THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, BOMBAY v. SMf. KASTURBAI WALCHAND TRUST, BOMBAY October 31, 1966 [J. C. SHAH, V. RAMAsWAMI AND V. BHARGAVA, JJ.) c Income Tw: Act 1922, s. 4(3) (i)-Income of trust property-payable to beneficiary during htr lifetime-Thereafter for specified charitable pur- poses-Beneficiary executing surrender of beneficial
interest-Thereafler whether trust property held wholly for charitable purposes and exempt from 'IGX-Whether Income of trust property receivable by beneficiary or 1ry 111111 on behalf of beneficiary.
By a deed executed in November 1946, the respondent and her bus· band created a trust in respe1:t of their properties. In accordance wilh Cause 7 of the deed, the income of the trust properties was to be paid to the respondent during her lifetime and, by Clause 8 the trustees were directed to apply the income, from and after the death of the respondent, . to (lertaln cbantable purposes enumerated in the deed. On July 21, 19SS, 'Ille respondent executed a deed of surrender whereby she gave up her beneficial interest in the income of the trust so that 1t may immediately vest in the trustees and may be utilised for the charitable purposes men- tioned in the trust deed.
In the course of assessment to income tax in respect of the income from the trust properties for tho assessment years 1956-57 to 1959-60, it was claimed on behalf of tho trust that during the relevant previous yean, the properties were held under a trust wholly for charitable purposes, and consequently, the income was exempt from income-tax under s. 4(3)(i) of the Income Tax Act, 1922. The Income Tax Officer rejected this claim on the view that the deed of surrender executed by the respondent did not amount to renouncement of her rights under the trust deed and that it really amounted to a transfer of the income received by her for the use of the trust; and since the income was receivable by the respondE;nt, the trust properties were not held wholly for charitable purposes. However,
the Appellate Assistant Commissioner, on appeal held that the income from the trust properties was exempt under s. 4(3) (i) and this view was upheld by the Tribunal The High Court, upon a reference, also
held in favour of the trust. It was also contended on behalf of the department that as clause 8 of the trust deed executed in November 1946 provided that the income of the trust was to be applied for charitable purposes "from and after the death" of the respondent the trustees could not, during her life-time, apply the income for any charitable purposes and therefore no exemption could be claimed under s. 4(3 )(i).
HELD: The income from the trust properties after July 21, 19SS was exempt from tax under s. 4(3)(i). (13 B.CJ Whenever a valid trust Is executed, the property vests In the Trustees, and the income accruing from those properties is the income of the trust and not of the beneficiaries. For purposes of income-tax law, however, the income under s. 41 (1) of the Act is treated as received by the Trus- tees On behalf of the beneficiaries, but is to be taxed in the hands of tho Trustees as it would be in the bands of the beoe!lclary for wbom it la (1967] 2 S.C.R.
received. In the present case, therefore, it would be wrong to proceed on any assumption that the income of the trust properties wos received by the respondent. Once the respondent renounced her interest by the deed of July 1955, which was clearly valid in view of s. 5G of the Indian Trusts Act, the entire properties were held by the Trustee.> for 1he chari- table purposes mentioned in clause 8. because that was the only purpose of the trust Yr'hich then remained. The income which accrued thereafter v.·as income which could he applied or allowed to accumuJatc for applica- tion to the charitahlc purposes mentioned in clause 8 and for no other purpo;e. [IO E; 11 B·H]
Even if it were to be held that hy virttlc of clause 8 the trustees could not apply the inconlc for ch;1ri1ablc purpose<> so Jong as the r~pondent \vas alive, the only effect would be that the income would accumulate. Such ac~u1nulation.'\ 1,1.·ouh.J also be exempt from the liability to income- tax under s. 4(3) (i) as soon as the rights of the respondent ceased on the execution by her of the deed of surrender in July 1955. fl 2 f) CIVIL APPELi.Alt: JuR1so1n10~ : Civil Appeals Nos. 180 to
183 of 1966. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated September 27, 1962 of the Rombay High Court in Income-tax Reference No. 42 of 1961. B. Sen, Copa/ Singh and R. N. Sacluhey, for the appellant
(in all the appeals). S. T. Desai and Ravinder Narain, for the respondent (in all the appeals). The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Bhargava, J. Seth Walchand Hirachand and his wife, Bai
Kasturbai, owned certain shares, had several insurance policies, owned house property and also held lease lands. The two of them together joined in executing an indenture on 25th November, I 946, by which they created a trust. The trustees were both of them themselves and three brothers of Seth Walchand. The provi- sions of the trust, with which we are concerned, laid down that, after defraying the expenses for management of the trust properties and certain other expenses, such as, rents, rates, etc., the trustees were to pay to Bai Kasturbai, during her life-time, the income arising from the trust funds and properties. Further, Seth Walcband himself and Bai Kasturbai, during their life-time, had the right of residence in some of the house property, free of rent and without any obligation for payment of any outgoings or moneys in respect thereof. These provisions were contained in clause 7 of the deed of trust. The next provision contained in clause 8 of the deed was that, from and after the death of Bai Kasturbai, the trustees were directed to apply the net rents, profits and income of the properties and trust funds, at their discretion, on charitable purposes enumerat- ed in the deed of trust. It is not disputed that all the charitable purposes mentioned in the trust constituted public charities. Seth c
ff c C.l.T. v. KASTURBAI TRUST (Bhargava, J.) Walchand died and, thereafter, Bai Kasturbai, on 21st July, 1955, executed a deed in which the relevant clause runs as follows:- "Bai Kasturbai Walchand both hereby surrender,
release, quit claim, transfer and assign unto the Trustees all the income to arise as from the 21st day of July one thou- sand nine hundred and fifty-five from the Trust funds of the investments for the time being representing the same and
her beneficial life interest and all her rights, claims and demands under the said Indenture of Settlement including the liberty to occupy and enjoy rent free of the lands, hereditaments, messuages and premises described in the
First and Second Schedules hereto the intent that her beneficial interest may be determined as aforesaid and that the same may be immediately vested in the Trustees and that the Trustees may utilise the same for charitable purposes
mentioned in the said-Indenture of Settlement." Subsequent to the execution of this deed, the question arose of assessment to·income-tax of the income from the trust properties for the assessment years 1956-57, 1957-58, 1958-59 and 1959-60. The corresponding previous years were the financi,il years ending on 31st March in the years 1956 to 1959. It was claimed by the Trust that, during these previous years, these properties were held under a trust wholly for charitable purposes, and consequently, the income was exempt from income-tax under s. 4(3)(i) of the Income-tax Act (hereinafter referred to as "the Act"). The In- come-tax Officer, however, ·held that the deed executed by Bai K.asturbai did not amount to a renouncement of her rights under the trust deed, and that it really amounted to a transfer of the income received by her for purposes of the use of the trust. Since the income of the trust was receivable by Bai Kasturbai, it could not be held that the trust properties were held wholl;y for chari- table purposes. On appeal, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner disagreed with the Income-tax Officer and accepted the submission made by the respondent, holding that the income received by the Trust, after the.execution of tlie deed of surrender by Bai Kasturbai, was exempt from tax under s. 4(3)(i) of the Act in view of the appli- cability of s. 9 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, on further appeal, upheld the same decision, but on a slightly different ground. The Tribunal's view was that. the surrender by Bai Kasturbai was valid under s. 58 of the Indian Tnists Act, and consequently, after that deed was executed, the properties were held wholly for charitable purposes and the income was exempt from tax under s. 4(3)(i) of the Act. Thereupon, at the request of .the Commissioner of Income-tax, the following question was referred for the opinion of the High Court of Bombay: Ml9Sup.Cl/66-2
1 0 "Whether clause 8 of the trust settlement made on the 25th November, 1946, came into operation immediately following t~e declaration made by Bai Kasturbai on the 21st July, 1955, and as such the income that accrued or
arose to the trustees from the trust property from 21st July, I 955, onwards was exempt under s. 4(3)(i) of the Act?" The High Court answered the question in favour of the Trust, which is the respondent in these appeals before us, and conse- quently, the Commissioner of Income-tax has come up to this Court in these appeals by special leave.
It appears that, in this case, the question that was framed by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal and referred to the High Court was not happily worded, so that it will need a slight amendment which we shall indicate later. The real question under dispute was whether, after the execution of the deed of surrender on 21st July, 1955, the income from the trust properties was exempt from income- tax under s. 4(3)(i) of the Act or not. In dealing with this question, it has to be kept in view"that, even under the deed of trust as ori- ginally executed on 25th November, 1946, the income from the trust properties was not the income of Bai Kasturbai. Whenever a valid trust is executed, the property vests in the Trustees, and the income accruing from those properties is the income of the trust and not of the beneficiaries. For purposes of income-tax law, however, the income under s. 41(1) of the Act is treated as received by the Trustees on behalf of the beneficiaries, but is to be taxed in the hands of the Trustees in the like manner and to the same amount as it would be leviablc upon the person on whose behalf such income is receivable. The liability of the income to tax is, therefore, independent of the income actually being received by the beneficiaries and may be subjected to tax as soon as it is earned by the trust. The exception is that, where the trust properties are held wholly for charitable or religious purposes, in so far as such income is applied or accumulated for application to such religious or charitable purposes, it is exempt from incomNax. In the present case, therefore, in dealing with the question referred to the High Court, any assumption that the income of the trust properties was received by Bai Kasturbai will not be correct. The income during her life-time was clearly taxable as income in the hands of the trustees received by them on behalf of Bai Kasturbai. Subsequently, when Bai Kasturbai executed the deed of surren- der on ·21st July, 1955, she made a declaration that" she was giving up all her rights to the income. In clear words, she stated in the deed that she was surrendering, releasing, transferring and assigning unto the trustees all the income which was to arise after that date from the trust properties, and that she was also surrendering all her rights, claims and demands under the deed of trust, including c
c C.I.T. v. KASTURBAI TRUST (Bhargava, J.) her right to occupy and enjoy rent-free lands, hereditaments, messuages and premises described in the trust-deed. It was further stated by her that' the deed was executed with the intent that her beneficial interest may be determined and the same may be imme- diately vested in the Trustees and that the Trustees may utilise the same for charitable purposes mentioned in the deed of trust. This deed executed by Bai Kasturbai was clearly valid in view of the provision contained ins. 58 of the Indian Trusts Act (No. 2 of 1882) which provides that "the beneficiary, if competent to contract, ma) transfer his interest, but subject to the law for tJie time being in force as to the circumstances and extent in and to which he may dispose of such interest." Bai Kasturbai was quite competent to contract so as to transfer her interest under the deed of trust, and by execu- ting the deed dated 21st July, 1955, she surrendered all her rights. The right which had accrued to her under clause 7 of the deed of trust was the right to use certain immovable properties and to receive the net income arising from trust properties. The right to receive the income arose because of the obligation laid on the Trustees to pay the net income to her during her life-time. That was clearly the right as a beneficiary under the trust, and when she executed the indenture dated 21st July, 1955, she surrendered that right in favour of the trust for charitable purposes, so that her right became extinguished.
It may be mentioned that, at one stage, an attempt was made on behalf of the Commissioner of Income-tax to raise the question about the validity of this deed of surrender, but, when the Commis- sioner asked the Tribunal to refer a question about the competence of Bai Kasturbai to renounce her beneficial interest under the Trust Settlement, that request was refused by the Tribunal. The Commis- sioner did not, thereafter, move the High Court to obtain a state- ment of the case from the Tribunal on that question, so that, in these appeals, it is no longer open to the Commissioner to contend that Bai Kasturbai was not competent to renounce her beneficial interest. Once she renounced her interest, the direction contained in the deed of trust to the Trustees to pay to her the net income of the trust properties ceased, though the Trustees continued to hold the property under the trust. At the same time, the right of Bai Kasturbai to use the immovable properties also ceased to exist. Thereafter, clearly, the entire properties were held by the Trw~cr·s for the charitable purposes mentioned in clause 8, because that was the only purpose of the trust which remained after this deed of surrender had been executed by Bai Kasturbai. On these facts, it is clear that the income, which accrued from the trust properties thereafter, was income which could be applied or allowed to accu- mulate for application to the charitable· purposes mentioned in clause 8 and for no other purpose.
SUPREME ·coUJlT llEPOllTS [1967] 2 S.C.Jl. It appears that there was considerable argument before the High Court and the Tribunal as to whether clause 8 of the deed of trust could come into effect so as to permit the Trustees to apply the income of the trust properties for the charitabl_e purposc;; mentioned in that clause even before the death of Bai Kasturb111. That clause, in clear words says that the Trustees shall apply the said net rents, profits and income, etc. in all or any of the chari- table purposes mentioned therein "from and after the death of Bai Kasturbai". Relying on this last expression, it was urged that unless Bai
Kasturbai died, the Trustees were not permitted to apply \he income for the charitable purposes mentioned in clause 8. It seems to us that, in this case, it was quite unnecessary to go Into this question for the purpose of deciding .whether the income of the trust properties, after the deed of surrender by Bai .Kasturbai executed on 21st July, 1955, was exempt from Income-tax under '· 4(3)(i) of the Act. Under that provision, the Income from trust properties, held wholly for charitable or religious purposes, is exempt from tax under two circumstances •. The first is when that income is actually applied for such religious or charitable purposes, and the second is when it is accumulated for application to such religious or charitable purposes. In this case, as we have indicated above, as soon as Bai Kasturbai executed the deed of surrender, her rights under clause 7 completely ceased and all the income from the trust properties remained with the Trustees to be applied in accordance with other terms of the deed of trust. If it could be held that clause 8 came into operation and permitted the application of that income to the charitable purposes mentioned in it as soon as Bai Kasturbai's rights ceased, even though she re- mained alive, there would be no difficulty in holding that s. 4(3)(i) would have exempted the income from income-tax. In fact, this view was accepted by all the income-tax authorities. However, even if it be held that clause 8 did not come into operation and the Trustees were incompetent to apply the income of the trust proper- ties for the purposes mentioned in it so long as Bai Kasturbai was alive, the only effect would be that that income would accumu- late and that accumulation would continue during the life-time of Bai Kasturbai. On her death, the accumulated income would
have to be applied by the Trustees for the charitable purposes mentioned in clause 8. Consequently. the income of the trust properties became exempt from liability to income-tax as soon as the rights of Bai Kasturbai ceased on execution by her of the -deed of surrender dated 21st July. 1955, even though it may not be held that clause 8 came into operation from that very date. It is in these circumstarices that we consider that, in framing the question, the Tribunal committed an error. The exemption of the income of the trust properties from liability to income-tax was not dependent entirely on coming into operation of clause 8. and c
ii c C.I.T. v. KASTURBAI TRUST (Bhargava, ]. ) we, therefore, think that the question framed should have been broken up into two parts as follows:- "(!) Whether clause 8 of the Trust Settlement made on
25th November, 1946, came into operation immediately following the declaration made by Bai Kasturbai on 21st July, 1955, and (2) Whether, in the circumstances of this case, the income that accrued or arose to the Trustees from the trust !'lropcrties from 21st July, 1955, onwards was exempt under section 4(3)(i) of the Act."
If tht1 question is so broken up, the first question becomes unneces- sary, 11nd the second question has to be answered in' favour of the respondent. The answer to the second question is the only one that is lllaterfol for purpose~ of determining the liability of the income of the Trust It' tax. That question has been answered by the High Court in fuvour of the respondent. The appeals, therefore, fail and are dismissed with costs. The1e will be one bearing fee. R.K.P.S.
Appeals dismissed.