~t decision is well founded. The propositions in question r96o treated an alienation made for the payment of the Luhar Amritlal father:'s antecedent debt on the same footing as an
Nagji alienation made in execution of a decree passed against v. him and in both cases the principle enunciated is that Doshi Jayantilal in order to succeed in their challenge the sons must
Je~alal prove the immoral character of the antecedent debtcajendragadkar J. and the knowledge of the alienee. Having regard to the broad language used in stating the two proposi- tions, we do not think that a valid distinction could be
made between a mortgage and a sale particularly after the decision of the Privy Council in the case of Brij Narain (1). That is the view taken by the Nagpur High Court in Udmiram Koroodimal and Anr. v.
Balramdas Tularam & Ors. (2 ). In the result the appeal fails, but in the circum- stances of this case there will be no order as to costs. Appeal dismissed. THE VANGUARD FIRE AND GENERAL
INSURANCE CO. LTD., MADRAS v. M/S. FRASER AND ROSS AND ANOTHER. (P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, K. N. W ANCHOO and K. c. DAS GUPTA, JJ.) Ins1Jrance-Company closing insurance business-Government's order
directing investigation of company's affairs-Legality- " Insurer", meaning of-Insurer's liability after closing of business –Extent-" Liabilities not satisfied and not otherwise provided for" – General Clauses Act, I897 (IO of I897), s. I3-Insurance Act, I938 (4 of I938), SS. 2(9), 2D, 7, 9, 33·
The appellant company had been carrying on various classes of insurance business other than life insurance after its incorpora- tion in 1941, but in 1956 the shareholders of the company passed a resolution by which all its insurance business was to be closed. Accordingly, on application made by the company to the Con- troller of Insurance, the certificate granted to it for carrying on insurance business was cancelled with effect from July l, 1957· In the meantime, complaints against the company were being received by the Government of India, who, thereupon, passed an order on July 17, 1957, under s. 33 of the Insurance Act, 1938, directing the Controller of Insurance to investigate the affairs of the company and to submit a report. The company challenged (1) '1923) L.R. 51 I.A. 129.
\2) I.L.R. [1955] Nag. 744· May 4. Van guard Fire & General Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Fraser & Ross [1960) the legality of the order on the grounds, ( r) that as all its insurance business had been closed the Central Government had no jurisdic- tion to pass an order under s. 33 of the Act, which only enables the investigation of the affairs of an insurer who, as defined in s. 2(9), is one who is actually carrying on the business of insurance, (2) that such an order could not be sustained under s. 2D of the Act as that section was applicable only to those cases where an insurer was carrying on different classes of insurance \\ business and had closed some of them but not all of them, (3) that even if such order could be passed under s. 33 read with s. 2D it could not be done in the present case as the company's liabilities did not remain unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for, and (4) that, in any case, the order in question was invalid because it did not show on the face of it that the Central Government was prima facie satisfied that the liabilities had remained unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for :
Held, (r) that the word "insurer" in s. 33 of the Insurance Act, 1938, refers not only to a person who is actually carrying on . the business of insurance but also to one who has subsequently closed it.
(2) that in s. 2D of the Act an "insurer" means a person who was carrying on the business of insurance but has closed it. (3) that the word " class " in s. 2D though used in the singular includes the plural also and the section is applicable to the case where an insurer who was carrying on different classes of insurance business closes all of them.
(4) that the expression " not otherwise provided for" in s. 2D refers to liabilities in the nature of claims against the insurer whether the insurer admits them or not and whether a decree has been finally passed in respect of them or not.
(5) that under s. 2D the satisfaction or "provision other- wise" for the liabilities of insurance business which is closed, does not refer to the deposit made under s. 7 and has to be over and above that deposit.
(6) that though an order under s. 33 read with s. 2D of the Act should show on the face of it that the Central Government was prima facie satisfied that the liabilities had remained unsatis- fied or not otherwise provided for, the fact that the order does not on the face of it show that the Central Government considered this aspect of the matter would not make it bad, if in subsequent proceedings taken to challenge it, it is shown that there were materials before the Central Government which would justify its coming to the prima jacie conclusion that the liabilities had not been satisfied or otherwise provided for, and therefore an investi- gation into the affairs was called for.
CIVIL APPELLATE JuRISDIOTION: Civil Appeal No. 21 of 1960. Appeal from the judgment and order dated January 16, 1959, of the Madras High Court in Writ Appeal No. 67 of 1958, arising out of the judgment
and order dated July 15, 1958, of the said High Court r960 in Writ Petn. No. 922 of 1957. Vanguard Hre 0. B. Aggarwala, S. N. Andley, J.B. DadachanJi c;. General and Rameshwar Nath, for the appellant.
Insurance Co. Ltd. R. Ganapathy Iyer, H. J. Umrigar, R. H. Dhebar Fraser v&, Ross and T. M. Sen, for respondent No. 2. 1960. May 4. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by WANCHOO, J.-This is an appeal on a certificate
Wanchoo ]. granted by the Madras High Court. The appellant Company had been carrying on various classes of insurance business other than life insurance after its incorporation in September, 1941. On October 15, 1956,
an extraordinary general meeting of the shareholders of the Company passed a resolution by which all its insurance business was to cease forthwith and no further policies of insurance of any kind were to be
issued thereafter. It was also resolved that no appli.; cation should be made for renewal of the certificate granted under s. 3 of the Insurance Act, No. IV of 1938 (hereinafter called the Act), and that thence-
forward the Company should only carry on the busi- ness of money-lending as a loan-Company and also to do investment business. In consequence of these resolu- tions, the Company informed the Controller of Insur-
ence in December, 1956, that it was not applying for renewal of its registration for carrying on the business of insurance. In May, 1957, the Controller wrote to the Company that its certificates for carrying on
insurance business would be deemed to be cancelled from July 1, 1957, and the cancellation was notified in the Gazette of India. It appears that the Government of India had been receiving complaints against the Company. Consequ-
ently on July 17, 1957, the Government of India passed an order under s. 33 of the Act directing the ControUer of Insurance to investigate the affairs of the Company and to submit a report. Thereupon
the Controller appointed Messrs. Fraser and Ross to act as auditors to assist him in the investigation. The Company was informed of this order in Septem- ber 1957. Thereupon it wrote to the Controller that
no order under s. 33 of the Act could be pass~d Vanguard Fire 0- General Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Fraser & Ross Wanchoo ]. [1960] (-M_ against it, as it had closed its business of insurance
aud the order in question was without jurisdiction. The Controller sent a reply to this communication and pointed to the provisions of s. 2D of the Act in justification of the order. Thereupon the Company
made an application under Art. 226 of the Constitu- tion in the Madras High Court. Two main contentions were raised by it in the petition. In the first place it was submitted that the Company having closed all its
insurance business no order could be passed against it under s. 33, as that section only applied to companies actually carrying on the business ofinsurance and that in any case no such order could be passed even with
the help of s. 2D of the Act. In the second place it was contended that even if such an order could be passed under s. 33 read with s. 2D of the Act, it could not be done in the present case, as the Company's
liabilities in respect of its insurance business did not remain unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for. Messrs. Fraser and Ross as well as the Controller were made parties to the petition. The petition was op-
posed on behalf of the Controller, and his contention was that the case was clearly covered by s. 2D of the Act and therefore the order under s. 33 was validly passed in this case and that it had not been shown
that the liabilities had been satisfied or had been otherwise provided for. The learned Single Judge held that an order under s. 33 read with s. 2D could be passed against the Com-
pany and that it had not been shown that the Company's liabilities had been satisfied or other- wise provided for. He therefore dismissed the writ pet.ition. This was followed by an appeal by the Com-
pany, which was dismissed. The Division Bench sub- stantially agreed with the view taken by the learned Single Judge. Thereupon the Company applied for a certificate to enable it to appeal to this Court and
obta.ined it ; and that is how the matter has come up before us. ]\fr. Aggarwala appearing for the Company has urged the same two points before us. The Act was passed in 1938 to control persons carrying on the
business of insurance. Section 2(9) thereof defines an 'insurer' inter alia as meaning any body corporate (not being a person specified in sub-cl. (c) of this I96o clause) carrying on the business of insurance, which is
Vanguard Fire a body corporate incorporated under any law for the & General time being in force in India or stands to any such Insurance Co. Ltd. body corporate in the relation of a subsidiary company
v. Fraser & Ro•s within the meaning of the Indian Companies Act, 1913, as defined by sub-s. (2} of s. 2 of that Act. · Section 3 wanchoo ]• provides for registration of any person carrying on the
business of insurance and no such business can be carried on unless a certificate of registration for the particular class of insurance business has been obtain- ed from the Controller. Section 3(4) gives power to
the Controller to cancel the certificate for reasons specified therein and s. 3(5B) lays down that when a registration is cancelled the insurer shall not after the cancellation has taken effect, enter into new contracts
of insurance, but all rights and liabilities in respect of contracts of insttran'Ce entered into by him before such cancellation takes effect shall, subject to the provisions of sub-s. (5DJ, continue as if the cancella-
t.ion had not taken place. In order to safeguard the interest of policy-holders, s. 7 provides for deposits by the insurer for various classes of his business. Section 8 lays down that any deposit made under s. 7
shall be deemed to be part of the assets of the insurer but shall not be susceptible of any assignment or charge; nor shall it be available for the discharge of any liability other than liabilities arising out of
policies of insurance issued by the insurer so long as any such liability remains undischarged ; nor shall it be liable to attachment in execution of any decree except a decree obtained by a policy-holder of the
insurer in respect of a debt due upon a policy which debt the policy-holder has failed to realise in any other way. Section 9(1) lays down that where an insurer has ceased to carry on in India any class of insurance
business in respect of which a deposit has been made under s. 7 and his liabilities in India in respect of business of that class have been satisfied or are other- wise provided for, the court may on the application of
the insurer order the return to the insurer of so much of the deposit as does not relate to the classes of insur- ance, if any, which he continues to carry on. Under ua 862. [1960)
s. IO an insurer who carries on business of more than one kind is required to keep a separate account of all VanguaYd.F.ire: h & General receipts and payments in respect of eac such class of
Insuran~e Co. Ltd.· insurance business. Section 33(1) with which we are v. F.-raser &, R.ossc lf'.'llnchoo J; directly concerned, is in these terms :- "The Central Government may at any time by
order in-writing direct the controller or any other person specified in the order to investigate th0 affairs of any insurer and to report to the Central Government. on any investigation made by him :
Provided that the controller or the other person , may, wherever necessary, employ an auditor or actuary or both for the purpose of assisting. him in any investigation under this section."
Section 2D is in these terms: " Every insurer shall be subject to all the provi- .. sions of this Act in relation to ·any class of insurance , business so long as his liabilities in India in respect
• of business of that class remain unsatisfied and not . otherwise provided for;" · The contention of Mr. Aggarwala is that s. 33 and s. 2D both refer to an insurer which is defined in
s. 2(9) as a person carrying on the business of insur- ance. He, therefore, contends that as soon as the insurer who was carrying on the business of insurance closes it down completely he no longer remains an
insurer and the provisions of the Act do not apply to him. Therefore, according to him, whens. 33 provides for an order of investigation by the Central Govern- ment such an order can only be made in respect of a
person who is actually carrying on the business of insurance and is thus an insurer and cannot be made against a person who was an insurer but has closed his business. Further, according to Mr. Aggarwala,
s. 2D also speaks of an insurer and makes him subject to all the provisions of the Act with respect to any class of insurance business so long as his liabilities in respect of that class remain unsatisfied or not other-
wise provided· for and therefore s. 2D would only apply to those cases where insurance business is being carried on, though some class of insurance business might have been closed.
The contention therefore is that reading ss. 33 and 2D together, no order under. j s. 33 can be made in case of an insurer who has com- pletely closed his business of insurance. The main basis of this cont,ention is the definition
Va~'G:~~,!?" of the word "insurer" in s. 2(9) of the Act. It is Insurance Co. Ltd. pointed out that that definition begins with the words v. Fraser 0– Ross "insurer means" and is therefore exhaustive. It may
be accepted that generally the word "insurer" has Wanehoo J. been defined for the purposes of the Act to mean a person or body corporate, etc., which is actually carry· ing on the business of in8•irance, i.e., the business of
effecting contracts of insuunce of whatever kind they might be. But s. 2 begins with the words "in this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context" and then come the various definition
clauses of which (9) is one. It is well settled that all statutory definitions or abbreviations must be read subject to the qualification variously expressed in the definition clauses which created them and it may be
that even where the definition is exhaustive inasmuch as the word defined is said to mean a certain thing, it is possible for the word to have a somewhat different meaning in different sections of the Act depending
upon the subject or the context. That is why all definitions in statutes generally begin with the qualify- ing words similar to the words used in the present case, namely, unless there is anything repugnant in
the subject or context. Therefore in finding out the meaning of the word "insurer " in various sections of the Act, the meaning to be ordinarily given to it is that given in the definition clause. But this is not
inflexible and there may be sections in the Act where the meaning may have to be departed from on account of the subject or context in which the word has been used and that will be giving effect to the
opening sentence in the definition section, namely, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context. In view of this qualification, the court has not only to look at the words but also to look at the
context, the collocation and the object of such words relating to such matter and interpret the meaning in tended to be conveyed by the use of the words under the circumstances. Therefore, though ordinarily the
word "insurer" as used in the Act would m~au u. [1960] person or body corporate actually carrying on the business of insurance it may be that in certain sections Vanguard Fire h d
h h d"ff .s. Gen,,•I t e wor may ave a somew at 1 erent meanmg. Insurance Co. Ltd. A perusal of a few sections of the Act will illustrate v. Fraser & Ross Wanchoo ]. this and immediately show that the word " insurer"
has been used in some sections to mean not merely a person actually carrying on the business of insurance but also a person who intends to carry on the business of insurance but has not actually started it and also a
person who was carrying on the business of insurance but has ceased to do so. For example, s. 3(2) which deals with an application for registration which naturally has to be made before the business of insur-
ance actually commences, lays down in cl. (b) that the application shall be accompanied by the name, address and the occupation, if any, of the directors where the insurer is a company incorporated under the Indian
Companies Act. Here the word "insurer" has been used to indicate the company which is not actually carrying on the business of insurance but is intending to do so and is applying for registration. Further in
s. 3(2) ( e) which also deals with an application for registration, it is provided that an insurer having his principal place of business or domicile outside India shall send along with the application a statement
verified by an affidavit of the principal officer of the insnrer setting forth various requirements. Here again, the word "insurer " has been used for an intending insurer, for the business of insurance would only begin
after the registration certificate is granted on the application made under s. 3(2). Then in s. 9 it is provided that where an insurer has ceased to carry on business, the court may on the application of the
insurer order the return to him of the deposit made under s. 7. This shows that though the insurer is not actually carrying on the business of insurance he is still termed an insurer and on his application the
deposit may be refunded to him. Again s. 55 which deals with a situation arising out of the winding-up of an insurance company or the insolvency of any other insurer, provides that the value of the assets
and liabilities of the insurer shall be ascertained in such manner and upon such basis as the liquidator a S.C.R or the receiver in insolvency thinks fit. The word z960 "insurer" has thus been used in this section for a
b d t h • h · t t II Vanguard Fire person or o y corporate, e c., w IC IS no ac ua y & General carrying on the business of insurance and has gone Insurance Co. Ltd. into liquidation or has become insolvent. Therefore,
v. h h h d• b h Fraser & Ross t oug t e or mary meanmg to e given to t e word "insurer" is as given in the definition clause (s. 2(9)) Wanchoo J. and refers to a person or body corporate, etc., carrying
on the business of insurance, the word may also refer in the context of certain provisions of the Act to any intending insurer or quondam insurer. The contention therefore that because the word " insurer" has been
used in s. 33 or s. 2D those sections can only apply to insurers who are actually carrying on business cannot necessarily succeed, and we have to see whether in the context of these provisions an insurer will also
include a person who was an insurer but has closed his business. As we have said already the Act was passed to control the business of insurance in the interest of policy-holders and the general public and s. 33 is
obviously a provision by which the Central Govern- ment can order investigation into the affairs of any insurer in order to carry out the policy of the Act. Cuuld it be said 1in the circumstances that s. 33 only
applies to insurers actually carrying on business and not to insurers who have closed their business? If the policy of the Act is to be carried out and the policy-holders and the general public are to be pro-
tected, the need for making investigation into the affairs of an insurer who has closed his business is greater, for he may have done so dishonestly. We are therefore of opinion that the word " insurer" as used
in s. 33 not only refers to a person who is actually carrying on business but in the context of that section and taking into account the policy of the Act and the purposes for which the control envisaged by the Act
was imposed on insurers also refers to insurers who were carrying on the business of insurance but have closed it. Further if there were any doubt whether the word "insurer " in s. 33 refers to those insurers
also who had closed their business that doubt in our opinion is completely dispelled by s. 2D. That section .r960 Vanguard Fire & General I nsuranee Co. Ltd. v. Fraser & Ross Wanehoo }.
[1960] l.,.. provides that every insurer shall be subject to all the provisions of the Act in relation to any class of insurance business so long as his liability in India in respect of business of that class remains unsatisfied or
not otherwise provided for. Obviously this section applies to those insurers who have closed their busi- ness. It was not necessary to enact this section if the word "insurer" here also meant a person actually
carrying on the business of insurance, for the provi- sions of the Act apply to such a person proprio vigore. Therefore, when the word "insurer" is used in s. 2D it must mean a person who was carrying on the busi-
ness of insurance but has closed it. If that is so, s. 33, which provides for investigation, would apply to such an insurer who has closed his business, by virtue of s. 2D. Mr. Aggarwala next contends thats. 2D would only
apply to those cases where an insurer was carrying on different classes of insurance business and had closed some of them but not all of them. He contends that the section provides that the insurer shall remain sub-
ject to the provisions of the Act in relation to any class of insurance business so long as his liabilities with respect to that class of business remain unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for.
This, according to him, contemplates a closure of only some out of niany classes of business of insurance and not of all. We sec no reason however to limit the words used in this section only to a case where out of many classes of
business, some are closed and others are being carried on. Under s. 13 of the General Clauses Act, No. X of 1897, in all Central Acts and Regulations, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, words
in the singular shall include the plural and vice versa. Though therefore s. 2D speaks of any class of insur- ance business in the singular it includes the plural also and would refer to all classes of insurance busi-
ness. Mr. Aggarwala does not contend that where, for example, four classes of business are being carried on and three of them are closed and one is continued, the section will not apply; but he contends that at
least one mwit continue and the section will not apply if all are closed. We do not see why if the section ~, 3 S.C.R. applies, even though the word "class" is in the z960 ;:;ingular, to a case where three out of four classes are
d d d . h Id Vanguard Fire c ose an one is contmue it s ou not app y to a & General case where all four classes are closed. We see no Insurance Co. Ltd. repugnancy in the context in holding that if all
v. cla>ises of business are closed the insurer shall be sub- Fraser & Ross ject to all the provisions of the Act so long as his Wanchoo ]. liabilities in India in respect of any business of all
classes remain unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for. Therefore on a plain reading of s. 2D there can be no doubt that an insurer who has closed all classes of his insurance business remains subject to all the
provisions of the Act in relation to such classes so long as his liabilities in India remain unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for. Therefore s. 33 will cer- tainly apply to a case where all classes of insurance
business have been closed so long as the liabilities remain unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for. The first contention of the appellant therefore that no in- vestigation can be ordered under s. 33 in its case
because it has closed all classes of its insurance busi- ness fails. Turning now to the second contention, the argument on behalf of the appellant is three-fold. In the first place it is urged that an order can only be made under
s. 33 read with s. 2D when the Central Government is satisfied that the liabilities have not been satisfied or otherwise provided for, and that the order should show on the face of it that the Central Government had
considered this aspect of the matter and had come to the conclusion that the liabilities remained unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for. Further there is nothing in the present order to show that the Central
Government ever considered this aspect of the matter and was satisfied that the liabilities of the appellant- Company remained unsatisfied or not otherwise pro-. vided for. There is no doubt that the order is utterly
silent on this point and it was only in his letter of October 15, 1957, that the Assistant Controller pointed out s. 2D of the Act and referred to this aspect of the matter. It seems to us only just and proper that when
an order is being passed under s. 33 read withs. 2D of the Act it should show on the face of it that the Vangua,.d Fi,.e & Gene,.ai · Insurance Co. Ltd. v. F,.ase,. & Ross Wanchoo }.
(1960] Central Government was prima facie satisfied that the liabilities had remained unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for, for it is only when the liabilities have not been satisfied or otherwise provided for that an
order under s. 33 read with s. 2D would be justified in the case of an insurer who has closed his business. We use the word "prima f acie" advisedly, for it seems to have been suggested in the High Court that uo order
could be passed under s. 33 unless it was proved to the hilt that there were liabilities which remained unsatis- fied or otherwise unprovided for. It is obvious that such proof would only be available after investigation
in to the affairs of the insurer. Therefore in order that s. 2D may be workable, all that is required under ·it is that the Central Government should be satisfied after such prima facie inquiry as it considers necessary that
there are reasons to believe t.hat the liabilities of the insurer who has closed his business remain unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for and in coming to this prima facie conclusion the Central Government may
make enquiry from the insurer with respect to com- plaints that it may have received against him. But the fact that the order does not on the face of it show that the Central Government considered this aspect
of the matter would not make it bad, if in subsequent proceedings taken to challenge it, it is shown that there were materials before the Central Government which would justify its coming to the prima facie con-
clusion that the liabilities had not been satisfied or otherwise provided for, and therefore an investigation into the affairs was called for. In the present case we find from the materials on the record that there were
complaints before the Central Government from those who had claims against the company. Those com- plaints were apparently referred to the Company and it does not appear that the Company satisfied the
Central Government that the complaints were unjusti- fied. It was in this situation that the order for in- vestigation was made in July, 1957, after the Company had closed its insurance business. Further on the
materials available on the record it does appear that even how there are claims pending to the tune of about one lac of rupees against the Company. So it ca.nnot -f- 3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORT8
be said that there were no liabilities of the Company •96o outstanding which were not satisfied or otherwise pro- Vanguard Fire vided for when the order was made in July, 1957. In
&General the circumstances the order cannot be held to be bad Insurance Co. I.td. because it does not show on the face of it that there v Fraser & Ross were liabilities which had remained unsatisfied or not
otherwise provided for. Wanchoo ]. In the second place it is urged that there can be no question of satisfying or otherwise providing for liabilities unless the liabilities are ascertained and
either admitted or proved. In other words the argu- ment is that it is only those liabilities which are admitted by the insurer or which have been decreed against him and the decrees have become final which
can be taken into account in deciding whether the liabilities have remained unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for. It is urged that only those liabilities which are ascertained and either undisputed or proved
can be satisfied and that the same applies to their being otherwise provided for. It is true that only those liabilities, which are ascertained and either admitted or proved, can be satisfied; but it does not
follow that " provision otherwise " must also be only of liabilities which are ascertained and either admitted or proved. If that were so a dishonest insurer who closes his business could always get out of the provi-
sions of s. 33 read withs. 2D by repudiating all claims made against him and then saying that there are no liabilities which remained unsatisfied or otherwise un- provided for. There can be no doubt, therefore, if
these provisions have to serve the purpose for which they were enacted, (namely, the protection of the · interest of the policy-holders and the general public), the words " not otherwise provided for" in s. 2D
must refer to liabilities in the nature of claims against · the insurer whether the insurer admits them or not and whether a decree has been finally passed in respect of them or not. The intention of making this provi-
sion in s. 2D is to ensure that probable claims arising out of the insurance buRiness that is closed are pro- vided for before the insurer who has closed his busi- ness can say that he is not governed by all the pro-
visions of the Act. There can be no doubt, therefore, [1960] VanguaYd Fire & General Insurance Co. Ltd. that when "provision otherwise" has to be made it must be with respect to probable claims also that are
likely to arise out of the insurance business which has been closed. In the present case even the Company admits that there are probable claims to the tune of v. F1'aser &- Ross Wanchoo ].
about rupees one lac still pending and in the circum- stances until they are satisfied or it is shown that they have been provided for otherwise, all the provisions of the Act, including s. 33, will apply to the Com.
pany. The last argument in support of the second conten- tion is that the liabilities have been otherwise pro- vided for. It is said that the Company deposited Rs. 3,94,000 as security under s. 7 of the Act, which
is still available to pay off the liabilities of the Com- pany and therefore when such liabilities do not appear to exceed that amount they have otherwise been pro- vided for. The question thus raised is whether the
Company is entitled to take into account the security deposit under s. 7 in order to show that the liabilities have been otherwise provided for. The contention on behalf of the Controller is that when the Act envis-
ages " provision otherwise ", this provision has to be over and above the security deposit made by the Company under s. 7. It appears from s. 8 that this deposit is available for the discharge of liabilities
arising out of policies of insurance issued by the insurer so long as any such liability remains unsatisfied. But even if a decree has been obtained by a policy-holder on the basis of a liability under the policy he is not
entitled to attach any part of this deposit until he · shows that he has failed to realise the decree in any other way. Further it appears thats. 8 only contem- plates policy-holders holding a decree attaching part
of the security deposit in case they fail to realise their debt in any other way; it does not contemplate, for example, third parties who have decrees against an insurer, like the Company (which in its motor insur-
ance business indemnifies the policy-holders against third party risk up to a certain extent), doing so. Such third parties cannot under any circumstances attach any part of the deposit, for s. 8 only permits its
v,,ttaolpne11t !11 the last resort by a policy-holder of the r insurer in respect of a debt due upon a policy. But r96o under s. 2D the decree of a third party in such a case v d p·
ld b h 1. b"l" f h . f h" anguar ire wou e t e Ia I ity o t e msurer m respect o IS &- General motor insurance business which could not be realised Inmrance.Co. Ltd. by attachment of any part of the deposit under s. 7.
Fraser~ Ross Besides, even with respect to decrees of policy-holders the deposit could only be attached when all other ways Wanchoo J. ofrealising the money have failed. In these circum-
stances it can hardly be said that the fact that this deposit is there is itself a " provision otherwise " to meet the liabilities of tho insurer. The policy-holder cannot attach this deposit unless he first exhausts all
other means. Even if he has got a decree and even if the insurer admits his claim and wants to pay it, he cannot do so out of the money in deposit under s. 7. As for third parties who may have decrees against the
insurer, they can never attach this deposit in view of the provisions of s. 8. It could not be the intention of the legislature when it was in effect exempting the insurer from all the provisions of the Act on his
liabilities being otherwise provided for that such provision should include the security deposit under s. 7, when it has made it so difficult for a policy-holder to get his debt satisfied from that deposit and when it is
clear that a third party could not in any way attach the deposit. In these circumstances we are of opinion that when s. 2D provides that the insurer shall be subject to all the provisions of the Act so long as his
liabilities in India in respect of the business which is closed remain unsatisfied or not otherwise provided for, the satisfaction or "provision otherwise" does not refer to the deposit under s. 7 and has to be over
and above that deposit. It is true thats. 9 provides that the insurer can take back the deposit after satisfy- ing the court that he has satisfied or otherwise provided for his liabilities. But this " provision otherwise" for
the purposes of s. 9 must obviously be other than the deposit itself. Further when the insurer wants to take back his deposit on making " provision other- wise" he will have to satisfy the court that the "pro-
vision otherwise " has been fully made and the court will be in a position to investigate into the matter. This, however, does not mean that if the insurer does [1960] ,960 not want to take advantage of s. 9 of the Act he can
say without submitting to the terms of that section Va;;_g~=~~,;,fre that he has made "provision otherwise", because the lnsu .. nce Co. Ltd. deposit which is made under s. 7 is more than all his v.
liabilities of the insurance business that he has closed. Fram & Ross It is urged that it is hard, for example, on an insurer Wanchoo J. who has a large deposit and whose liabilities are small
that he should not be able to fall back on his deposit for the purposes of s. 2D. We do not, however, see any hardship in a case of this kind, for if it is a fact that the deposit of the insurer is large and his liabilities are small he can always take advantage of s. 9 of the Act
and submit to an investigation by the court and take back his deposit after depositing the small sum requir- ed to meet his liabilities. We are, therefore, of opinion that when s. 2D speaks of satisfaction or "provision
otherwise" for the liabilities of insurance business which is closed it contemplates such satisfaction or " provision otherwise" over and above the deposit made under s. 7. It is not in dispute in this case
that there are some liabilities still pending; it is also not in dispute that they are not satisfied and no provision has been made otherwise for them irrespec- tive of the security deposit. This also appears to have
been the position when the order was made in July, 1957. In the circumstances the order is good and cannot be called in question by the Company. The appeal therefore fails and is hereby dismissed
with costs. .Appeal dismissed.