r959 .\fay 8. THE COM:HISSIOXJ<JR OF INCOME-TAX, BOMBAY 1), H.ANCHHODDAS KARSONDAS, BOMBAY (S. R. DAS, C .. J., N. H. BHAGWATT, and M. HIDAYATULLAH, JJ.) I11comc-tax-I?eturn shozrii-ng inco1ne belou1 minimum taxable- Tl'hcther a good return-Inco111e-tax Oj}ictr ignoring such return and issu.ing ,notice to assessee to fi.lt return-Assessment 1nade within one ~year of notice bnt be:yond four years of the end of th.e asscss1nent ycar–Validity of-Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (XI of r922), ss. 22 and 34.
A public notice under s. 22(1) of the· Income-tax Act, 1922 was published on May r, 1945, requiring every person whose total income exce'eded the niaximum amount \vhich \\'as not charge- able to inco1ne-tax to file returns for the assr!ismcnt year 1945-46. On January 5, 1950, the assessee submitted a voluntary return ,shOY\ting an inco1ne of Rs .. 1,935 for the :issessmcnt year 1945-46 and adde<l a footnote to the return that his wife ha<l sold her old ornaments and deposited a sum of Rs. 59,026 with the Assar Syndicate in \Yhich he \Vas a partner. The Income-tax Officer, \vho had discovered these credits \Vhi1e exan1ining the accounts of the J\ssar Syndicate, ignored the voluntary return, and, on F'cbruary 27, 1950, issued a notice under s. 34(1) of the Act calling upon the assessec to submit his return. On lllarch J4, I950, the assessce submitted an identical return. The Income-tax Officer ina<lc the assessment on February 26, 1951, and included the su1n of l{s. 59,026 in the total incon1c of the asscssee. The
asscssee contcndtd that the assessment \Yas, 1invalid as it \\'as cotnpletcd n1orc than four years after the end of the assessment year in violation ·of s. 34(r)(b). The appellant contended that the voluntary return \\'as no return as it clid not disclose any taxable income and tlic assesstnent \\'as valic.1 under the proviso to s. 3-1-(J) of the 1\ct, ha\'ing been rnacle \Vithin one year of the notice issued under s. 34(1).
lle/d, that the assess111cnt \Vas invalid. 'fhe voluntary return filcU Uy t:ltc a~scssec, even though it. dicl not disclose any taxable inco1nc, 'ras a good return and could not be ignored. 1\s such no question arose und('r s. 34(r) of income escaping assess- ment and the Incotne-tax Officer \\·as not justified i11 issuing the notice under s. 34(1).
Tlw proviso to s. 34(3) was applicable only "·hen there ,\\'as a proper notice issued unlk·r s. 34(1) and the appellant could not take advantage of the time allowed by this proviso.
'fhc as~essn1ent \\-'as clearly made bPyond four years of – the end of the asscss1nent year I~J–l-.)-4() and \Vas tin1c harrcrl. llaraltchand l1.fakanji & C'o. v. c:(JJntnissioni:r of Income-tax. (1948) .IIJ I.T.R Il9; All India Groundnut Syndicate Ltd, v. S.C.R.
Commissioner of Incame-tax, (1953) 25 I.T.R. 90 and P. S. Rama !~·er v. Commissioner of Jncom,;-fa.i;, (1957) 33 1.T.l<. 451', approved. Commissioner of Agricultural I11comi:-tax v. Sultan Ali Gharami (1951) 20 l.T.R. 432; B. K. Das <~ Co. v. Commissioner of lllcom.:- tax, (1956) 30 l.T.R. 439 and Commissioner of Income-lax v. Govindlal Dutta (1957) 33 I T.R. 630, disapproved.
CIYTL APPELLA'l'E Jt"RISDIC'TION: Civil 281of1955. Appral No. Appeal from the jwlgment and or<ler datPd :\larch 18, 1954, of the Bombay lfigh C'ourt in Income-tax Reference No. 35 of 19'3~.
K. N. Rajagopal Sa8tri and n. Oupta, for the appellant. R. J. Kolah and. Ram Ditta. Jlal, for the re1'!pondrnt. 1959. May 8. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by The Co1nmissioner
of Jncm1u-tax Jlnmbay v. R11,11r-hhoddas l\a,·somlas, Bombay HIDAYATULLAH J.-This appeal on a certificate of Hidayatullah J. fitness granted by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay has been filed by the CommisRioner of Income-
tax, Bombay against Ranchhoddas Karsondas. of Bombay (hereinafter referred to, as the assessce) under s. 66A of the Indian Income-tax Act. The facts leading up to this appeal are as follows :
For the assessment year 194.5-46, a public notice under s. 22(1) of the Income-tax Act (hereinafter called the Act) was issued, requiring every person ·who8e total in- come during the previous year exceeded the maximum
amount which was not chargeable to income-tax to furnish, within such period not being less than sixty days as might be specified in the notice, a return of his income in the prescribed form and verified in the
prescribed manner. This notice was published on or about Mav l, l!J45. The assessee dicl not make a return of );is income. The Income-tax Officer, \vhile examining the books of account of a partnership called
the "Assar Svndic11te" of which the assessee was a. partner, founci that in the account year corresponding to the assessment year 1945-46, there were six cash credits aggregating to Rs. 59,026 in the name of the
assessee's wife. Before, however, the Income-tax r959 Officer could take any action, the assessee submitted a -. . "voluntary" return on January 5, 1950 of his income Th~, c1°"'"'"'1'°"" for the accounting year 1944-45 (assessment year o;
ncome· ax, h Bombay 1945-46) s owmg a total net mcome of Rs. 1,935. He v. added a footnote to the return to the following effect : Ranchhoddas "My wife has sold her old ornaments and deposit-
Karsondas, Bombay ed the sum of Rs. 59,026 in the firm of Assar Syndi- Hidayatullah J. cate in which I am a partner." The Income-tax Officer did not act on this return, but on February 27, 1950 he issued a notice purporting
to be under s. 34 of the Act calling upon the assessee to submit his return. This notice was served on the assessee on March 3, 1950; and in answer thereto, the assessee submitted a simifar return on March 14, 1950
showing the same income and adding the same foot- note. The Income-tax Officer then issued and served upon the assessee notices under ss. 22( 4) and 23(2) of the Act asking him to produce his books of account
and to tender any evidence he cared to lead. It appears from the record that these notices were compli- ed with, but on February 26, 1951 the Income-tax Officer included the sum of Rs. 59,026 in the total in-
come of the assessee and assessed him on it for the assessment year 1945-46. The assessee appealed, in turn, to the Appdlate Assistant Commissioner and the Income-tax Appt;llate Tribunal. His contentions were three, viz., that the
amount of Rs. 59,026 could not and should not have been included in his income, that the amended s. 34 of the Act had no retrospective effect, and that the assessment completed on February 26, 1951 was in-
valid, inasmuch as it was completed four years after the end of the relevant assessment year. Both the Appellate Assistant Commissioner as well as the Tri- bunal rejected his contentions, but the Tribunal on
being moved by him, raised and referred two questions of law under s. 66(1) of the Act to the High Court of Judicature, Bombay, for its decision. These questions were:· "(1) Whether the notice issued under Section 34
of the Act by the Income-tax Officer on 27-2-1950, S.C.R. after the assessee had filed a voluntary return was r959 valid in law ? Th c (2) Wh I h d 26 2 19 1':.} • e omnnsstnner et ier t e assess1nent. n1a e on
o IS Df Income-tax, valid in law ? " Hom/){ly This reference was heard by the High Court on v. March 18, 1954, and by a judgment delivered on the . Ranchhoddas same day, Chagla, C,J., and Tcndolkar, J., answered 1'arsondas, Bombay both the questions in the negative.
Before the High llida_;.:;-:;1ah, J. Conrt, it was again contended by the assessee that since he had submitted a return under s. 22(3) of the Act on January 5, 1950, the assessment, if any, had
to be completed before March 31, 1!)50, as required by s. 34(3) of the Act. He alRo contended that he was entitled under s. 22(3) to make [t " voluntary" return on the date he did, and with a voluntary return before
the Income-tax Officer, there was no scope for the issuance of a notice under s. 34. The High Court up- held the contentions of the asi.;essee, and gave its opinion that the Department ought to have issued a
notice under s. 22(2) within the assessment year, and if no return was made within the time fixed by the notice; the Department 8hould have proceeded under s. 23(4) to a 'best judgment' assessment. The other
alter1iative for the Department was to issue a notice under s. 34 of the Act, if the period for sending a notice under s. 22(2) had expired. But it could not issue a notice under s. 34 after a return was already
made before it, and the benefit of the extended period of limitation for assessment available under the first proviso to sub-s. (3) of s. 34 of one year from the service of the notice under snh-s. (I) of that section was not available in this case. The High Court granted a
certificate of fitness, and hence this appeal. The arguments which were urged before the High Court were all raised in this Court by the parties. The case of the Department was supplemented by ar
argument that, inasmuch as the assessee had suppress- ed his income or given incorrect particulars thereof, the period during which action under s. 34 could be taken was the extended one of 8 years.
In the arguments before us, our attention was drawn to a cleavage of opinion between the Bombay High ll8 '959 Court on the one lmnd and the Calcutta High Court on –: . the other. \Vhile the Bombay High Court seems to be
Thr Commimnner of the view that. a "voluntary" return showing a non- of lncome-tflx, .. 1 · 'II d t II Bombav taxau e moome is st1 a goo re .urn ior a purposes v. · under the Act, the Calcutta High Court is of the view
Ranchhoddas that whats. 22(1) of the Act requires is a return of Karsnndas, ~nmhay taxable income and not a return of income, which ·a – 11 h 1 shows a loss 01· 18 below ihe taxable limit. It appears Ht ovatu •
h t h (' l H' ] C t a at one t.nne t e ~a rmtta 1g 1 ourt a so enter- tained the view that such a, return was no return at all, but it was expl1tined later that this me,tnt that the
return was ineffective for the purposes of s. 22(1) of tlw Act, though it might he IL "return" being in the prescribed form. The Bombay High Court also enter- tains the view that the asse-ssment proceedings com-
mence with the issue of '' public: notice, and that s. 34 of the Act cannot apply, whero in answer to the publie notice a return is made whether of taxable income or not. The view of the Calcutta High Court is that
assessment proceedings commence either with a notice under s. 22(2) of the Art or with the filing of a return showing taxable income. We are not here concerned with the quantum hut
only with the legality oHhe assessment. The side issue whether, in point of fact, the cash credits in the name of the wife represented the income of the husband does not survive for decision. Thus, the only question is
whether the notice issued under s. 34 of i;lie Act on February 27, l!l50 (after the assessee filed his "vqlun- tary" return on January 5, 1950) and the assessment thereon, were valid in bw. Section 34(3) of the Act
provides that no assessment except the assessm1mt within cl. (a) of suh-s. (l) thereof or under s. 23 to which cl. (c) of sub-s. (1) of s. 28 applies, shall be made after the expiry of four years from the encl of the year in
which income, profits or gains were first assessable. A proviso, however, allows one year from the date of tlH> service of the notice for t.he completion of the assess- ment. It reads, omitting matters not relevant here :-
" … where a notice under sub-section (1) has been issued within the time therein limited, the assessment or reassessment to he made in pursuance of such S.C.R. notice niay be made before the expiry of one year
r959 from the date' of the service of the notice even if h · d d th · d f " The Commissioner sue per10 exC'ee s e per10 o . . . our years . . . of !llcome-tax, It is, therefore, quite clear that the extra period is
Bombay available only if a notice under sub-s. (1) of s. 34 has v. been issued within the time therein limited. This takes Ranchlwddas US to s. 34( 1 ). Karsondas, Bombay Sectic;:m 34(1), omitting parts not relevant, reads:-
Hidayatullali J. "(l) If … (a) the Income-tax Officer has reason to believe that.by reason of the omission or failure· on the part of an assessee to make a return of his income under
section 22, for any year …… , or (b) notwithstimrling that there has been no omis- sion or failure as mentioned in clause (a) on the part of the assessee, the Income-tax Officer has in con-
sequence of information in his possession reason to believe that income, profits or gains chargeable to income-tax have escaped assessment for any year … he may in cases falling under clause (a) at any time
within eight years and in cases falling under clause (h) at any time 'vithin four years of the end of that year, serve on the assessee … a notice … and may proceed to assess such income … "
It would appear from this that if the return filed on January 5, 1950, was a return of income, there was no failure or omission on the part of the asscssee, so as to bring the matter within s. 34(l)(a) of the Act, and sub-
s. (3) of s. 34 would then apply to the case limiting the period to four years. In that event, the a:;sessmcnt should have been completed on or before March 31, 19b0. But if the return made by the assessee was no
return at all, then the conditions under the first sub- section of s. 34 obtained, and the assessment could he completed within one year of the date of service of the notice (l\Iarch 3, 1950), i.e. on or before March 2, 1951. In that event, the asses:mient would be valid. The
validity of the return in this context is tied to the validity of the notice and also i:ice versa. '959 Section 22 of tho Aet (omiUing the parts not relev- -. . a.nt) may now be quoted :
li" c1°" 111"" 1'° 11'' "(1) The Inuomo-tax Officer shall, on or before the o; nwme- ax, 1 t l f M t' b b]' Bombav s (a)' o l'v.iay, 111eac1 .~rear, g1\7C no ice, y }lU · IC· v. •
ation iu the press … , requiring every person whose Ranchhodda; total income during the previous year exceeded the /(arwnda;, Bombay maximum amount which is not chargeable to Hidayatullah ].
income-tax to furnish, within such period not being less than sixty days … a return .. ., setting forth … his total income and tot.ti world income during that year: (2) In the case of any person whose total income
is, in the Income-tax Officer's opinion, of such an amount as to render such person liable to income- tax, the Income-tax Officer may serve a notice upon him requiring him to furnish, within such period,
not being less than thirty days … a return … setting forth . . . his total income and total world income during the prov ions year: (3) If any person has not furnished a return with-
in the time allowed l1y or under sub-section (I) or sub-section (2), or having furnished a return under either of those sub-sections, discovers any omission or wrong statement thprein, he may furnish a return
or a revised return, as the case may be at any time before the assessment is made." It will be seen from this, that, as the Bombay High Court correctly pointed out, there is a time limit
provided in sub-ss. (l) ti.ml (2) and the failure or omis- sion occurs when that period passes, but sub-s (3) :;i,llows a locus poen:itentiae before the assessment is actually made. There is no disput_e that a return could
be filed in this case, late though it was. The con- troversy centres round the fact that the return, when it was filed, disclosed an income which was below the maximum not chargeable to tax, and the question is
whether in such an event the Income-tax Officer was precluded from issuing a notice under s. 34 of the Act. There has been in the past a well-marked difference of opinion between the Bombay and the Calcutta High
S.C.R. Courts, the leading cases in Bombay being Harakchand i95~ Makanji & Do. v. Oommiss-ioner of Income-tax (1), All The Commission" India Groundnut Syndicate Ltd. v. Commissioner of
of Income-tu, Income-tax (2) and the decision under appeal here, while Bombay the Calcutta view is to be found in Commissioner of v. Agricnltural Income-tax v. Sultan Ali Gharami (3) R. K.
Ranchhoddas Karsondas, Bombay Das & Go. v. Commissioner of Income-tax(•) and Com- missioner o.f Income-tax v. Govindlal Dutta e). To these Hiday~ah J. may be added P. S. Rlima Iyer v. C01nmi.ssioner of
Income-tax (6), in which the Madras High Court has accepted the Bombay view. No useful purpose will be served in discussing these cases in detail. In some of them, the point need not
have been taken up for decision, though it was. We shall refer very briefly to the two rival views and the grounds on which they are rested, and in doing so, we begin with the Calcutta decisions. In Sultan Ali
Gharami's case (3), a notice under s. 24(1) of the Bengal Agricultural Income-tax Act (corresponding to s. 22(1) of the Act) was issued. No return was filed. Three years later, a notice under s. 24(2) of that Act
(corresponding to s. 22(2) of the Act) was served, and a return showing an income below the taxable minimum was filed. The contention was that without a notice under s. 24(2) within the assessment year or a
notice under s. 38(1) (corresponding to s. 34 (1) of the Act) the 'best judgment' assessment was bad. The contention further \Vas that the return could be taken to be under s. 24(1) or s. 24(3). Chakravarti, J. (as he
then was) and Das Gupta, J., held that a person who had no assessable income was not placP-d under a duty to file a return, that the return whether filed under s. 24(1) or s. 24(3) which had failed to show an
assessable income could not possibly be 'treated' as a return under s. 24(1) or even s. 24(3) when filed in answer to a notice under s. 24(2). They further observ- ed at p. 442: "A return under section on 24(1) is a return filed
by a person who decides for himself that he had an assessable income in the previous year and by filing (I) ( 1948) 16 I. T. R. II9. (2) (1954) 25 I. T. R. 90 (3) (1951) 20 I. T. R. 432
(4) (1956) 30 I. T. R. 439 (51 (1957) 33 I. T. R. 630 (6) (1957) 32 I. T. R. 458 '959 The Commissioner of Income-tax Bombay v. R anchhoddas Karsondas, Bombay Hidayatullah ]. the return he offers that income for assessment. A
person who had no assessable income in the previous year is placed under no duty by a notice under section 24(1) to furnish a return and a person who thinks, rightly or wrongly, that he had no assessable
income will furnish none. A return under section 24(1), whether filed within the time allowed under the section or filed subsequently under the provi- sions of section 24(3), will therefore show an asses-
sable income … A return which showed no assessable income, could not possibly be 'treated' as a return filed under section 24(1) or a return called for under that section but filed under section 24(3), when in
fact it was filed in response to a notice under section 24(2)." The opinion here expressed was criticised in the judgment under appeal, and in the next case, R. K. Das & Go v. Commissioner of Income-tax(•), the
Calcutta High Court (Chakravarti, C.J., and Sarkar, J.) explained what was really meant. It is not necessary to refer to the facts of that case. This is what Chakra- wrti, C.J., observed at p. 449 :
" 'It should be remembered', I observed 'that the return in the present case is being sought to be treated as a return under section 24(1), belatedly filed.' And then I went on to say that a return
under section 24(1) would only be filed by a person who thought that he had a taxable income and therefore a return showing an income below the taxable limit could not be held, on a construction
thereof, to be a return under section 24(1) and consequently the return in the case we were then considering could not be treated as such a return filed under section 24(3). To say that, was not to
say that even a return filed in compliance with a notice under section 22(2), if filed belatedly under section 22(3) could not be a return showing an income below the taxable limit.''
This left the matter somewhat ambiguous as to what was really meant, and in Commissioner of Income-f,ax v. GovindlaJ, Dutta('), Chakravarti, C. J., and Guha, J., (1) (1956) 30 I.T.R. 439·
(2) (1957) 33 I.T.R. 630. S.C.R. again explained the true import of the law laid down. x959 They referred to s. 22(1) of the Act as it stood prior to Th c -. . e ommsssioner the amendment of 1953, and observed that under that
0 , Incom6-tas section a person was required to file a return only if ' Bombay his total income during the preceding year exceeded v. the maximum amount which was not chargeable to
Ranchhoddas tax. The return contemplated was thus only a return Karsondas, Bombt1y · of income and not a return of loss and not even a Hidayatullt1h J. return of income, but a return of taxable income. Not
only had a person no duty but he" had even .no right, to file a return voluntarily, if he had suffered a loss, to 'report' that loss. The learned Judges concluded that it was a complete mistake to think that s. 22(3)
provided for the filing of a voluntary return showing loss, at any time, before assessment. That section, they opined, contemplated the filing of a return of taxable income, and a return not showing such income
was not a return at all in law. The Calcutta view, as shown above, really proceeds upon the wording of s. 22(1). It lays down that the public notice requires only persons having an income
above the taxable limit to make a return. A person who has no such. income need not make a return, and if he does make a return, it is not a return which need be considered, being not a return in law.
It is a little difficult to understand how the exist- ence of a return can be ignored, once it has been filed. A return showing income below the. taxable limit can be made even in answer to a notice under
s. 22(2). The notice under s. 22(1) requires in a general way what a notice under s. 22(2) requires of an individual. If a return of income below the taxable limit is a good return in answer to a notice under
s. 22(2), there is no reason to think that a return of a similar kind in answer to a public notice is no return at all. The conclusion does not follow from the words of s. 22(1). No dout>t, under that sub-section only
those persons a.re required to make a return, whose income is above taxable limits, but a person may legitimately consider himself entitled to certain deduc- tions and allowances, and yet file a return to be on
the safe side. He may show his income and the SUPREME COUii'l' REPORTS [1960(1}] ' 959 deductions and allowances he claims. But it may be T '" c that on a correct processing his income may be found
~ om1niss1oner of Incom•-tax, to be above the exempted hm1t, No doubt, it is futile Bombay. for a person not liable to tax· to rush in with a return, v. but the return in law is not a mere scrap of paper.
Ranchhoddas It is a return, such as the assessee considers, repre- Karsondas, Bombay sen ts his true income. Hidayat1.tlah J. We are unable (and we say this with due respect} to accept the view ad,.umbrated in the Calcutta cases.
The contrary \7iew is expressed by the Bombay High Court in the earlier ca.se of Harakchand Makanji & Co. v. Cornm·is.sioner of Incorne-tax (1) and in the judgment under appeal. That view was accepted by the Madras
High Court in P. S. Raina Iyer v. Cornrnissioner of lncorne-tnx (') and also, in our opinion, is the sounder view of the two. In the earlier of the two Bombay cases, Chagla, C. J., and Tendolkar, J., held (as stated
in the head note) : "Notice under section 34 is only necessary if at t.he end of the assessment year no return has been made by the assessee, and the authorities wished to proceed under section 22(2), but where the assessee
himself chooses voluntarily to make a return, no question can arise under section 34 of assessment escaping, and therefore there is no necessity to 8erve any notice under section 34."
This represents the law applicable to the facts as they are to be found in this case. In the assessment year no return of income was filed, nor was any notice served under s. 22(2). There was, however, the general
notice under s. 22(1). A return in answer to that notice could be filed under s. 22(3) before assessment, and for this there is no limit of time. It was filed on January 5, 1950. Th'ere was nothing to prevent the
Income-tax Officer from taking up the return and proceeding to assess the income of the assessee. It was open to him, if there wa.s sufficient justification for it, to hold that the amount noted in the footnote
was really the assessee's income, in which case an assessable income would have been found and the tax could be charged thereon. If the Income-tax Officer had acted on that return and assessed the assessee
(I) (1948) 161.T.R. ug. (2) (1957) 32 I. T. R. 458, S·C.R before March 31, 1950, the assessment would have z959 been valid. He chose to ignore the return, and served l d 34(l) Th.
The Commissioner on tie assessee a notwe ~n er s. is notice of Income-ta~. was improper, because with the return already filed Bombay there was neither an omission nor a failure on the
v. part of the assessee, nor was there any question of Ranchkoddas assessment 'escaping'. The notice under s. 34(1) was, Karsondas,Bombay therefore, invalid and the consequent assessment H idayatullah ] • equally so.
vVe accordingly agree with the judgment under appeal. Before leaving this case, we may refer to two other arguments, whieh were raised. Mr. Rajagopala Sastri pointed out that an assessee might file the 'voluntary'
retw.rn on the last <lay showing income less than the taxable limit, and the· Department would, in that case, be driven to complete the assessment proceed- ings within a few hours or lose the right to send a
notice under s. 34(1). An argument ab inconvenienti is not a decisive argument. The Income-tax Officer could have avoided the result by issuing a notice under s. 23(2) and not remaining inactive until the
period wa.s about to expire. :Further, all laws of limitation lead to some inconvenience and hard cases. The remedy is for the legislature to amend" the law suitably. The Courts can administer the laws
as they find them, and they are seldom required to be astute to de'feat the law of limitation. This argu- ment is thus no answer to the dear meaning and· implications of the Act. The other argument was that the return was not
a true one, and fell within the mischief of cl. (c) Of sub-s.(l) of s. 28, and that, therefore, the period during which action could be taken was the extended one of 8 years. The short answer to that is that this was
not a part of the Department's case at any prior stage, and cannot be allowed to be raised now. In our opinion, the answers given by the High Court of Bombay were correct in all the circumstances
of this case. The appeal thus fails, and is dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed.