UNION OF INDIA v. M/S. JAIN ASSOCIATES AND ANR. APRIL 19, 1994 (K. RAMASWAMY AND N. VENKATACHALA, JJ.] The Arbitration Act, 1940. Sections 20, 29, 30( a }-Arbitrator-Misconduct-Reference made to Ar- bitrato,-.C/aim and counter claim by parties-Award of damages, twice over, against two claims based on self same alleged /aches and negligence of Dep/Jlt- ment-Refusal to consider counter claim treating it as a belated counter state- men..-Held, Arbitrator committed misconduct in non-application of his mind in deciding the claims and in refusing to consider counter claim Section 21)-{nterest on award-Arbitrator granting interest up to the D date joint arbitrators entered upon reference as also post award interes..-High Court granting interest pendente lite-Held, Section 29 enables court to grant interest on principal amount adjudged in the award and confirmed in decree only from the date of decree-ft carries a negative import with it that court has no p3wer to grant interest pendente lite.
Doctrine of severabi/ity-Applicability of in an award given by ar- bitrator. Words and phrases: 'misconduct' Section 30(a) of the Arbitration Ac~ 194o-Meaning of The parties entered into a contract whereunder the respondent was to construct a residential complex at the estimated cost or Rs. 27,34,000 an hand over its possession to the appellant by August 13, 1984. Non-com- pletion of the work, despite several extensions or time upto June 30, 1988, resulted in termination or the contract. A sum or Rs. 24,34,100 was paid G to the respondent towards the execnted work. The respondent initiated proceedings under section 20 of the Arbitration Act and the matter was ultimately taken to the umpire to arbitrate the dispute. The contractor laid his claim for Rs. 37,37,885. The appellant also laid a counter claim for Rs. 9,49,701 which the umpire refused to consider on the ground of delay. The H (1994) 3 S.C.R.
umpire made a total award of Rs. 24,10,330 in favour of the contractor. He awarded interest at 18% upto 10.4.89 i.e. the date on which the joint arbitrators entered into the reference, as also the post award interest. The award made by the umpire included Rs. 4,11,400 against claim No. 11 and Rs. 6,00,000 against claim No. 12. On appeal by the contractor the High B Court held that claim mentioned in items nos. 11 and 12 was one and the same, but the umpire had wrongly given damages twice over and thus there was an error of' law as well as of fact. It rejected the claim in resp.ct of item No. 11, but affirmed Rs. 6,00,000 towards claim No. 12. The High Court confirmed the award for a sum of Rs. 20,07,320. It also awarded pendente lite interest. Aggrieved, the Union of India filed the appeals hy C special leave.
It was contended on behalf of the appellant that the umpire com- mitted illegality in awarding damages twice over on claims no. 11 and 12 and in refusing to consider the counter claim of the Department, which indicated non-application of judicious mind and thus the umpire had D misconducted the proceedings; that in the circumstances the doctrine of severability become inapplicable and the entire award was liable to set aside that in view of section 29 of the Arbitration Act, the court lacked power to award pendente lite interest. The respondent contended that despite the award being a non-speaking one, since the umpire granted each E claim separately, the claims in respect of items No. 11 and 12 are severable from the rest of the award which could be sustained.
Allowing the appeal and modifying the judgment of the High Court, this Court HELD : 1.1. The Hir,h Court was right in holding that the claimant was not entitled to different amounts under claims no. 11 and 12 due to damages, and the umpire committed an error of law as well as fact while awarding damages mechanically twice over against the same claim. Claim no. 11 is founded upon the allegations of delay, !aches, negligence and G default on the part of the appellant, said to have resulted in loss of profits to the contractor. Claim No. 12 again founded upon the self same alleged )aches negligence of the appellant. These claims are founded on breach of contract and Sec. 73 of the Contract Act, 1872 encompasses both the claims as well as damages. (558-D-H, 559-A]
1.2. The rejection of the counter claim was unwarranted. There was .} ' U.0.1. v. JAIN ASSOCIATES ample time to the umpire to consider the counter claim of the appellant A and pass appropriate award in that behalf. But he failed to do so. The record shows that on 4.9.1990 the umpire refused to consider the counter claim and that the parties had mutually agreed to extend the time to er.able the arbitrator to make and publish the award by 31.1.1991. (558-8-D] 1.3. The facts that the umpire allowed claim for damages twice over against claims no. 11 and 12 and refused to consider the counter claims of the appellant treating it as a belated counter statement, would show not only his state of mind but also non-application of the mind. It would also show that he did not act in a judicious manner objectively and dispas· sionately which would go to the root of the competence of the arbitrator to decide the dispute. The umpire thus committed misconduct in non-ap- plication of his mind in deciding claims nos.11 and 12 and in refusing to consider the counter claim. (556-D-G; 560-F; 561-F]
c 1.4. The word 'misconduct' in section 30(a) of the Act does not necessarily comprehend or include misconduct of fraudulent or improper D conduct or moral lapse but does comprehend and include actions on the part of the arbitrator which on the face of the award are opposed to all rational and reasonable principles resulting in excessive award or unjust result or the like circumstances which tend to show non-application of the mind to the material facts placed before the arbitrator or umpire. If the E arbitrator is found to have not applied his mind to the matters in con- troversy and yet has adjudicated upon those matters. in law, there can be no adjudication made on them. The arbitrator/umpire may not be guilty of any act which can possibly be construed as indicative of partiality or unfairness. Such situation would amount to misconduct. Misconduct is often used in a technical sense denoting irregularity and not guilty of any moral turpitude, that is, in the sense of non-application of mind to the relevant aspect of the dispute in its adjudication. (559-G-H, 560-A-C] K.I'. I'oulose v. State of Kera/a & Anr., [1975] Supp. S.C.R. 214, K. V. Gemge v. Secy. to Govt. Water & Power Deptt. Trivendnan & Anr., (1989] 4 G SCC 595 and Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. v. Amritsar Gas Service & Anr., [1991) 1 sec 533, ··elied on.
Dandadi Sahu v. State of Orissa, (1990] l SCR 214, referred to. 2.1. If the bad portion of the award is severable from the good part, H the court may set aside the bad part and uphold the rest of the award. But 1:vhen it hinges upon the state of mind of the arbitrator or the umpire, the award being a non-speaking award, it does not reasonably pertain as to what part of the award is good and vice versa. And if such a part cannot be separated then the whole award must be declared as invalid and it would be set aside on the ground of misconduct under section 30(a) of the Act. (560-G-H, 561-A]
M. Challamaya v. M. Venkataraman, AIR (1972) SCI 121; Upper Ganges v. U.P. Electricity Board, (1973] 3 SCR 107; Basant Lal Banarasi Lal v. Bansi/a/ Dagdulal, (1961] 2 SCR 780 and Jivraj Bhai v. Chintoman Rao C Balaji, (1964] 5 SCR 480, relied on.
Law Arbitration by Justice Bachawant, p316; Russelon Arbitration, 20th Edn. p. 318, referred to. 2.2. The award in respect of claims no. 11 and 12 is set aside. It being D a non-speaking award, it cannot be ascertained whether the umpire ap- plied his judicious mind in indicating which of the two claims the respon- dent would be entitled to, in particular on the finding of the High Court in this behalf. (561-F-G]
23. Since the counter claim was not considered, the matter require determination. Accordingly, the rejection of the counter claim be treated as a nil award of the counter claim. It stands set aside and the matter is remitted to be adjudged afresh. (561-G-H; 562-A]
2.4. The award of the severable part stands confirmed. (562-B] 3. The High Court was not right in granting interest pendente lite which the arbitrator himself had not granted. Unlike section 34 CPC which empowers the court to grant interest pendente lite and future, section 29 of the Arbitration Act enables the Court to grant interest on the principal G amount adjudged in the award and confirmed in the decree only from the date of the decree. It carries a negative import with it that the court has no power to grant interest pendente lite.The decree of the High Court granting interest pendente lite is set aside. (557-G-H; 558-A; 562-A] Srikantia & Co. v. UOI, AIR (1967) Bombay 354 and Ramsingh v. H Ramsingh & Anr., AIR (1985) Raj. 148, approved.
. ~ , U.O.l. v. JAIN ASSOCIATES [RAMASWAMY,J.] The Secretary, Inigation Department v. G.C. Roy, [1991] 1 SCC 508 A and Executive Engineer, Inigation v.Abhadutafena, [1988] 1SCR253, cited. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 2507-08
of 1994. From the Judgment and Order dated 16.9.92 of the Calcutta High B Court in Appeal No. 453 of 1991 and R.A. No. Nil of 1992 . D.P. Gupta, Solicitor General, C.V. Subba Rao, T.C.Sharma and V.K. Verma for the Appellant.
Soli. J. Sorabjee, K.R. Dass, D.Srimathy and Ms. Radha Rangaswamy C for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by K. RAMASWAMY, J.: Special Leave granted. The respondent had entered into a contract on January 7, 1983 to construct 13 units of Type-V Quarters at the estimated cost of Rs. 27,34,000. He was to complete the construction and hand over possession on August 13, 1984. Despite extension of the time on 7 occassions, finally upto June 30, 1988, the construction was not completed resulting in ter- mination of the contract. As upto 34th bill the appellant paid to the E respondent a sum of Rs. 24,34,100. 91ps. towards the executed work. The contractor laid proceedings under Section 20 of the Arbitration Act, 1940 for short the Act for reference to arbitrate the disputes. The joint ar- bitrators appointed thereon entered upon reference on April 10, 1989 and nominated Mr. A. Biswas the second respondent as an umpire. Since the F joint arbitrators could not make and publish the award within the time, the umpire was called upon to enter upon the reference. Accordingly on April 25, 1990 the umpire had entered upon the reference and made an interim award on Julv 26, 1990 for a sum of Rs. 6,02,000. The contractor laid his claim for a s~m of Rs. 37,37,885. The appellant laid count~r claim for Rs. 9,49,701.50ps. On September 3, 1990 the appellant requested the umpire G to consider the counter claim. On September 4, 1990, the umpire refused to consider the counter claim on the ground of belated counter claim. On request the time to make and publish the award was extended upto January 31, 1991. The umpire held finally sitting on December 19, 1990 (it is disputed across the bar by the contractor) and he made the award on. 'H December 24, 1990 for a sum of Rs. 24,18,320 in favour of the contractor. c
The umpire also awarded interest at 18% upto April 10, 1989 and post award interest. He did not grant any pendente lite interest. The appellant challenged the award on diverse grounds under Sections 30 & 33 of the Act. Ultimately the Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal No. 453/91 dated September 16, 1992 confirmed the award a sum of Rs. 20,07,320 and awarded pendente lite interest. On a review, it was held by an order dated February 4, 1993 that the Bench committed mistake in thinking that the umpire granted pendente lite interest and a mistake of fact and law but had confirmed the pendente lite interest on its power. Thus these two appeals, with a delay of 137 days in filing the appeal against original Judgment. The delay is condoned.
The learned Solicitor General contended that the Division Bench having held that the umpire committed illegality in awarding damages twice over on claims no. 11 & 12, though the contractor was entitled to damages D only in respect of one claim, committed, manifest error of law in upholding the entire award. The fact that the umpire had committed illegality in awarding damages twice over would indicate his no-application of Judi- cious mind to the claims in an objective manner. In a non speaking award it is difficult to decide how he adjudged the claims. Thereby he committed misconduct which entails the setting aside of the award as a whole and the doctrine of severability becomes inapplicable to the facts of this case. His next contention was that under Clause 62 of the general conditions, certain matter were to be finally determined by the railway and the arbitrator lacked jurisdiction to decide these claims and thereby the award gets vitiated by manifest illegality on its face. There was sufficient time for the arbitrator, even after the extended time lo make the award in respect of the counter claim. But was not done, which would also prove the non-ap- plication of judicious mind in an objective and dispassionate manner and thereby the award gets, vitiated by misconduct committed by the umpire. The 3rd contention is that the Court lacked power lo award pendente lite G interest by operation of Section 29 of the Act. Shri Soli Sorabji, the learned Senior Counsel for the respondent-contractor contended inter alia that though the award is a non speaking award since the umpire granted each claim separately, the claims on item 11 & 12 are severable from the rest of the award. The High Court upheld the highest of the two claims granted H by the umpire. The claim for loss of profits on item 11 and for damages U.0.1. v. JAIN ASSOCIATES [RAMASWAMY,J.)
on item 12 are distinct and separate concepts. The umpire, therefore, was A justified to·grant separate amounts on each of the claims which would show active consideration and application of the mind. Hence it is not a miscon- duct. Even otherwise they are severable from the rest of the award, which could be sustained. The grant of pendente lite interest by arbitrator was not a settled principle till the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in The B Secretary, Irrigation Department v. G.C. Roy, [1991] 1 SCC 508, was rendered. Earlier Division Bench of this Court in Executive Engineer, Inigation v. Abhaduta Jena, [1988] 1 SCR 253, where it was held that arbitrator had no power to award interest pendente lite, was overruled. In this twilight zone of law, the arbitrator did not award interest pendente lite. In view of the Constitution Bench Judgment in G. C. Roy's case, the grant of pendente lite interest by the court is legal. Even otherwise if this Court finds that the High Court committed illegality in granting interest pendente c
lite the matter requires remittance to the Umpire, for fresh decision in this behalf. Similarly on the counter claim, it was contended, that no counter claim in fact was laid, although belatedly a counter statement was made, D as found by the umpire. This point was not argued before the Single Judge nor seriously disputed before the Division Bench. Even otherwise, this dispute also could be remitted to the umpire for reconsideration. The first question that arises for consideration is whether the Court could award interest pendente lite. Section 29 of the Act says that in insofar as award is, for the payment of money, the Court may in the decree, order interest from the date of the decree at such rate as it deems reasonable, to be paid on the principal sum adjudged by the award and confirmed by the Decree. In Srikantia & Co. v. Union of India, AIR (1967) Bombay 354, it was held that Section 29 carries with it the negative import that it shall not be permissible to the Court to award interest on the principal sum adjudged in the award for a period prior to the date of the passing of the decree. The same principle was reiterated in Ramsingh v. Ramsingh & Anr., AIR (1985) Rajasthan 148. Section 29 of the Act empowers the Court, that where the award is for payment of money, to grant reasonable rate of G interest on the principal amount adjudged and confirmed in the decree, only from the date of the decree. Section 34 C.P.C. empowers the court, where there is a decree for payment of money to grant interest pendente lite and future, till the date of realisation. Since section 29 of the Act enables the Court to grant interest on the principal amount adjudged in the award and confirmed in the decree only from the date of the decree. c
It carries a negative import with it that the Court has no power to grant interest pendente lite. The High Court, therefore, was not right in granting interest pendente lite, which the arbitrator himself had not granted. The second question relates to rejection of the counter claim. It is seen that the point was taken before the Single Judge that counter claims were laid before the arbitrator. The record also discloses that the appellant laid counter claim. On September 4, 1990 the umpire refused to consider the counter claim. It is further seen that the parties mutually agreed to extend time to enable the arbitrator to make and publish the award by January 31, 1991. Whether or not the final sitting was held on December 19, 1990, the fact remains that there was ample time to the umpire to consider the counter claim of the appellant and pass appropriate award in that behalf. But he failed to do so. This would bear upon the finding on second question raised by the parties and shows that the rejection of counter-claim was unwarranted.
The crucial question is whether the umpire committed misconduct by non application of mind to the claims and counter claims and of its consequences. Claim no. 11 is founded upon the allegations of delay of the appellant, said lo have resulted on the part of the appellant, said to have resulted in loss of profits to the contractor in a sum of Rs. 4,93,696 and the umpire awarded Rs. 4,11,400. Claim no. 12 again founded upon the self same alleged !aches and negligence of the appellant for the damages suffered by the contractor in a sum of Rs. 12,00,000 and the umpire awarded Rs. 6,00,000. The High Court found in its judgment that "there is much substance in the submission of the learned counsel for the petitioner that· the umpire has given damages twice over against the same claim though shown as two claims, namely, claim nos. 11 and 12 and the claimant is not entitled to both the claims due to damages." "There is an error of law as well as fact" but "in the interest of justice and fair play the lesser amount of Rs. 4,114000 against claim no. 11 is omitted and Rs. 6,00,000 towards claim no 12 is retained." Section 73 of the Contract Act provides that when a contract has been broken, the party who suffers by such breach is entitled to receive from the party who has broken the contract, compen- sation for any loss or damages caused to him thereby which naturally arose in the usual course of things from such breach. A perusal of both the claims H would show that claim No. 11 is founded on loss of profits and claim no. ' -J
r U.0.1. v. JAIN ASSOCIATES [RAMASWAMY,J.[ 11 is founded for damages, based upon delay, !aches and negligence alleged A against the appellant, resulting in breach of the contract. In other words the contractor claimed compensation for breach of contract arising under Section 73 of the Contract Act. The respondent, it is held by the Division Bench, is given same type of damages twice over and that holding is not challenged by Respondent. Yet the question is whether the umpire had applied his mind in a judicious manner so as to bind the parties by his award made on various claims. In law of Arbitration, by Justice Bachawat, a former .I uJge of this Court at page 316, it is stated that "an arbitrator is not a conciliator. His duty is to decide the question submitted to him according to the legal rights of the parties and not according to what he may consider fair and reasonable." Russell on Arbitration, 20th Edition at page 318 also lays the same principle.
c In K.P. Poulose v. State of Kera/a & Anr., [1975] Supp. SCR 214, this Court held that misconduct under Section 30(a) does not connote a moral lapse. It comprises of legal misconduct which is complete if the arbitrator, D on the face of the award, arrives at an inconsistent conclusion even on his own finding, by ignoring material documents which would throw abundant light on the controversy and help in arriving at a just and fair deeision. It is in this sense that the arbitrator has misconducted the proceeding in the case. In that case the omissfon to consider the material documents to resolve the controversy was held to suffer from manifest error apparent ex facie. The award was accordingly quashed. In Dandasi Sahu v. State of Orissa, [1990] 1 SCC 214, this Court held that the arbitrator need not give any reasons. The award could be impeached only in limited circumstances as prmided under Sections 16 and 30 of the Act. If the award is dispropor- tionately high having regard to the original claim made and the totality of the circumstances it would certainly be a case of non application of mind amounting to legal misconduct and it is not possible to set aside only invalid part while retaining the valid part. In other words the doctrine of severability was held inapplicable in such a situation. It is, therefore, clear that the word misconduct in Section 30(a) does not necessarily com- prehcnd or include misconduct of fr\iud.ulent or improper conduct or moral lapse but does comprehend and 'include actions on the part of the arbitrator, which on the face of the award, are opposed to all rational and reasonable principles resulting in excessive award or unjust result or the like circumstances which tend to show non application of th.e mind to the H material facts placed before the arbitrator or umpire. In truth it points to fact that the arbitrator or umpire had not applied his mind and not adjudicated upon the matter, although the award professes to determine them. Such situation would amount to misconduct. In other words, if the arbitrator or umpire is found to have not applied his mind to the matters B in controversy and yet, has adjudicated upon those matters in law, there came be no adjudication made on them. The arbitrator/umpire may not be guilty of any act which can possibly be construed as indicative of partiality or unfairness. Misconduct is often used, in a technical sense denoting irregularity and not guilt of any moral turpitude, that is, in the sense of c
non-application of mind to the relevant aspects of the dispute in its adjudication. In KV. George v. Secretary to Government, Water & Power Deparlmcnt, Trivandrum &Anr., [1989] 4 SCC 595, this Court held that the arbitrator had committed misconduct in the proceedings by making an award without adjudicating the counter claim made by the respondent. In Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. v.Amritsar Gas Service and Ors., [1991] l SCC 533 & 544, the counter claim was rejected on the ground of delay and non consideration of the claim, it was held constituted an error on the face of the award.
The question, therefore, is whether the umpire had committed mis- conduct in making the award. It is seen that claim nos. 11 & 12 for damages and loss of profit is founded on the breach of contract and Section 73 encompasses hath the claims as damages. The umpire, it is held by the High Court, awarded mechanically, different amounts on each claim. He also totally failed to consider the counter claim on the specious plea that it is belated counter statement. These fact would show, not only the state of mind of the umpire but also non application of the mind, as is demonstrable from the above facts. It would also show that he did not act in a judicious manner objectively and dispassionately which would go to the root of the competence of the arbitrator to decide the disputes. It is true that if the bad portion of the award is severeable from the good part the Court may set aside the bad part and uphold the rest of the award. But when it hinges upon the state of mind of the arbitrator or the umpire, the award being a non speaking award, it is not reasonably certain as to what part of the award is good and vice versa. And if such a part H cannot be separated then the whole award must be declared as invalid .and … '
U.0.1. v. JAIN ASSOCIATES iRAMASWAMY,J.) it would be set aside on the ground of misconduct under Section 30(a) of A the Acts. Russell on Arbitration at page 485, it is stated thus -"(he bad portion however must be clearly separable in its nature in order that the award may be good or the residue. Where it is divisible is the faulty direction will B alone be set aside or treated as null.' At page 486 it is stated that "if the objectionable portion in the award is inseparable from the rest, or not so clearly separable that it can be seen that the part of the award attempted to be supported is not at all affected by faulty portion, the award will be . altogether avoided." In Basant Lal Banarsi Lal v. Bansi Lal Dagdulal, [1961) 2 SCR 780, this Court finding that the contract in question was illegal and C prohibited by law and consequently the award made under the arbitration clause this court held that the award was one and inseparable from the rest of the disputes covered by it and the disputes might not have legally and validly been referred, the whole award was rightly set aside. In Jivrajbhai v. Chintamanrao Balaji, [1964) 5 SCR 480, this Court found that it was D impossible to severe the award since the arbitrator had committed not a mere error ~f fact of law in reaching its conclusion, the entire award was set aside. In M. Chelamayya v. M. Venkataraman, AIR (1972) SC 1121 at 1125 para 12 this Court held that where a severable part of an award cannot be given effect to for a lawful reason, there is no bar to enforce the part to which effect could be justly given. The same principle was reiterated in Upper Ganges v. U.P. Electricity Board, [1973) 3 SCR 107, holding at page 115 that the mere error which occurred in the award of the umpire relating to matter which is distinct and separate from the rest of the award, the part which is invalid being severable from that which is valid, there was no justification for setting aside the entire award.
It is clear from the above facts and legal position that the arbitrator committed misconduct in non· application of his mind in deciding claims Nos. 11 and 12. It being a non-speaking award, it is difficult to find whether he had applied his judicious mind in deciding which of the two claims the G respondent would be entitled to, in particular, on the finding of the High Courts in this behalf. Therefore, the award in respect of claims Nos. 11 and 12 is set aside. The order of the High Court to award Rs. 6,00,000 stands set aside. Since the counter·claim was not considered the matter requires determination. Am>rdingly the rejection of the counter-claim would be H [1994)3 S.C.R.
treated as a nil award of the counter-claim and for the above reasons it stands set aside and the matter is remitted to be adjusted afresh. The decree of the High Court granting interest pendente lite is also set aside. The appeals are accordingly allowed to the above extent and the judgment of the division bench of the High Court stands modified and the award of the severeable part stands confirmed accordingly. In the cir- cumstances parties are directed to bear their own costs.
R.P. Appeals allowed. . … 1..,"-