the respondent and against the appellant. Counsel for the Commissioner challenged the find-
ings of the Tribunal in regard to the existence of com- mercial practice in Bombay but this ground of attack is not available to him because not only did the Tribu- nal give this finding in its Order, but in the a.greed
statement of the case also this finding was repeated as is shown by the passage quoted above. The High Court also has proceeded on the basis of this commer- cial practice. In the judgment under appeal the learned
Chief Justice said: i • ' "The finding of the Tribunal is clear and explicit r96o that what the assessee was doing was not something Th c —: . f h d. b . b h" ommissionar out o t e or mary, ut m orrowmg t IS money on of Income-tax • joint and several liability he was following a practice Bombay City r which was eetablished as a commercial practice. There-
v. fore, the transaction was clearly in the course of the M/s. Jagannath business and incidental to the business and it is this Kissonlal, Bomba} transaction which resulted in a loss to the assessee, he
I<apur J. having to pay the liability of the surety." Therefore this appeal has to be decided on the basis that a commercial practice of financing business by borrowing money on joint and several liability was
established. It was argued on behalf of the appellant that this cou.rt in Ma.dan Gopal Bagl,a v. Oommissianer of Income Tax, West Bengal (1) had decided against the allowability of such losses.
But the facts of that case when carefully scrutinised are distinguishable and the decision does not support the contentions of the appel- lant. No doubt certain features of that case and the
present one are similar but they differ in essential fea- tures. In that case the assessee was a timber merchant who obtained a loan of Rs. I lac from the Bank of India on the joint security of himself and· one Mamraj,
which the ass~ssee paid off. Mamra.j also obtained a loan of Rs. I lac on the· joint securipy of himself and the assessee. Mamraj became lin insolvent and the assessee had to pay the whole of the amount borrowed
with interest thereon. The assessee there received a certain amount of money by way of dividends from the Receiver and the balance he wrote off as bad debt in the assessment year and claimed it as an allowable
deduction under .s. 10. The High Court there held that the debt could not be said to be a debt in respect qf the business of the assessee as he was not· carrying on the business of standing surety for other persons
nor was he a money-lender, he being simply a timber merchant; that it had not been established nor was it alleged that he was in the habit of standing surety for other persons "along with them for purposes of secur-
ing loans for their use and benefit" and even if money (1) [1956] S.C;R. 551. [19tH] had been so borrowed and there had been a loss the Th C -. . loss would have been a capital loss and not a business
e ommissioner l of Income-ta~. oss to the as~essee. This statement of_thelaw was ap- Bombay City I proved by this Court but there:mutuahty, as an essen- v. tial ingredient of the custom established, was found to
M/s. Jagannath be lacking as is shown by the following passage from Ifosonlal, Bombay the judgment of the court. Kapur;. "The custom stated before the Appellate Assis- tant Commissioner was that persons carrying on busi-
ness in Bombay used to borrow monies on joint secu- rity from the Banks in order to facilitate getting financial assistance from the Banks and that too at lower rates of interest. A businessman could procure
financial assistance from the Banks on his own, but he would in that case have to pay a higher rate of interest. He would have to pay a lower rate of inte- rest if he could procure as surety another business-
man, who would be approved by the Bank. This, however, did not mean that mutual accommodation by businessmen was necessarily an ingredient part of that custom. A could procure B, C or D to join him
as surety in order to achieve this objective, but it did not necessarily follow that if A wanted to procure B, C or D to thus join him as surety he could only do so if he in his own turn joined B, C or D as surety in
the loans which B, C or D procured in their turns from the Banks for financing their respective busi- nesses. Unless that factor was established, the mere procurement by A of B, C or D as surety would
not be sufficient to establish the custom sought to be relied upon by the appellant so as to make the tran- saction of his having joined Mumraj Rambhagat as surety in the loan procured by Mumraj Rambhagat
from Imperial B!i-nk of India, a transaction in the course of carrying on his own timber ·business and to mak!' the loss in the transaction a trading loss or 8. bad debt of the timber business of the appellant."
Continuing at page 558 it was observed : "There were thus elements of mutuality and the essential ingredient in the carrying on of the money lending business, which were elements of the custom
proved in that case, both of which are wanting in the present case before us." Mr. Palkhivala for the respondent rightly argued that The1 1Commiss 1ioner M d l B la' (1) d 'd d h o
ncome- ax, a an opa ag " case was eci e agamst t e Bombay City 1 assessee because the <mstom of persons standing v. surety for each other for borrowing money and the M/s. Jagannath element of mutuality which was an essential ingre- Kissonlal, Bombay dient in the case of Commissioner of Income Tax,
Madras v. S. A. S. Ramaswamy Chettiar (2) was not Kapur f. proved. In the -latter case it was established that there was a well recognised custom amongst Chettiars of raising funds for their business of money lenders
by the execution of joint pronotes and that if a loss was sustained by one of the executants having to pay the whole on account of inability of the other it was a deductible loss.
The appellant also relied on a judgment of the Madras High Court in Commissioner of Income Tax v. S. R. Subramanya Pillai (3). In that case the asses. see was a book-seller who from time to time jointly
with another person borrowed money out of which he employed a portion in his business. One of such amounts borrowed was Rs. 16,200 out of which the assessee took Rs. 10,450 for his business needs and
the other debtor took the balance. The latter became insolvent and the assessee had to pay the whole of the money borrowed and claimed it as allowable deduction under s. 10(2)(xi) or s. 10(2)(xv) of the Act
or as business loss and it was .held that he was not entitled, because the loss sustained by the assessee was too remote from the business of book-selling carri- ed on by him and was not sufficiently connected with
the trade and therefore fell outside the range of those amounts which could properly be b:rought into profit and loss account of the business. The decision in Commissioner of Income Tax v. S. A. S. Ramaswamy
Chettiar (9) was there distinguished on the ground that the decision must be confined to its own peculiar facts and did not apply to business as the one in 'Subra- manya. Pillai's Gase (3). The following passage froni
(1) (1956) s.c.R. 551. (2) (1946) 14 I.T.R. 236. (3) [1950) 18 LT.R. 85. [1961] r96o the judgment of Viswanatha Sastri, J., in that case is relevant:- The Commissioner "B h h b . f
of Income-tax. ut t ere t e usmess was one o money lend. Bombay City 1 mg and the Court found that according to the well- v. known and well-recognised mercantile custom of M/s. Jaga"nath Nattukottai bankers, they were in the habit of raising Kissonlal. Bombay funds which formed the stock-in-trade of their money lending business by the execution of joint promissory
Kapur J. notes in favour of banl.ters. That was apparently the usual technique of obtaining credit adopted by the Nattukottai Chetti community money-lenders. In the context this Court held that where a Nattukottai
Chetti money-lender paid off in their entirety the debts jointly due by him and another as a result of the latter's inability to pay, the loss sustained as a result of this transaction was a loss of the money.
lending business itself and therefore a deductible item in computing profits." In the instant case it has been found that there was a well recognised .commercial practice in Bombay of
carrying on business by borrowing money from Banks on joint and several liability. It was also found that by so doing the borrower could borrow money at a lower rate of interest than he otherwise would have
paid; that the respondent had, in accordance with the commercial practice, borrowed the money, the whole of which he had to return because the joint promisor Kishori Lal had become bankrupt; mutuality was
also held proved. It cannot be said that the essential feature of the case now before us is in principle diffe- rent from that of the Commissioner of Income-tax v. Ramaswamy Ohettiar (' ).
In both cases the finding is that there is mutuality and custom of borrowing money on joint pronotes for the carrying on of busi- ness. In our opinion in the circumstances proved in
the present case, and on the facts established and on the findings given, the respondent was rightly held to be entitled to deduct the loss which wa,s suffered by him in the transaction in dispute.
Counsel for the assessee drew our attention to a (1) (1946) 14 I.T.R. 236. Privy Council judgment Montreal Coke and Manufac- turing Co. v. Minister o1 National Revenue (1) but that Th c 'J
e omnnssioner case can nave no applicat10n to the facts of the pre- of Income-tax, sent case because it was found there as· a fact that the Bombay Oity I assessees's financial arrangements were quite distinct
v. from the activities by which they earned their ~ncome "'.fs. Jagannath and expenditure incurred in relation to the financing Kissonlal, Bombay of their business was not expenditure in the earnii1g
Kapur J. of their income within the statute. It was then contended that the loss of the respon- dent was a capital loss and for this again reliance was placed on the judgment of this Court in Madan Gopal
Bagla's case (2) and particularly on the observation at page 559 where Bhagwati, J., quoted with appro- val the observations of the High Court in the judg- · ment but as we have pointed out the facts of that
case are distinguishable and what was said there has no application to the facts and circumstances proved in the present case. In our view the judgment of the High Court is right and we therefore dismiss this appeal with costs.
Appeal dismissed. M/S. HAJI AZIZ AND ABDUL SHAKOOR BROS. v. THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, BOMBAY CITY II (J. L. KAPUR, M. HIDAYATULLAH and J. c. SHAH, JJ.) Income-tax-Business deduction-Import of goods by steamer-
Government notification prohibiting import by steamer-Payment of penalty in lieu of confiscation-Allowable expenditure-Commercial expense-Sea Customs Act, I878 (8 of r878), s. I67(8)-Indian Income-tax Act, I922 (II of I9~2), s. ro(a)(xv).
The appellant firm imported dates from abroad partly by steamer and partly by country craft. At the relevant time im- port of dates by steamers had been prohibited by Government (1) [1945] 13 I.T.R. Supp. l.
(:z) [1956] S.C.R. 551.