.April 17 (1964) THE COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, MADHYA PRADESH, NAGPUR v. SWADESHI COTTON AND FLOUR MILLS [K. SUBBA RAO, J.C. SHAH AND S. M. SIKR!, JJ.] lncome Tax-Deduciion of bonus-Bonus relating to 1947
paid in 1949-Claim for deduction for account year 1949-Sys- tem of accounting by assessee-Principle of reopening of ac- c-ounts-lf applicable-Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (11 of 1922), ss. 10(2)(x), 10(5).
The respondent company paid to its employees Rs. 1,08,325/- as bonus for tbe year 1947 in the calendar year 1949, as a result of tbe award of the Industrial Tribunal dated January 13, 1949. This amount was debited by the company in its profit and loss account for the year 1948 and the corresponding credit was given to the bonus p'l)'able account. The books for 1948 were not closed till the date of the award of the Industrial Tribunal. For the relevant assessment year, 1950-51, the com- pany claimed that under s. 10(2)(x) of the Indian Income-tax Act,
1922, it was entitled to an allowance in respect of the amount paid as bonus, but the claim was reiecte9 by the In- come-tax authorities on the ground that according to the mer- cantile system of accounting which
was followed by the assessee the year to which the liability was properly attributa- ble was the calendar year 1947 and not 1949. It was the case of the Income-tax authorities that it was a legal liability of the assessee which arose in 1947 and should have been estimated and put into the accounts for 1947, and that, if necessary, the amounts for the year 1947 should be reopened. It was admitted that the bonus in the instant case was a: profit bonus.
Held: (i) It was only when the claim to profit bonus, if made, was settled amicably or by industrial adjudication that a liability was incurred by the employer, who followed the mer- cantile system, within s. 10(2)(x), read with s. 10(5), of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922; and as it was only in 1949 that the claim to profit bonus was settled by an award of the
Industrial 'Tribunal, the only year the liability could be pro- perly attributed to was 1949. (ii) The system of reopening accvunts was not applicable under the scheme of the Indian Tncome-tax Act.
(iii) The words "year in question·' in proviso (b) to s. 10 :2)(x) of the Act incant "year in respect of which bonus was paid''. C!V!L APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 587
of 1963. Appeal by special leave from the judgment and nrder dated November 30, 1960 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, in Miscellaneous Civil Case No. 73 of 1960. K. N. Rajagopal Sastri and R. N.
Sachthev, for the appellant. S. K. Kapoor, S. Murty and K. K. Jain, for the respon- dent 7S.C.R. April 17, 1964. The judgment of the Court was ~elivered by Tl1e Commis3ioner l11come-tax,
SJKRI, J.-The respondent, Swadeshi Cotton & Flour Madl•11~• Pradeah, Mills, hereinafter referred to as the assessce, is a limited 1\a~pur company which owns and runs a textile mill at Indore. For Swadrsl1iv(·o11on a11d the assessment year 1950-51 (accounting year calendar year Flour Jlill•
1949), which was its first year of assessment under the Indian Sikri, J. Income-tax Act, 1922 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) it claimed that under s. I0(2)(x) of the Act it was entitled to an allowance in respect of the sum of Rs. 1,08,325 /- which it had paid as bonus for the year 1947 in the calendar year 1949, as a result of the award of the Industrial Tribunal, dated January 13, 1949. The claim of the assessee was not
accepted by the Income Tax authorities. The Appellate Tri· bunal held that it was a liability relating ttJ an earlier year and not the year 1949. However, on an application by the
assessee it stated a case and referred two questions. We are concerned only with one which reads thus: "Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the assessee is entitled to claim a deduction
of bonus of Rs. 1,08,325 /- relating to the calen- dar year 1947 in the assessment year 1950-51? The High Court of Madhya Pradesh answered the ques- tion in the affirmative. The appellant, having failed to get a certificate under ~. 66A(2) of the Act, obtained special leave from this Court, and that is how the appeal is before us.
The facts and circumstances referred to in the question have been set out in the statement of the case. Unfortunate- ly, the facts are meagre, but since the a~pel!ant is content to base his case on a few facts, which will be referred to shortly, it is not necessary to call for a further statement of the case.
The facts, in brief, are as follows. The assessce paid as bonus to its employees the sum of Rs. 1,08,325/9/3 for the calendar year 1947 in terms of an award made on January 13, 1949 under the Industrial Disputes Act. This amount was debited by the assessee in its profit and loss account for the year 1948 and the corresponding credit was given to the bonus payable account. The books for 1948 had not been closed
till the date of order of the Industrial Tribunal, January 13, 1949. This bonus was in fact paid to the employees in the calendar year 1949. the relevant assessment year being 1950- 51.
The Appellate Assistant Commissioner had further found that upto 1946 when the order for payment of bonus used to be received before the company's accounts for the year were finalised, the amount of bonus used to be in fact [1964]
debited to the profit and loss account of the respective year. Th,rommissionerojThis finding is repeated by the Appellate Tribunal in its ap- lncome-ta•, pellate order. Madhya Pradesh,
Xapgur On these facts the learned counsel for the appellant, Su deshtcottonarul Mr. Sastri, contends that according to the mercantile system a Fleur .Mills of accounting. which is followed by the assessee, and on
which its profits have been computed for the accounting Sikri, calendar year 1949, the year to which the liability is proper- ly attributable is the calendar year 1947 and not 1949. He says that it was a legal liability of the ;1ssess?.e which arose in 1947 and should have been estimated and put into the
accounts for 1947. In the alternative he has invited us to re- open the accounts for the year 1947, following the practice which, according to him, obtains in England. In our opinion,. the answer to the question must depend
on the proper interpretation of s. 10(2)(x), read with s. 10(5), of the Act. These provisions read as follows : – "s. I 0(2)(x)-Any sum paid to an employee as bonus or commission for services rendered, where such
sum would not have been payable to him as profits or dividend if it had not been paid as bonus or commission; Provided that the amount of the bonus or commission is of a reasonable amount with reference to-
(a) the pay of the employee and the conditions of his service; (b) the profits of the business, profession or vocation for the year in question; and (c) the general practice in similar businesses, profes-
sions or vocations." "s. 10(5}-ln sub-section (2), "paid" means actually paid or incurred according to the method of ac· counting upon the basis of which the profits or gains are computed under this section; … "
If we insert the definition of the word 'paid' in sub-cl. (x), it would read as follows: "any sum actually paid or incurred according to the method of accounting upon the basis of which
the profits or gains are computed under this sec- tion, to an employee as bonus … " As the assessee's profits and gains have been computed according to the mercantile system, the question, using for the time being the terms 6f the clauses, comes to this: –
"Has this sum of Rs. 1,08,325/- been incurred by the assessee according to the mercantile system in the calendar year 1947 or 1949?" 7 S.C.R. At first sight the sentence does not read well, but the
meaning of the word 'incur' includes 'to become liable to'. The Commi.s8ioner of Therefore, the question boils down to: Madhlncom<·Ptaxad, ya r ear., "In what year did the liability of this sum of Rs.
Nagpur 1,08,325 /- arise, according to the mercantile swa.ie..1/oo11ona..i system?" Fkntr Mill< The mercantile system of accounting was explained in .a judgment of this Court in Keshav Mills Ltd. vs. Commis- sioner of Income Tax, Bombay(') thus:-
"That system brings into credit what is due, imme- diately it becomes legally due and before it is actually received, and it brings into debit expen- diture the amount for which a legal liability has
been incurred before it is actually disbursed." These ·observations were quoted with approval in Calcutta Co. Ltd. vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, West Bengal('). On the facts of this case, when did the legal liability
arise in respect of the bonus? This depends on the facts of the case and the nature of the bonus awarded in this case. This Court has examined the nature of profit bonus-it is common ground that the bonus with which we are concerned
with was· a profit bonus-in various cases. It is explained in Muir Mills v. Suti Mills Mazdoor Union(') that "there are two conditions which have to be satisfied before a demand for bonus, can be justified and they ·arc
(I) when wages fall short of the living standard, and (2) the industry makes huge profits part of which are due to the contribution which the workmen make in increasing production. The
demaud for bonus becomes an industrial claim when either or both these conditions are satisfied." This matter was again considered in the case of Asso- ciated Cement Co. v. Their ' Workmen('). This Court
observed:- "It is relevant to add that in dealing with the concept of bonus this Court ruled that bonus is neither a gratuitous payment made by the employer to his workmen nor can it be regarded as a deferred
wage. According to this decision, where wages fall short of the living standard and the industry makes profit part of which is due to the contribu- tion of labour, a claim for bonus can be legiti-
mately made." (') (1953] S.C.R. 950. (') [1955] 1 S.C.R. 991. (') [1960] 1 S.C.R. 185. (') [1959] S.C.R. 925. Bibi, J. (1964] In 1961, this Court was able to say that "the right to
fie Commissioner of claim bonus which has been universally recognised by indus· • .ii""0j,'·;::;\ trial adjudication in cases of employment falling under the 1!;agp~r es ' said Act has now attained the status of a legal right. Bonus v.
can be claimed as a matter of right provided of course by Swade&hi Oouo/'and the application of the Full Bench formula it is shown that Flour Mills for the relevant year the employer has sufficient available sur- Sikri, J,
plus in hand." (Vide Gajendragadkar, J., as he then was, in Workmen v. Hercules Insurance Co.('). The Indian Tea Association v. Workmen(') this Court held that "the profit bonus can be awarded only· by reference to a relevant year and a claim for such bonus has therefore to be made from year to year and has to be settled either
amicably between the parties or if a reference is made, it has to be. determined by Industrial adjudication. A general claim for the introduction of profit bonus cannot be made or entertained in the form in which it has been done in the
present proceedings.'' It follows from the above decisions of this Court that: – (a) workmen are entitled to make a claim to profit bonus if certain conditions are satisfied; (b) the workmen have to make a claim from year to
year; (c) this claim has either to be settled amicably or by industrial adjudication; and (d) if there is a loss or if no claim is made, no bonus will be permissible. In our opinion it is only when the claim to profit bonus,
if made, is settled amicably or by industrial adjudication that a liability is incurred by the employer, who follows the mercantile system of accounting, within s. !0(2)(x), read with s. 10(5) of the Act.
On the facts of this case, it is clear that it was only in 1940 that the claim to profit bonus was settled by an award of the Industrial Tribunal. Therefore, the only year the liabi· ltty can be properly attributed to .is 1949, and hence we are of the opinion that the High Court was right in answering
the question in favour of the assessee. The second contention of the learned counsel does not appeal to us. We are of the opinion that this system of re- opening accounts does not fit in with the scheme of the Indian Income Tax Act. We have already held in Commissioner of
Income Tax, Madras v. A. Gajapathy Naidu, Madras(') that as far as receipts are concerned, there can be no reopening (') [1961] 2 S.C.R. 995. (') [1962] Supp. (1) S.C.R 557. (')A.LR 1964 S.C. 1653.
7 S.C.R. of accour.t3. The same would be the position in respect of expense;. But even in England accounts are not opened in The Commis•i°"" of every case. Habbury gives various instances in footnote (m) MaA"'""''"~h at p. 148. Vol. 20. Mr. Sastri has relied on various English '~aupur
cases but it is unnecessary to refer to them as Lord Radcliffe …. explains the position in England. in So1,thern Railway of Swadept;""M:U."" Peru Ltd. v. Owen(') thus: "The courts have not found it impossible hitherto to
make considerable adjustments in the actual fall of receipts or payments in ·order to arrive at a truer statement of the profits of successive years. After all, that is why income and expenditure ac-
counting is preferred to cash accoun,ting for this purpose. As I understand, the matter, the principle that justified the attribution of something that was in fact, received in one year to the profits of an
earlier year, as in such cases as Isaac Holden and Sons v. Inland Revenue Comrs. 0924) 12 Tax Cas. 758 and Newcastle Breweries Ltd. Y. Inland Revenue Comrs. 0927) 12 Tax Cas. 927 was just .this, that the payment had been
earned by services given in earlier year and, therefore, a true statement of profit required that the year which had borne the burden of the cost should have appropriated to it the benefit of the
receipt." The principle mentioned by Lord Radcliffe would not apply to a profit bonus. As stated above, a profit bonus is strictly not wages, at least not for the purpose of computing liability to income tax; it is not an expense, in the ordinary sense of the term, incurred for the p.urpose of earning profits. A fortiori profits have already been made. It is mtlre like sharing of profits on the basis of a certain f01mula.
One other point raised by Mr. Sastri remains. He urged that the word "for the year in question" in the proviso to sub-s. 10(2)(x) mean "for the year in which allowance is claimed." We are unable to agree with him. The words 'for
the year in question' mean the year in respect which bonus is paid. In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs. Appeal dismissed. ('} [1957) A.C. 334. Sil:ri, J.