' ··• USHA K. PILLAI v. RAJ. K. SRINIVAS AND ORS. ETC. APRIL 30, 1993 [A.M. AHMADI ANDS. MOHANJ.J.) Section 313 ( J) Cr. P. C.-Scope of-Whether the trial Magistrate is legally right in examining the Advocate of the (lccused in his place in a warrant case. – The daughter of the appellant was married to the respondent and a gfrt child was born out of the wed-lock. The couple went to the U.S.A. alongwith the child, butthe latter was sent back on her mother's behests. While the child was in the custody of the appellant the mother also came back, and committed suicide, leaving the child in the custody of the appellant. – c
Meanwhile the first respondent married an American girl and em- braced christianity. Thereupon the appellant applied to the local court for a pp-Ointment as guardian of the child~ The respondent appeared in court but tOok the child to U.S.A. forcibly, and eritrusted her to the custody of his newly wedded wife.
On being- appointed as guardian of the child the appellant filed a complaint of kidnapping against the respondent and three others. The respondent applied for exemption from personal appearance in the proceed- ings in criminal court. The permission was granted subject to the condition that he will appear whenever called upon to do so.
On the completion of the evidence, the advocate of the respondent sought permission for examination under section 313 Cr. P.C. in place of the respondent. Thereupon the appellant sought direction for personal appear- ance of the resp'ondent for being examined under Seection 313 Cr. P.C. The Magistrate dismisSed the application of the appellant.
This Court examined the provision of Sub Section (1) of Section 313 _Cr. P.C.and, HELD: Introduced in its pres~nt form pursuant to the recommenda- tions made in the 41st Report of the Law Commission, sub section (1) of H (1993] 3 S.C.R.
Section 313 begins with the words: "In every inquiry or trial.'' (472-B) The old sub-section (1) of Section 342 has been divided into two da~ (a) & (b ). aause (a) uses the expression 'may• to indicate that the matter is left to the discretion of the court to put questions to the accused at any stage of the inquiry or trial, whereas dause (b) uses the expression "shall" to convey dlat it is mandatory for the court to examine the accused after the witnes.ws for the prosecution have been examined. (472-C)
The proviso was added to sub section (:1) with a view to enabling the court to dispense with the examination of the accused under daase (b) in a summons case if the court has already dispensed with this personal attandence if the court on completion of the prosection evidence finds that there are cettain circumstances appearing in the evidence against the accused, the court is obliged by dause (b) to question the accused before he is caUeci upon to enter his defence. (472-D)
Section 313 (1) applies to all inquiries and trials under the code, to gl~e the accused an opportunity to explain the circumstances appearing against him. The trial court is empowered by dause (a) to question the accused atany stage ofinquiry or trial, whUe dause (b) obligates it to question the accused before he enters his defence.The rule of audi allerom parle1r1 incorporated t:
therein is intended for the benefit of the accused. (472-F) The proviso is in the nature of an exception to dause (b) of sub sectlon (l)ofSection313Cr.P.C.andappliestoasommonscase. Wheretbepenoaal presence of the accused has been dispensed with, the magistrate can dispense with the mandatory requirement of dause(b). (472-G)
Since the offence under section 363 IPC ls punbbable with bDprlson- ment for a term exceeding two years it is a warrant case, so even if the court has dispensed with the personal attendance of the accused, the examination of the accused uls 313 Cr. P.C. is mandatory. The examination oh lawyer would not be sufficient complaince with the mandate of the said provision. (473·8)
Bibhuli Bhushan Das Gupta & Anr. v. Stale of West Bengal, A.I.R. (1969) S.C. 381• (1969) 2 SCR 104, referred to. USHA PILLAI v. R.K. SRINIVAS [t\HMADl,J] In that case this court pointed out that the privilege of making a statement under Section 342 of the old code, is personal to the accused. This requirement cannot be satisfied by examining his pleader in his place, as the right of the pleader to represent the accused does not extend to the pleader answering questions under section 342 (now 313) Cr. P.C. (473-E) This court set aside the impugned order and dircted the trial magistrate, to pass appropriate orders in regard to the examination of the respondent under section 313 (1) (b) Cr. P. C. (474-D)
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminat Appeal No. 398 of 1993. c From the Judgment and Order dated 12.3.1992 of the IVth Metropolitan Megistrate, Hyderabad in Crl. M.P. No. 92/92 in C.C. No. 234 of 1985. WITH
Writ Petition No. 623 of 1993. (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India) K.K. Venugopal. L.K. Pandey and S. Anand for the Petitioner. D.P. Gupta, Solicitor General and Ms. A. su6hashni for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
AHMADI, J. Special leave granted. The brief facts leading to this appeal are that the appellant':; daughterGeetha married respondent No. l (original accused No. 1) sometime in October 1976 according to Hindu rites and thereafter left for Ireland. A daughter was born to the couple on July 27, 1978 in Ireland. She was named Nivedita. In April 1979, the couple along with the child moved to the United States of America; the Child travelling on an Irish passport. In October 1979 Geetha wrote to her ·mother, the appellant, expressing her desire that Nivedita should be brought up under her care in India. On t~e apppellant expressing her willingness to look after the child, Nivedita was sent to India via Bombay where the appellant received her. The child then remained in the custody of the appellant. In March 1980 Geetha returned to ~· :-,~;, ':_,..—;– -~ '\\
', '1,,1-,:/ .! •• .–.'.~– /·.' _,.- '; 470, '. '.· ' ~;~SUPREMECOURTREroRTS ': '–< \ \\ <-.: \ ·. [19931 3 S.C.R. ', :'A 'fudia presumbly b~~ause her husband had developed inti;;:;,.cy wiiha;;"°American ' ~ .
girl and had staned to ill-treat her. Within a week after her arrival in India she. comiiiitted suicide by setting herself on fire. Nivedita continued to rem:lin in the care and custody of the appellant The firSt resp011dent mamed lhe Amerlcan girl. with whom he had. develojied intimacy. s0metilJ1e in uie year 1983-84 and embraced Christianity. Thereupon the appellant filed an application in the Court n of the Chi~f judge. City Civil 'court. Hyderabad. being O.P. No: 203 of I 984. for appointing her as the guaidianof the person ofihe minor child umlerihe provisions of Guardians iini1 Wards Act I 890. Respondent No'. i entered an appearance in the said proceedings through his Advocate and sought time to file a counter. Leter. he returned to India on December 14, 1984.'After reaching India he obtained a c duplicate passport for Nivedita and thereafter with the help of his associates picked up Nivedita from her school ignoring the protests of the Head Mistress of the .
School. The Head Mistress immediately filed a complaint with the commissioner of police and informed the appellant about the same who in tum lodged a Rrst Information Report in that behalf. On enquiry the appCllant's son traced respon- dent No.I and his three companions (who had assisted him in procuring the child) D at the Madras Airport. Despite his entreaties. respondent No. I forcibly took the child to U.S:A via Singap0re. Since then Nivedita i; in L~e custody of respondent No. I and his newly married wife Maureen. After thus removing the child from the lawful custody of the appellant. resp0ndent No. l's Advocate withdrew from the guardianship proceedings. The Court. however. app0inted L~e appellant as the guardian of the person of Nivedita. The appellant also filed a complaint alleging E kidnapping against respondent No. I and his three companions who had aided and abetted him in the Coon of the IV th Metropolitan Magistrate.
Hyderabad. which came to be numbered.as C.C.No. 234 of 1985. Process WaS issued in the said proceedings.and the accused persons were duly served. The respor.Jents thereafter moved an application under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. 1973 (hereinafter called 'the Code') for quashing the process on the pleatbat in law a father is entitled to his daughter's custody and hence cannot be liable under section 363. IPC. Jn that application the High Court direct"!! that the child be produced before it However. the child was not jiroduced before the Court and tbe Court ultimately dismissed the application against which a Special Leave Petition was filed in this Coon. This Coon also rejected the Special Leave Petition. On tbe other G hand while lte application under Section 482 of the Code was pending in the High Court. the father of respondent No. I filed an application for rescinding the order. appointing 'he appellant as the guardian of the person ofNivedita. In the meantime. _ the SupeticrCoun in New Jersey, U.S.A., was moved whichcounpassedanorder pennltti~!!. nspondent No. I to retain the custody of the child on the ground that H the Indian Coum had violated the due process clause. The Chief Judge.City Civil Court. Hyderabad. ultimately dismissed the father's application for rescinding the USHA PILLAI v. R.K. SRINIV AS [AHMADI,])
earlier order by which the appellant was appointed the guardian of the person of the child. As staed earlier the Superior Court, New Jersey, having permitted respondent No. I to retain the custody of Nivedita, the child' s step-mother Maureen ·applied for permission to adopt Nivedita who had by then been converted to Christianty. On that permission being granted the adopted mother and respondent No. 1 sent the Child to a Christian school. In the complaint lodged against respondent No. I and his associates, respondent No. I applied for exemption from personal attendance which was granted on condition that he will appear whenever called upon to do so by the court. Respondent No.I was '.hus represented in the said complaint through his Advocate. In the said criminal complaint after framing the charge for kidnapping evidence of the prosecution witnesses was recorded in the presence of the Advocate for respondent No. I and the. other respondents and on completion of the evidence respondent No. l's Advocate sought permission to be examined in place of respondent No. I-under section 313 of the Code. This permission was granted and he was ex~mined under section 313 of the Code. On completion of the examination the apPCllant not being satisfied with some of the replies given by the Advocate fiied an application praying that respondent No. I should be directed to personally appear in Court and be examined under secion 313 of the Code. The learned Magistrate dismissed the said application whereupon the present appeal has been filed on the plea that no appeal or revision lay against the order impugned herein. These are the averments l>n which the present appeal is founded. The question then is whether the learned Magistrate was· right in examining the Advocate of respondent No. 1 in place of respond_ent No. I himself under section 313 of the Code?
Sub-section (I) of section 313 reads as under: "Power to examine the accused· (I) In every inquiry or trial, for ~he purpose of enabling the accused personally . to explain any circumstances appearing in, the evidence
· against him, the Court- (a) May at any stage, without previously warning the accused, put such questions to him as the Court considers necessary; (b) shall, after the witnesses for the prosecution have been examined and before he is callled on for his defence,
question him generally on the case: c .H (1993) 3 S.C.R. Provided that in a summons case, where the Court has dispensed with the personal attendance of the accused, it may also dispense with pis examina-
tion under cJause (b)." This sub-section was introduced in its present form pursuant to the recommenda- B tions made in the 4lst Report of the Law Commission. It now begins with the words 'in every inquiry or trial' to set at rest any doubt in regard to its application to summons cases. the old sub-section ( 1) of section 342 has now been divided into twol clauses (a) & (l:l). Clause (a) uses the expression 'may' to indicate that the m~tter is left to the discretion of the Court to put questions to the ai::cused at any stage of the inquiry or trial whereas clause (b) uses the expression 'shall' to convey C that it is mandatory for the Court to examine the accused after the witnesses for the prosecution have been examined before he is called on for his defence. The proviso is ~_pmyi$JQn which came to be added to sub-section (1) with a view to —–enabling the Court~se with the examination of the accused under clause (b) in a summons case if the Court has already dispensed with his personal D attendance at an earlier point of time,, Therefore, if the Court on completion of the prosecution evidence finds that there are certain circumstances appearing in the evidence against the accused, the Court is obliged by clause (b) to question the accused before he is called on for his defence. This provision is general in nature ancl applies to all inquiries and trials under the Code. The purpose of the said provision is to give the accused an opportunity to explain the circumstances E appearing against him in evidence tendered by the prosecution so that the said explanation can be weighed vis-a-vis the prosecution evidence before the Court reaches its conclusion in that behalf. It is thus clear on a plain reading of section 313 (1) of the Code, that the Court is empowered by clause (a) to question the accused at any stage of the inquiry or trial while clause (b) obligate the Court to question the accused before he enters of his defence on any circull)Stance appearing in the prosecution evidence against him. The section incorporates a rule of audi alteram partem and is actually intended for the benefit of the accused person:
The newly added proviso is in the nature of an exception to clause (b) of sub- section (1) of section 313 of the Code. It applies to a summons-case; it states in no G uncertain terms that in a summons-case where the court has dispensed with the personal attendance of the accused it would be open to the court to dispense with the examination of the accused under clause (b) of section 313 (1) of the Cods. Even in cases where the personal presence of the accused has been dispensed with under section 205( 1) or section 317 of the Code the Magistrate can dispense with the ma~5fatory requirement of clause (b) only in a summons~case i.e. a case other H than a warrant-case This is clear on plain reading of the definitions of a summons- USHA PILLAI v. R.K. SRINIV AS [AHMADI,])
case in Section 2(w)and a~ant-case in section2'(x)oftheCode. A warrant case is defined as one 'relating to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years. Since an offence under section 363 IPC is punishable with imprisonment for a term exceeding two years it is a warrant-case and not a su~ons-case. Therefore, even in cases where the court has dispensed with the personal attendance of the accused under section 205( l) or section 317 of the Code, the court cannot dispense with the examination of the accused under clause (b) of section 313 of the Code because such examination is mandatory. If the accused is a company or a juridical person it may be open to examine the person conversant with the facts of the csse. It would thus appear that the mandate of section 313 ( l) (b) demands that the accused persop, if not a company or other juridical person, must be personally examined to explain the incriminating circumstances appearing against him in the prosecution evi- dence and t!1e exmnination of his lawyer would not be sufficient compliance with the mandate of said provision.
A similar question arose for consideration in Bibhttti Bhttshan Das Gupta & Anr. v. State of West Bengal[AIR (1969) SC. 381=[1969]2 SCR 104] underthe provisions of the old Code. In that case this Court noticed that the accused was not personally examined under section 342 of lhe Code. It was submitted that the trial was vitiated as the accused was not perso~nally examined as required by section 342 of the old Code. The said argument was sought to be repelled on the ground that the examination of the pleader was sufficient compliance with the said provision since the pleader was authorised to appear on behalf of the accused and do all acts which the accused could personally do. Dealing_~ilh this submission this court on a reading of Section 342 pointed out that the privilege of making a statement under that section is personal to the accused and the requirement cannot be satisfied by examining his pleader in his place. The right of the pleader to represent lhe accused does not extend to the pleader answering questions under section 342 in place of the accused person. The submission that such a view will ca_u~ inconvenience and hara.ssmem to Ule accused was also repelled in the following words:
"We are not impressed with the argument that an accused person will suffer inconvenience and hru;assment if the Court cannot dispense with his attendance for purp0ses of section 342. The examination under the section becomes necessary when at the close of .the prosecution evidence _the magistrate finds that ~here are incriminatiQg circumstances requiring an explanation by the ac- cused."
c [19931 3 s.c.k. Proceeding further this Court observed as under "There are exceptional cases when an examination of the accused personally under section 342 is.not necessary or possible. Where the accused is a comp~y or other juridical person it cannot be exam- ined personally. ff may be that the Court may then examine a director or some other agent on its behalf."
It is another' matter that in that case this Court did not interfere with the convi!=!ion and sentence on the ground that the non-examination of the accused had not caused any prejudice and in the absence of material showing prejudice the conviction and c sentence could be sustained by virtue of old section 537 (section 465 of the new Code).
In the result the order impugned in the present appeal/writ petition of the learned Magistrate cannot be allowed to stand, more so in the instant case for the rea:;on that the accused may raise the plea of violation of the due process clause D ifthe order is sought to be executed in the foreign court. We, therefore, set aside 1he order of the learned Magistrate and direct him to pass appropriate orders in the light _of this judgment in regard to the examination of the accused under section 31'.3(1) (b) of the Code. As tile prosecu~ion is pending since long, the learned Magistrate will take it up inunediately.
SPS. Appeal disposed of.