Rajalzmundry Eketric Supp/;! Corporation Ltd. v. A· Nageswara Rao and others D1tnnbt' 19. appointed to manage its affairs, when action under section 153-C. This contention must ingly be rejected.
[1955] is taken accord- In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs, of the first respondent. The costs of the administrator will come out of the estate. THE UNION OF INDIA
v. THE COMMERCIAL TAX OFFICER, WEST BENGAL AND OTHERS (WITH CONNECTED APPEAL) [S, R. DAs, ACTING C. J., VIVIAN BosE, BHAGWATI, JAGANNADHADAS and B. P. SINHA JJ.] Sales Tax-Sale of hessian to the Ministry of Industry and
Supplies of the Government of India-If exempt from payment of sales tax-Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941 (Bengal Act VI of 1941), s. 5(2)(•)(iii). -Per S. R. DAs, AcTING C.J.,
V1v1AN BosE, BHAGWATI AND JAGANNADHADAS JJ., SINHA J. · dissenting.-The exemption created by the provisions of s. 5(2)(a)(iii) of the Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act of 1941 must be
construed strictly and cannot be extended to sales to Government departments other than those mentioned there- in. The Department of Industries and Supplies, which was subse- quently rcdesignated as the Ministry of Industries and Supplies, was not ·the same as the Indian Stores Department or the Supply Dc– partmcnt of the Government. of India and~ consequently, sales _made to the Ministry of Industries and. Supplies are not exempt from pay~ ment of sales tax under that section.
In a welfare State with ever expanding activities in different fields including trade and commerce, Government departments arc often entrusted with the performance of well~defined activities and are authorised to deal with the outside world and enter into transac- tions in the .same way as an ordinary person or a Company may do and may well
0be. regarded as distinct units or quasi-legal entities for µie ·purpose for which they are created. Consequently, the. sales _of hessian made to the Ministry of Industries and Supplies of the Government of India by the appel- lant Mills were hot exempt from payment of sales tax under the Act and the State of West Bengal was entitled to levy the same. 2 S.C.R.
um Per S1NHA J.-The language of a statute has sometimes to be construed in a modified form in order to give effect to the real inten- tions of the legislature where, as in the present case, the language is only of a descriptive nature and not a definitive one.
Miller v. Salomons ([1852] 7 Exchequer 475), referred to. Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. Forest ( [1890] 15 A. C. 334 ), held inapplicable. The terms of s. 5(2)(a)(iii) indicate that the exemption created attaches to a particular function of
the Government of India des- cribed by a certain name. The change of nomenclature was, therefore, of no consequence so long as a particular department continued to discharge that func· tion, namely, that of purchasing articles
including hessian for the Government of India. History of the department shows that the Ministry of Industry and Supply is a lineal descendant of the Tndian Stores Department and was at the time of the contract discharging its function on be- half of the Government of India and, consequently, the sales made to it must ~ held to be exempt from payment of sales tax.
A department of the Government is neither a natural nor a legal person but is one of the many functions of a Government placed in charge of a hierarchy of officials with the head of the de- partment at the apex.
CIVIL APPELLATE JuRISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 9 and 10 of 1954. On appeal from the Judgment and Order dated the 9th day of June 1952 of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal No. 26 of 1952 arising out of the Order
dated the 6th day of December 1951 of the said High Court exercising its Ordinary Original Civil Jurisdic- tion in Matter No. 110 of 1950. C . . K. Daphtary, Solicitor-General of India, (R.
Ganapathy Iyer and R. H. Dhebar, with him) for the appellant in C. A. No. 9 of 1954 and respondent No. 3 in No. lO·of 1954. S. Chowdhury, (S. N. Mukherji, B. N. Ghosh and A. K. Bose, with him) for the appellant in C. A. No.
10 of 1954. S. M. Bose, Advocate-Genera/. of West Bengal, (B. Sen and P. K. Bose, with him) for respondents Nos. 1 and 2 in both appeals. Thi Union of India v. The Commneial T tJJt Ojfim, Wut
B1ngal and otlwrs 19!>5 The Union of India v. T!w Commercial T 4" Officer, West Bengal and others [1955] 1955. December 19. DAs AcTING C. J.-The only question canvassed before us in the above appeals, which have been
heard together, is whether certain sales of goods made by Shri Ganesh Jute Mills, Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as the Mills) to the Government of India, Ministry of Industry and Supplies are to be deducted from
the taxable turnover of the Mills so as to be exempt from sales tax dernanded by the Commercial Tax Officer of the State of West Bengal. The relevant facts are stated beki.w. On the first of September 1948 the Government of
India, Ministry of Industry and Supplies, in Calcutta, placed with the Mills a confirmatory order in writing bearing No. Cal/J-1/2001/103 for the supply to the Government of India of a large quantity of hessian
cloth of different descriptions at different prices therein mentioned. It was stipulated that the con- tract would be governed by the conditions of contract specified in Form WSB 133 as amended up-to-date.
It was specifically mentioned that the goods ordered were required to meet an international obligation of the Government of India and as such the execution of the contract in accordance with the programme of
deliveries as given in the schedule attached thereto was essential. The agreed prices were stated to be exclusive of the Bengal Sales Tax and it was stipu- lated that the Government of India would arrange
direct payment of sales tax to the Government of West Bengal if it was ultimately found that Sales Tax was payable in respect of that contract. Pursuant to the aforesaid contract, the Mills supplied goods to
the Government of India of the aggregate value of Rs. 2,10,040 calculated at the prices agreed upon. The Commercial Tax Officer, Beadon Street, Dis- trict II Charge, claimed that the
aforesaid sales should be included in the taxable turnover of the Mills and assessed to sales tax. The Mills, on the other hand, claimed exemption under section 5 of the Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act,
1941 (Bengal Act VI of 194.1). The relevant portion of section 5 ran as follows:- 2 S.C.R. SUPREME -COURT REPORTS "5. (1) The tax payable by a dealer under this Act shall be kYie,\
at the rate of one quarter of an anna in the rupee on his u:uble turnover ; (2) In thi.; Act the expression "taxable turn- o\'cr" means tlut part of a dealer's gross turno\'cr during any
period \\"hich renums, after deducting r hcrdrom- ( a) his tunwYer during th:1t period 011- (i) ……………… .. (ii) ……………… .. (iii) sales to the Indian Stores Department:
the Sul'Ph Department tli. the CoYc·rnment of India, :md any r;1ilway or water transport ::,lministration ; (iY) ………………. . (Y) …….. .° ………. . (Yi) ………………. .
1.__\,) .•.•••.••••••••••••• " The J-.[ills further rnntended tlut if anv sales tax was at all payable the same was payable l1\; the Govern- ment of Jn,\ia and not bv them. The Commercial
Tax Officer o\'erruk,I both· these obiections an,\ on the 8th November 1950 he assessed the Mills to sales tax in respect of the· supplies made by the Mills to the Government of India under the aforesaid con-
tract an,\ demanded a sum of Rs. 9,401-10-6. On the 6th December 1950 the Mills filed a petition under article 226 of the Constitution of India before the High Court at Calcutta. In the petition the Mills
impkadeJ as n:spondents the Commercial Tax Officer, the State of West Bengal and the Union of India. The Mills praved for a writ of m1111dam11.r on the res- pon,knts to cancel an,l/or reca II
:md/or forbear from acting or giving effect to the demand date,! the 8th Nm-ember and from realising tht· sum of Rs. 9,401-10-6 an,\ for a writ of cer!ion1ri for production of the records and proceedings before the Commercial
Tax Officer an,! for quashing the same and for other incident:il reliefs. On the same day a rule was issued on the respondents to show cause why the orders prayed for should not be made.
The Commercial Tax Officer filed an affidavit m opposition disputing the contentions put forward by Tht l,"nim1 ~( ln.Jia T ht ctmmztrcial Tax OJfim·, Wes! Ben~:al and othtrs Dru Actg. C.].
Tiu Union of India v. Th1 Comm"cial T 6't Officer, Wtsl Bengal and others D., Actg. C.J. [1955] the Mills in support of their claim for exemption and maintaining that sales tax was due and had been
legitimately assessed and demanded. On behalf of the Union of India was filed an affidavit affirmed by one M. P. Pai, the then Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Works, Production
Supply. It was therein stated that a department of the Government of India named the Department of Supply came into existence in the month of September 1939 immedi- ately on the commencement of World War II and
before the enactment of the Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941 (Bengal Act VI of 1941). It was averred that before the 7th January 1946 the said De- partment of Supply was charged with the
procure- ment of Stores from all places In India including Bengal and that it also directed the work of Indian Stores Department in the United Kin~dom and of the India Supply Mission
in the United States of America. It was added that by Resolution No. 227/45-Pub(c) dated the 31st December 1945 the Gov- ernor-General in Council announced the creation with effect from the 7th January 1946 of the Department
of Industries & Supply in place of the existing De- partment of Supply and of Industries and Civil Sup- plies. It was claimed that the powers and functions of the Department of Industries and Supplies were
the same as those of the Department of Supply and that there was no variation in the nature of the said functions whatsoever. The rule came up for hearing before Bose, J., who took the view that the newly created Department of
Industries & Supplies was charged with the same work of procurement of stores for Government as had been entrusted to the Department of Supply and· certain additional works and that later on the name
was again changed to Ministry of Industry and Supply. The learned Judge pointed out that although there was a change in the designation of the Indian Stores Department and the Supply Department of
the Government of India, section. 5(2) (a)(iii) was not amended in any way until 1949 ·when by an amend- ing Act (West Bengal Act X of 1949) the exemption 2 S.C.:R. granted under section
5(2)(a)(iii) was withdrawn. The learned Judge appears to have regarded this con- tinuance of section 5(2)(a) (iii) in the Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941 as indicative of the fact
that in view of the State of West Bengal the Ministry of Industry & Supply was the same as the Indian Stores Department and the Supply Department of the Gov- ernment of India referred to in
the section. The learned Judge accordingly held that the Mills were entitled to the benefit of the exemption and were not liable to pay sales tax in respect of the supplies in question. He accordingly,
on the 3rd January 1952, made the rule absolute. The Commercial Tax Officer and the State of West Bengal went up on appeal from the said judgment and order of Bose, J. The appeal came up fot hearing
before a Bench consisting of K. C. Das Gupta, J. and P. N. Mookerjee, J. In separate but concurring judg- ments both the learned Judges rejected the prelimi- nary objection taken by the Mills and the Union of
India as to the maintainability of the appeal. On the merits both of them held that the Department of Industries & Supplies was not the same as the Indian Stores · Department or the Supply
Department of the Government of India. The old departments ceased to exist and a new department combining some of the functions of these departments and some new functions was created and that, therefore, sales
to the newly created department could not be deducted from the taxable turnover under section 5(2)(a)(iii). In the result, the Appeal Court allowed the appeal with costs, set aside the order of Bose, J. and dis-
missed the application of the Mills under Article 226. The Mills as well as the Union of India have now come up on appeal before us with a certificate of fit- ness granted by the High Court.
In view of the• decision of this Court in National Sewing Thread Co. Ltd. v. fames Chadwick & Bros. Ltd.( ), the question of maintainability of the appeal before the High Court has not been raised before us.
The appeals have been fought out on the merits only. (I) [1953] S. C.R. 1028. T!.. Union of lrulia v. Thi Commercial Tax Ojjicer, W tsl Bengal and ot/urs D1J1 Aclg. C. J. '. \. " lOSi
. [1955] The appeals came: up before this·. Court for hearing Th• Union ,j India on the 22nd and -_ 23rd September 1955: After going The c~ _ . through the r~cords ·.it-was • felt that the materials on Tax Off~"• w,,1 record were not sufficient to enable the Court to· de- Bmgal. mu! ot"4rs c_ termine . tlie .real •point -of · controversy ' between the Das A-;;:C.-j • . \parties.-· The appeals were accordingly adjourned and directions were· -given for the filing of sup_plementary
affidavits· ·,setting . out the facts relied on by the parties respectively •. -Fresh affidavits have since been filed. It . appears from the affidavit of· · one – A. R. Iyer, Deputy· · . Director, Directorate ' General
of Supplies and Disposals, under the Ministry of Works, Housing & Supply, that in 1918 a department called · the Con- tracts Directorate had been – constituted · as _ a pur- chasing organisation ·for the needs of the Army. : With
effect from – the -lst January 1922 the Indian ·stores · Department . .was constituted . as – a result of .the recom- mendations of the Stores Purchase Committee. The functions of this department were to" act as a pur-
chasing and inspection agency . in. respect of -. certain commodities including textile goods for· ~ll Central departments and minor Local · Governments and such other authorities as
might desire to avail themselves of the services of this · department. · Annexure III to the ~davi.t _of Iyer indicates that it was not obliga- tory – on the · other departments to inake purchases
through • the Indian s;ores Department. Originally this department . was constituted for a period of two years but by Resolution No. S. 217 of the Govern- ment of India, dated the 6th May 1924, · -it was placed
on a permanent basis and continued to discharge the -same functions. Rules 5 and 6 -attached to this Re- solution -. show that purchases could – also be made ' locally. by other departments in case of emergency or
for convenience. _ – In 1939 when the outbreak of World War II was . -. – — – imminent the necessity for- creating -a new depart- ment was keenly felt and the Governor-General in
Council _ by a. Resolution:· of the– Home Department dated the 26th August 1939 (Annexure V to Iycr's affidavit) announced the creation from that date of a department of Supply "to deal directly with ques-
2S.C.R. tions concerning supplies of all kinds required for the prosecution of war". Annexure VIII to Iyer's affidavit shows that the control of the Indian Stores Department and all
other matters relating to the purchase of stores in India which were being then dealt with in the Department of Commerce were to be dealt with in the department Supply as a tem- porary measure for the
duration of the war. That the Indian Stores Department and the Contracts Directorate did not lose their identity, is shown by the Office Memorandum dated the 3rd August 1940 (Annexure X,
Clause 4) and Office Memorandum dated the 2nd December (Annexure XI, Clause 1(a) and Clause 4). It is thus clear that up to the end of the year 1940 purchases used to be made for and on account of the Government of
India by the Contracts Directorate, the Indian Stores Department and the Department of Supply and that purchases were also made locally by other departments. It was then that on the 1st
July 1941 the Bengal Legislature passed the Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, which by section 5(2) (a)(iii) exempted sales to the Indian Stores Department, the Supply Department of the Government of India and any railway or water
transport administration from sales tax. Sales to other departments of the Government of India were not so exempted. By a Press Note dated the 2nd September 1941 issued by the Government of India
in the Supply Department (Annexure XIII to Iyer's affidavit) a purchase branch of the Supply Department for the duration of the war was created with effect from the 1st August 1941
and it shows that the Contracts Directorate and the Indian Stores Department had then "ceased to exist as separate entities" for the duration of the war and a new branch was being orga-
nised in their place. Then came the Office Memorandum dated the 23rd December 1941 issued by the Government of India in the Department of Supply (Annexure XIV) which superseded the
previous office memorandum dated the 13th December 1940 (Annexure XII). The 14-85 s. C. lndia/59 The Union of India v. The Commercial Tax Officer, West Bengal and others Das Actg. C. J.
195.'l Tiu Union o.( Indict v. The Comm<"r..ial T°'" Offeer, Jl'e.rt Bengal and ffthl'rs Das A~·t_i;. (.'. J. r 1955J authorities under the Central Governmellt concerned with the production, manufacture and p_urchase
of supplies were shown in Statement I annexed thereto. It is clearly mentioned therein that departments other than the ones referred to therein were and, in the absence of orders to the
contrary, would remain independent of the department though working in close touch with it (Clause 3). Powers of local pur- chase were also not disturbed in any way (Clause 4). Statement I indicates
that purchases of various sup- plies, e.g., medical and veterinary supplies, coal and coke for Railway and other civil and military auth- ont1es in India, etc., and Printing and Stationery
stores, were independent of the Supply Department. It is thus clear that the Indian Stores Department and the Supply Department of the Government of India were not the only departments which had auth-
ority to make purchases for and on behalf of the Gov- ernment of India in its various departments. On the 21st April 1943 came Notification No. 2rB- No. 107/43-Pub(c) whereby the Governor-Gcnr-
ral in Council announced the creation, from the 22nd April 1943, of a Department of Industries and Civil Supplies to deal with (i) Statistics and Research, (ii) Development and (iii)
Controls. Shortly thereafter Office Memorandum No. E4(179) dated the 14th May 1943 issued by the Department of Supply intimated that the Governor-General in Council had decided that the Department of Industries and Civil Supplies
would, with effect from the 15th May 1943, take over responsibility for the procurement of cotton textiles and cotton textile stores (Annexure XVI to Iyer's affidavit). So this Department of Industries
and Civil Supplies became another purchasing organisation of the Government of India apart from the Department of Supply. The Government of India Resolution dated the 31st December 1945
announced the creation, with effect from the 7th January 1946, of the Department of Industries and Supplies in place of the existing De- partment of Supply and the Department of Industries
and Civil Supplies. By this Resolution the Indian 2S.C.R. Stores Department and the Contracts Directorate which during the war had been brought under the Supply Department, were incorporated in the newly
created department. It will be noticed that this newly <:reated department had assigned to it the work of the procurement of stores for the Government of India which was formerly assigned to the Department of
Supply and the Department of Industries and Civil Supplies. In addition to these duties this department was authorised also to deal with other things, namely, development of industries, administration of Govern-
ment factories not allocated to specialised depart- ments, Disposals of Surplus and Civil Supplies. The nature and volume of the purchases made by this newly created department became obviously different
from and larger than those of the two departments it replaced. It is also noteworthy that the Department of Supply which was created for the prosecution of war was abolished as soon as the war was over (An-
nexure XVII to the affidavit of Iyer). The Resolution of the Government of India dated the 2nd September 1947 published in the Gazette of India dated the 6th September (Annexure XVIII) announced, amongst other things, that with
effect from the 29th August 1947 the Department of Industries and Supplies would be re-designated as .the Ministry of Industries and Supply. From the summary of the annexures to the affidavit
of Iyer filed in these proceedings it is quite clear that while the Ministry of Industries and Supply was a new designation of the Department of Industries and Supplies, the Department of Industries
and Supplies cannot be regarded merely as a new designation of the Department of Supply and the Department of Industries and Civil Supplies. Indeed, the Resolu- tion announced the "creation" of the Department of
Industries and Supplies in place of the two existing departments mentioned above. This newly created department had wider powers and was a new depart- ment altogether. The exemption
granted by the Bengal Finance (Sales-Tax) Act, 1941 was given to two departments by name. It was not given to the The Union of India v. The Commercial Tax Oificer, West Bengal and others
Dar Aclg. C. ]. [19551 sales to· ilie·. Government 'of India in alh itS' depart- .-· – Th4 U•ionofl•dia ments. It is true that the Indian Stores· ·Department TM c:· . 1 . and the ·Supply ·Department of the Govetnment of Tax o.ou:':'"W,,, . India were not corporate bodies but. they evidently Bengal and •thtrs – were . sufficiently well defined organisations to be
Das Jct&· C.J \ . referred to as. "entities" in some of the· Press Notes and Resolutions mentioned above and even· in the affidavits filed .. in· these. proceedings. Further, the Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941 . by section· 5
(2)(a)(iii) certainly dealt with these two departments as if they were distinct entities. · The Act, in a manner, conferred ' on these . two departments the status, as it were, of well defined and distinct entities
at least for the purposes of that Act, namely for making sales to them exempt from the tax .. If it were the object of the Bengal Legislature to give exemp- tion to all sales to all departments of the Government
of India it would ·have been quite easy · for it to frame sub-clause (iii) in a general way as sub-clause (iv) had been framed. Further,· if sales · to these two departments were to be regarded as covering sales to
·all departments of the Government of India then the sales to the Railways which at that time mostly, if not wholly, belonged to the Government of India ·need not have been separately mentioned in _ the way
it · has been in sub-clause (iii). As – already stated, there were, at the date when the Act was passed, various other departments of the Government of India which were concerned with purchase of stores
but quite dearly t)le exemption conferred by the section was not intended to extend to the sales to those departments. Therefore, the reference ·to these two . particular departments in
the section cannot ·possibly be read as a reference to the Government of India generally. It has · been urged that the real object of section 5(2)(a)(iii) was to give exemption not to the parti-
·cu1ar departments but to the sales of such goods as, . at the date of the Act, used to -be made to those de, partments ·and, therefore, sales · of those goods made to any department of the Government of India which
came to be charged with the duty of purchasing those 2S.C.R. goods should also come within the purview of the section and be entitled to the benefit of the exemp- tion conferred by it. We are unable to accept this
line of reasoning. This interpretation will unduly narrow the scope and ambit of the exemption by limit- ing it to sales of only those goods as, at the date of the Act, used to be sold
to those two departments and sales of other goods even to those two depart- ment',, however necessary for the prosecution of the war, would not get the benefit of the exemption. Such
could not possibly be the intention of the legislature as fxpressed by the language med by it in framing· the section. According to the section the exemption is given to all sales made to those two deparunents,
no matter whether the sales were only of the kind of goods which used to be sold to them at the date of the Act or of other kinds of goods. The suggested interpretation involves the
addition of qualifying words to the section which ordinarily it is not per- missible for the court to do. Further, the press notes and the resolutions of the Government of India sum-
marised above clearly indicate that there were other purchasing departments which were independent of the Indian Stores Department or the Supply Depart- ment of the Government of India and that the auth-
ority of other departments of making local purchases was not interfered with by t~e creation of these · two departments. Therefore it may well have been that, at the date of the passing of the Act,
same or similar kinds of goods used to be sold to these two depart- ments as well as to other departments but surely it cannot be contended, in view of the language of the section, that the exemption
was intended to extend to the sales of the same or similar kinds of goods to those other departments also. It is not necessary for us to pronounce any opinion as to the validity or soundness
of the extreme position taken up by the learned Advocate-General of West Bengal namely _that as the exemption is given by a statute to sales made to two departments eo nomine it will not
extend to sales made to the same department re- designated by a new name. It is enough for our present The Union of lndi• v. The CommtrciaJ Ta, Ojf1ur, w,.i &ngal and olhm Da< A<tg. C.J.
Tht Union of India v. The Commtrcial Tax Olficer, We.\'t Bengal and others Das Artg. C.J. [1955} purpose to say that the Department of Industries and Supplies which was subsequently re-designated
·as the Ministry of Industries and Supply was not the same as the Indian Stores Department or the Supply Department of the Government of India under a diff- erent name. The scope and volume of the work en-
trusted to the Department of Industries and Supplies was much wider and larger than that with· which the two departments which it replaced had been charged. Unlike those of the two departments,
its purchases were not confined to goods necessary for the prq_secu- tion of the war. To extend the benefit of the statu- tory exemption to the sales made to the newly created department of Industries and Supplies, of goods not
required for war purposes but, say, for meeting inter- national obligations as in the present case, will neces- sarily widen the scope of the exemption and impose greater loss of revenue on the State of West Bengal
than what the Act by its language intends to do. In view of the ever expanding activities of the modern welfare State in different fields including that of trade and commerce, the
Government departments are often entrusted with the performance of well defined activities and are authorised to deal with the outside world and to enter into contracts of sale and purchase
and other transactions in the same way as an ordi- nary person or company may do. Such Government departments, therefore, may well be regarded as dis- tinct units or quasi legal entities, at least for
the particular purposes for which they are created. At any rate, the Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941 by providing for the deduction of the sales to the two named departments from
the taxable turnover cer- tainly treated those two departments as distinct entities. This exemption is the creation of the statute and must be construed strictly and cannot be ex-
tended to sales to other departments. The fact that the section was not amended until 1949 does not at all indicate that the Bengal Legislature intended to ex- tend the benefit of the section to any but the depart-
ments specifically mentioned in the section. In our opinion the conclusion arrived at by the Appeal 2 S.C.R. Court, namely that the sales tax is payable on the sale in question is correct and these
appeals must be dismissed with costs. S1NHA J.-I regret to have to differ from my learn- ed brethren in the determination of the only ques- tion involved in these appeals, namely, . whether
the sales by the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 10 of (Messrs Shrcc Ganesh Jute Mills Ltd.) to the appellant in Civil Appeal No. 9 of 1954, the Union of India (the Government of India at the time of the
transactions in question) were liable to payment of <,a]es tax under the Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941 (Bengal Act VI of 1941), to be referred to here- inafter as " The Act".
The farn leading up to these appeals may shortly be stated as follows : The Government of India in the Ministry of Industry and Supply (which for the sake of brevity may be called
"The Government" entered into a contract on the 1st September 1948 with Messrs Shree Gane<,h Jute Mills Ltd., which may be desig- nated "The Mills", for the supply of hessian at cer-
tain rates and of certain description appearing in Exhibit A to the affidavit filed on behalf of the Mills. With reference to the question of sales tax the contract contains the following stipulation :-
"The prices shown above are exclusive of the Bengal Sales Tax. The Government of India will arrange direct payment of sales tax to the Govern- ment of Wt'>t Bengal if it is ultimately found
that sales tax is payable in respect of this contract". It is also provided that "This contract will be govern- c:.d by the conditions of contract specified in Form WSB. 133 as amended
up to date". This contract was entered into and '>igned by "A Huq, Deputy Director of Supplies, for and on behalf of the Gover- nor-General of India". In pursuance of the aforesaid
contract the Mills rnpplied hessian goods to the Gov- ernment of India of a certain valuation on which the :~ommercial Tax Officer of Bengal, the main contest- ing respondent, made a demand
of Rs. 9,401-10-6 as .sales tax from the Mills. The Mills demurred to the Tht~Union of India 'f ht Commtrcial Tax Ojfuu, Wt>I Bl!ngal ari.rl othtrJ Do• Actg. C.J. The U11io11 of India
v The CfJmmercial Tax O.fficer, H'est IJengal and others Sinha]. [1955] payment and contended that the sales in questjon were exempt from payment of the sales tax demand- ed in view of the provisions of section 5(2)(a)(iii) of
the Act. Eventually the Mills moved the High Court of Calcutta for an appropriate writ under article 226 of the Constitution against the contesting respondents. The matter was heard by a Single Judge of that Court
who by his judgment dated the 6th December held that the Mills were not liable to pay the sales tax demanded and cancelled the notice of demand and directed the respondents 1 and 2 to forbear from
enforcing the demand. Respondents 1 and 2 went up in appeal under the Letters Patent. The appeal was heard by a Division Bench which came to the contrary conclusion. The major portion of the judg-
ment of the Letters Patent Bench was devoted to the discussion of the question whether the judgment of the learned Single Judge in the writ matter was amenable to the appellate jurisdiction
under the Letters Patent. That question has not been pressed during the arguments and is therefore no more in controversy. The only question that was canvassed before us was the applicability of section 5(2) (a) (iii)
of the Act which contains the exemption, the benefit of which is being sought by the appellants in each case. The exemption is in these terms :- "Sales to the Indian Stores Department, the
Supply Di'partment of the Government of India, and any railway or water transport administration". It has been contended on behalf of the appellants that the sale of hessian by the Mills to the Govern-
ment of India in the Ministry of Industry and Supply is within the terms of the exemption quoted above. On the other hand, it is contended on behalf of the Sales Tax Department of the Government of \Vest
Bengal that the sales in question were not covered by the aforesaid exemption clause. It is therefore neces- sary to go into some detail of the formation and development of the Department in question.
The supplementary affidavit filed on behalf of the Government and sworn to by Shri A. R. Iyer, Deputy Director of Directorate General of Supplies 2S.C.R. Disposals, discloses the following facts.
The Indian Stores Department was constituted with effect from the 1st January 1922 as a result of the recommenda- tions of the Stores Purchase Committee which had been constituted by the
Government of India to exa- mine the whole question of the constitution of an ex- pert agency to carry out on a large scale purchase of supplies required for the public services, as recom-
mended by the Indian Industrial Commission, with the object of encouraging the purchase · of articles made in India for Government requirements. The scope and functions of the Department, inter alia,
were to act as a purchasing and inspection agency, and in an advisory capacity in all matters connected with the purchase of stores fqr the public services, on behalf of all Central Departments of the Government
and of the minor local Governme11ts and also on be- half of such major local Governments, Company- worked Railways, Corporations, Port Trusts, Munici- palities and quasi public bodies and Indian States as
might desire to avail themselves of the Department's assistance. The activities of the Department consisted in the purchase and inspection in India of a large variety of goods and articles including "textile goods",
so that the purchase of hessian which is the particular commodity involved in this case, would be included in the activities of the Department. The Department had been constituted in the first instance for a period
of two years. But by a Resolution of the Govern- ment of India dated the 6th May 1924 it was placed on a permanent basis. It continued to discharge the same functions as before. It made purchases not only
for the needs of the civilian departments of the Gov- ernment of India but also of all the requirements of the Army. Hessian which had been purchased from the Mills in this case was one of the products which
the Government of India used to purchase only through the Indian Stores Department whenever needed for Government purposes. A Department called the "Contracts Directorate" had been constituted in
1918 as a purchasing organization for the needs of the Army. But after the constitution of the Indian The Uni.on of India v. Thi Commercial Tax Officer, Wtst Bengal and others Sinha J.
The (/nifJn qf India v; TM Commtrcial 1·ax O.fficer, WtJl IJ~ngal and r1lhtn Sinha J. [1955] Stores Department in 1922 the Army authorities alsr> began to utilize the services of the Indian Stores De-
partment for procurement of several categories of stores required by them. By a Resolution of the Home Department dated the · 26th August 1939, appa- rently to meet the demands of the
imminent second world war, the Contracts Directorate and the Indian Stores Department were in· 1940. amalgamated with the Department of Supply so that in 1941, when the Act was passed,
the ·position was that the Depart- ment of Supply as reorganized on the 3rd August 1940 included amongst its activities and functions the purchase of stores for the needs of the Government.
This branch of its activity was administered by the Directorate General, Supply Branch, located at New Delhi. Jute products and textiles including hessian had to be purchased only by
placing. indents by the department concerned with the Directorate General of Supply, New Delhi. Thus this Department absorb- ed for the duration of the war the purchasing sec- tions
of the Indian Store's Department and the Contracts Directorate which were placed under com- pletely self-contained organizations empowered to procure all supplies, whether for war
purposes or otherwise. All authorities requmng supplies to be procured in India had to place their indents or demands on the Directorate General concerned. With effect from the 1st August
1941 the Contracts Directo- rate and the Indian Stores Department ceased to exist as separate entities in the Supply Department and be- came one purchasing organization in the said
Depart- ment. This organisation arranged for supply of all .classes of stores for purposes of Government, such as textiles, leather goods, etc. Thus hessian which came under the head of "textiles"
which was being pur- chased in the first instance only by the Indian Stores Department continued to be purchased by the Supply Department when the Indian Stores Department came under the control
of the Supply Department. By a notification dated the 21st April· 1943 issued by the Government of India in the Home Department, another Department called the Industries and 2 S.C.R.
Civil Supplies Department was created. This Depart- ment was primarily concerned with statistics and research and development of industries, as also controls on civil supplies (other
than foodstuffs). \Vhen this Department was first created, it had no purchasing activity. But with effect from the 15th May 1943 the Government directed that the new department should
take over responsibility for the procurement of cotton textiles and cotton textile stores which till then were being dealt with by the Indian Stores Department which later came under
the Supply Department as aforesaid. Purchase of jute and woollen textiles continued to be the responsibi- lity of the Supply Department. By a Resolution of the Government of India
dated the 31st December the Department of Industries and Supplies in place of the existing Departments of Supply and of Industries and Civil Supplies was created with effect from the
7th January 1946. From that date the Department of Industries and Supplies became res- ponsible for the procurement of stores from all places in India in the same manner as the Department of
Supply had been doing previously to its amalgama- tion with the new Department. The powers and func- tions of the Department of Industries and Supplies in the matter of procurement of stores continued as
before. The Department continued to procure and purchase only the same kinds of articles as the Depart- ment of Supply had been doing before the coming into existence of the Department of
Industries and Supplies so that the creation of the Department of Industries and Supplies did not make any difference in its activities relating to purchase of stores. There was no
addition to or subtraction from its functions in the matter of purchase of stores. From what has been stated above, it is clear that the purchasing functions of the Government of India
with special reference to the procurement of textiles including hessian with which we are immediately con- cerned were discharged by the Indian Stores Depart- ment from 1st January
1922. Those functions were taken over by the Department of . Supply m 1940. The L'11ion of lndi,o T ht Commercial Tax Offim, Wr.<i Bmgnl and othrn Si11ha]. Tht Union Qf India v. The Cornrntrcial
Tax Officer, J.Vest Btngal and others Sinha J. [1955] The Department of Supply itself merged m the Department of Industries and Supplies with effect from the 7th January 1941\. By a notification of the
2nd September the Department of Industries and Supplies was redesignate<l as the Ministry of In- dustry and Supply with effect from the 29th August 1947 as a result of the emergence of
India as an Independent State. Thus the Ministry of Industry and Supply is a lineal descendant of the Indian Stores Department, of course, with an added volume of work and functions,
but the original activity of purchase of stores remaining the same in bulk and in character. It has already been noticed that the Indian Stores Department was concerned with the function,
amongst others, of purchasing stores of a large variety of articles and goods on behalf of all Central Depart- ments of the Government of India and Local Gov- ernments, Railway Companies,
Corporations, Port Trusts, Municipalities and other quasi public bodies, as also Indian States if they availed of the services of the department. Thus the infant Indian Stores Department has grown in stature and volume in the
course of the last about 25 years. The same sapling has grown into a shady tree but its function as the sole purchasing agency of the Government of India and other Governments for a large
variety of goods and commodities ·has contiilued. The nomenclature has undergone successive changes, but the function of purchasing agency on behalf of the Central and other Governments and public
bodies as aforesaid has remained the same. Furthermore, the purchase of hessian, which is the subject-matter of the demand in question has continued in the same organization, though under a different name.
It is well settled that the provisions of a statute have to be construed with reference to the state of affairs as they existed at the time the statute was passed. In the year 1941
there was in existence the Supply Department of the Government of India which had incorporated the Indian Stores Department. According to the affidavit referred to above, the main
activities of purchase of goods and commodities 2S.C.R. required by the Government of India and other Gov- ernments, local bodies, etc., except for · purchases of small values, that is to say,
not exceeding Rs. 100 in each case and of certain specified commodities, like foodstuffs, forage, lethal stores, etc. referred to !n para. 7 of the affidavit (at p. 18 of the supplementary
paper book) were carried on by the Supply Depart- ment. That is the reason why the exemption to the Government of India was worded as it stands in sec- tion 5(2)(a)(iii). As stated above,
the Supply De- partment existed as a separate department up to the 6th January 1946. With effect from the 7th January the Department of Industries & Supplies came into existence which
later was re-designated as the Ministry of Industry & Supply. The judgment under appeal is based chiefly on the consideration that the exemption clause in question does not in terms refer to
the newly created department which now goes by the name of the Ministry of Industry & Supply. But this di:partment in so far as it deals with industry, is not concerned with the main purchasing activities
of the Government of India. The exemption was granted in respect of the purchasing activity of the Government of India and that function continues to be assigned to the Supply Department which has
now become a wing of the newly created department of the Government. The question therefore arises whether in those circumstances the Government of India could claim the benefit of the exe.mption. The
High Court in answering that question in the nega- tive ha,s gone upon mere nomenclature. It has em- phasize1l the change in the name and overlooked the sub1;tance of the matter. After all, what is a Department of a Government ?
It is not a mere name, whatever else it may be. It is not a person, either natural or artificial. A Depart- ment of Government is a particular function. The Government has so many functions and each of its
functious or a group of functions is placed in charge of a particular Department which may be made up of a number of clerks organized in a group, whose work Is supervised by a hierarchy of officials with
The ( .. /nion of /ndit; v. T ht Commercial Tax Officer, lf'"est Bengal and others Si,,hn ]. '!ht Union of India v. T ht Commercial Ta.-r Offutr, ~Vest Brngal and others Sinha]. [1955]
the head of the department at the apex. A depart- ment may therefore consist of a single function out of the many functions of the Government, or it may .comprise several functions placed in charge of a single
departmental head. The Indian Stores Department which came to be incorporated in the Supply Depart- ment of the Government of India and later merged in the larger Department of the Ministry of Industry
& Supply, could have continued its separate existence as it did until 1939 or could have become part of a larger department as it did after the 3rd August 1940, or the 7th January 1946, or the 29th August
1947 ; and conversely, its activities could be split up into a number of sub-departments under different heads classified according to the nature of the com- modities to be purchased.
But, in my opinion, the change in the nomenclature in either direction should not matter so long as the function, namely, of pur- chasing articles and commodities required by the Government of
India and other Governments con- tinued to be the same. It is a matter of substance and not of form. The Department concerned cannot be' equated with a natural person. Nor can it be raised to the level
of a legal person. I am not aware of any principle of jurisprudence which would justify placing a depart- ment of Government on the pedestal of a legal person. There is no tertium quid between the two positions.
Though tbe High Court has not said so in so many words, it has treated the department either as a legal person or as something in between a legal person and a natural person. That, in my opinion, is not sound
logic. Nor is there any legal basis for treating a department of Government either as a legal person or as a natural person. In my view, the terms of s. 5(2) (a) (iii) show that it was an exemption granted to
a particular function of the Government of India described by a certain name. And one might feel inclined to exclaim with the great poet Shakespeare "What is in a name !" It is but a description of the
main purchasing activity of the Government of India, as the history of the department above set out shows. 2S.C.R. Sometimes the language of a statute has to be con- strued in a modified form in order to give effect to
the real intentions of the legislature where, as in the present case, the language is only of a descriptive nature and not a definitive one. An instance of this is furnished by the case of Miller v. Salomons( 1 )· In
that case the question arose whether a person of Jewish persuasion who was returned to Parliament as a Member of the House of Commons was entitled to sit without taking the prescribed oath. The form
of the oath as given by 6 Geo. 3, c. 53, mentioned the name of "King George" only. It was argued on behalf of that member that the oath was confined to .the name of a sovereign who bore that name. But it
was held by the Court that it was a mere description and that the intention of the statute was to include all sovereigns who came after King George III. The relevant portion of the observations of the Court are
in these terms : "The second question arising on the construction of the Act is, whether, as the form of the oath given by the 6 Geo. 3, c. 53, mentions the name of King George only,
the obligation to administer it ceased with the reign of that Sovereign, because it was applicable to no other than to him. I think this argu- ment cannot prevail. It is clear that the legislature
meant the both to be taken always thereafter, for the enactment is general-that it shall be taken with- out limit of time-and the oath is not confined to the existing monarch, but mentions 'the successors' ;
and as it could not be taken in those words during the reign of a Sovereign not of the name of George, it follows that the name George is merely used by way of designating the existing Sovereign ; and the
oath must be altered from time to time in the name of the Sovereign, iq the manner it was when actually administered in this case, in order to carry the obvi- ous meaning of the enactment into effect. This is an
instance in which the language of the legislature must be modified, in order to avoid absurdity and incon- sistency with its manifest intentions". (]) [1852] 7 Exch~quer 475: 155 E.R. 1036, 1068.
The C.:nion of India The Commercial Tax Officer, West Bengal and others Sinha .J. The Union of India v. Tht Commercial Tax Offiar, VVtJt Bengal and others Sinh11}. [1955] The High Court referred to the observation of
Lord Halsbury in the case of Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. Forrest(!) to the effect that exemptions from taxation should be strictly construed because otherwise the burden of taxation will fall on other
members of the community. Those observations, in my opinion, have no relevance to the facts and cir- cumstances of the present controversy, because we know that the exemption was granted to the Gov-
ernment of India in the department dealing with purchase of certain commodities and articles with- out reference to quantity. As already pointed out, the Indian Stores Department was
concerned with purchase of stores for public services on behalf of all Central Departments of Government and local Gov- ernments, etc., and the Government of Bengal as then constituted was one of the Provinces of
India which have been receiving subsidies and subventions to make up the deficit in their budget~. As a matter of fact, as stated on behalf of the Bengal Govern- ment the concesswn was granted in order to enable
business communities within the Province of Bengal to compete on favourable terms with others outside Bengal in the matter of supplying the needs of the Government. Hence there is no question of liberal
construction of the exemption resulting in throwing a greater burden on other citizens. On the other hand, the larger the sales in the Province of Bengal 2s it used to be, the greater the benefit to the bmi-
ness community doing business within that Province. It -was therefore stated at the Bar that though the present case involved taxes amounting to less than Rs. 10,000, the question
arising for · determination in this case affected much larger amounts because such sales within the Province amounted to several crores. I should have thought that the business com-
munity in the Province of Bengal having had the advantage of the transactions of sale, the Govern- ment of Bengal in all fairness should have allowed the purchasing agency of the Government of India
the benefit of the exemption until that benefit was in (I) (1890] 15 A.C. 334. 2 S.C.R. terms withdrawn some time in the beginning of 1949. The matter can be looked at from another point of
view also. We are concerned here with the sale of hcssian. As ,pointed out in the affidavit filed on be- half of the Government of India, the purchase of hessian has all along been the concern of the Supply
Department, now incorporated in the Ministry of lndustry & Supply. Sab tax is a tax on sale of goods and tax on hessians falls :within the contemplation of the law granting the exemption if
the sales were effecteJ through the purchasing agency of the Gov- ernment of India. The beneficiary certainly was not an amorphous body like a department but the Gov- eniment of India,
because it is the Government of hdia which could be a unit for purposes of the Act. In this connection our attention was invited to the last clause of the exemption covered by the words
"and any Railway or water transport administra- tion". The argument was that if the Government of India as such was to be the beneficiary, then there was no necessity for the words just quoted. But this'
argument overlooks the fact that a railway or a water transport administration need not necessarily be a department of Government because there were, and still are, rai~way systems
or water transport systems which are owned and administered by cor- porate bodies other than the Government of India. Sales even to those public or semi-public bodies were within the
terms of the exemption. Those words therefore are not words of limitation but words which widen the scope of the exemption in so far as the same may be available to railways and water
transport administrations not owned and carried on by the Government of India. Another reason which may be adduced m answer to the contention that there was nothing to prevent the Legislature
from stating that the exemption was granted in respect of all purchases by the Government of India is that the Indian Stores Department and its later substitutes had to make purchases not
only for the Government of India but also for local govern- ments and other public bodies. Hence the exemption 15-85 S. C. India/59. The Union o,( bu!ia The Commercial Ta., Officer, We-11
Ben,~al and othen Sin:.a J. Tht Union ef India v. T Ju Commtrdal Ta:it Officer, Wesl Btngal and olhtrs Sinha ]. SUPREME COURJ' REPORTS [1955! in the terms in which it occurs in section 5(2) (a) (iii)
was not an exemption in favour of the Government of India only but also to other Governments and pub- lic bodies which could avail themselves of the facilitv of purchase through that department.
Another argument was urged to meet the appel- lant's case that really the exemption was meant for the Government of India in its function of purchase of stores and commodities, discharged
through the Indian Stores Department and later through the Supply Department. It was argued that if the legis- lature meant to grant the exemption to the Govern- ment of India, then the easiest thing to do would
have been to say that sales to the Government of India were exempt from the tax. But it has not been the contention of the appellant that all sales to the Government of India are within the terms of the ex-
emption. Only the sales transacted through the purchasing department 9f the Government of India were so exempt. In para. 7 of the affidavit referred to above it has been stated on behalf of the Govern-
ment that the different departments were entitled to make local purchases of small values, .that is to say, not exceeding Rs. 100 and of certain specified com- modities like foodstuffs which were
not within the purchasing activity of the departments aforesaid of the Government of India. Hence, in my opinion, there is no validity in this argument either. It was also suggested during the argument that if
the exemption were to be related to only such com- modities and articles as were within the purview of the Stores Department and later of the Supply De- partment, then such an interpretation
would involve addition of qualifying words to the section which is not ordinarily within the function of the courts. But, in my opinion, this argument also suffers from the infirmity that it equates the departments
mentioned in the exemption clause quoted above with a legal person,-an argument which has already been dealt with. · 'In my opinion, there is no escape from the conclusion that those are mere words of description
and are not words with defined connotation, because 2S.C.R. neither the Act nor the rules framed thereunder define those departments. If the nomenclature only matt- ·ered, then there is no escape from the conclusion
that whatever articles and commodities were pur- chased by the Indian Stores Department or its later substitutes, of whatever magnitude and value, would be within the mischief of the exemption clause in
question. But that, in my opinion, was not the in- tention of the framers of the Act. They knew what the activities of the Government through those de- partments were and the exemption
was granted only in respect of those functions of the Government, as already indicated. For the aforesaid reasons I would allow these ap- peals, set aside the orders of the Letters Patent Bench
and restore the orders passed by the Single Judge of the Calcutta High Court, with costs throughout. BY THE COURT. in accordance with the Judgment of the majority the appeals are dismissed with costs.
P. L. LAKHANPAL v. THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR. ls. R. DAS, ACTING C.J., BHAGWATI, }AGANNADHA- DAS, B. P. SINHA and }AFER IMAM JJ.] Constitution of .India, Arts. 13, 21, 22 and 35(c)-/ammu and Kashmir Preventive Detention Act, 2011 (Act VI of 2011), s. 3(1) (a )(i) and s. 8(1) Proviscr-Constitution (Application to /am mu and Kashmi,.) 01·der, 1954-Detention order under the provisions of ss. 3 (J)(a)(i) and 8(1) Proviso of the Act-Whether violates fundamental .-ights guaranteed under Arts. 21 and 22 of the Constitution-Non- supply of grounds of detention to Detenu-Whether violates his funda- mental right-Addition of clause (c) to Art. 35 of the Constitution- Effect of.
The petitioner was detained in Kothibagh sub-jail in Srinagar by the order of Jammu and Kashmir Government under the provi- sions of s. 3(1)(a) (i) of the Jammu and Kashmir Preventive Deten- tion Act, 2011.
The UniMi of l•dia v. Tiu CatRmucia Tax Ojfiar, Wis B•ngal and othtTJ Sinha J D1ctmher 20.