S.C.R. V. V. R. N. M. SUBBAYYA CHETTIAR COMMISSIONER OF INCOME.TAX, MADRAS. [SAIYID FAZL Au, MUKHERJEA and CHANDRASEKHARA AIYAR JJ.J Indian Income-tax Act (XI of 1922), s. 4A (b)-Hindu undivided family-Residence-Tests–Occasional visits to India and attending to family affairs there, effect of-B,wden of proof-" Control and management",'' situated", "wholly" and
11 affairs", meanings of. The words used in s. 4A (b) show: (i) that, normally a Hindu undivided family will be taken to be resident in the taxable terri- torieE1, but such a. presumption will not apply if the case can be brought under the second part of the provision, (ii) the word 11 affairs " means affairs which are .relevant for the purpose of the Income-tax Act and which have some relation to income, (iii) the question whether the case falls within the exception depends on whether the seat of the direction and control of the affairs of the family is inside or outside British India, and (iv) the onus of proving facts which would bring his case within the exception which is provided by the latter p.rt is on the assessee.
The expression "control and management" ins. 4A (b) ol the Income-tax Act signifies the controlling and directive power, the "head and brain" as it is sometimes called; 11 situated" implies
the functioning of such power at a particular place with some degree of permanence; and ''wholly" seems to recognise the possibility ol the seat of such power being divided between two distinct a.ad separate places and thn.t a Hindu undivided family may have more than one residence in the same way as a corpora- tion may have.
The karta of a Hindu undivided family lived with bis wife and children and ca,rried on business in Ceylon, which bad become their place of domicile. He owned some immoveable property and bad a house. anil investments in British India. In the year of account be visited British India and stayed there for periods amounting in all to 101 days and during his stay started two firms in British India, personally attended to a litigation relating to tbe family lands, and appeared before the Income-tax 1rnthorities in proceedings relating to assessment of the. income of the family: Held, that these facts were not necessarily conclusive to
establish tbe existence of a centre of control and management of the affairs of the family in British India, but they were by no ineans irrelevant to the matter in issue, and inasmuch as the assessee had not discharged the onus which lay upon him under the law by producing all' the material evidence which be was p&lled upon to produce to show that norms.11¥ and s.s a matter of l l3
Dec, 21. [ 1950] course the affairs in India were also being controlled from Colombo, the normal presumption under the firot part of s. 4 A (b) V. V. R. N. M. must be given effect to and the assessee must be treateil as a SubQayya
resident in British India during the year in question. It was Gh~ttiar however open to the assessee to prove in future years by proper v. evidence that the seat of control and managerr1ent of the affairs Oommissiontir of of the fau1ily wa.s wholly out.side British InUia. Income·ta•,
De.Beere V· Howe 15 Tax Oas. 198), Swedish Central Railway Madra•. Co. Ltd. v. Thompson (9.Tax Oas. 373) l'eferred to. APPELLATE jURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. XXXVIII of 1949. Appeal from a Judgmept of the High Court of Judi-
cature at Madras (Gentle C. J. and Patanjali Sastri J.) dated August 22, 1947, in a reference under section 66 (1) of the Indian Income-tax Act made by the Income.tax Appellate Tribunal (Ref. No. 25 of 1946).
K. Rajah Aiyar (K. Srinivasan, with him) for the appellant. M. C. Setalvad (G. N. Joshi, with him) for the res. pondent. 1950: December 21. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Fa•! A!i J. FAZL ALI J. -This is an appeal from a judgment of the High Court of Judicature at Madras on a reference made to it under section 66 (1) of the Indian Income- tax Act by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal in
connection with the assessment of the appellant to income-tax for the year 1942-43. The question of law referred to the High Court was as follows:- " Whether in the circumstances of the case, the
assessee (a Hindu undivided family) is 'resident' in British India under section 4A (b) of the Income-tax Act." The circumstances of the case may be briefly stated as follows. The appellant is the karta of a joint Hindu
family and has been living in Ceylon with his wife, son and three daughters, and they are stated to be domiciled in that country. He carries on business in Colombo under the name ano style of the General
Trading Corporation, and he owns a house, some im- moveable property and investments in British India. 2J S.C.R. He has also shares in two firms situated at Vijaya- puram and Nagapatnam in British India. In the year
of account, 1941-42, which is the basis of the present v.;;,::;Y:~ M. assessment, the appellant is said to have visited Oh•ttiar British India on seven occasions and the total period
v. of his stay in British India was 101 days. What he Commissioner of did during this period is summarized in the judgment Incom•·tax, of one of the ]earned Judges of the High Court in
Madras. these words : – Fazl Ali J. " During such stays, he personally attended to a litigation relating to the family lands both in the trial Court and in the Court of appeal. He was also attending
the income tax proceedings relating to the assessment of the family income, appearing before the income. tax authorities at Karaikudi and Madras. On one of these occasions, he obtained an extension of time for pay-
ment of the tax after interviewing the authority concerned ……. " The other facts relied upon by the income-tax authorities were that he did not produce the file of correspondence with the business in Colombo so as to
help them in determining whether the management and control of the business was situated in Colombo and he had started two partnership businesses in India on 25th February, 1942, and remained in India for some
time after the commencement of those businesses. Upon the facts so stated, the Income-tax Officer and the Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax held that the appellant was a resident within the meaning of
section 4A (b) of the Income-tax Act, and was therefore liable to be assessed in respect of his foreign income. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal however came to a different conclusion and held that in the circumstances ·
of the case it could not be held that any act of manage- ment or control was exercised by the appellant during his stay in British India and therefore he was not liable to assessment in respect of his income outside
British India. This view was not accepted by a Bench of the Madras High Court consisting of the learned Chief Justice and Patanjali Sastri]. They held that the Tribunal had misdirected itself in determining the
[1950] question of the " residence" of the appellant's family and that on the facts proved the control and manage- v. ;~b~~Y~~ M. ment of the affairs of the family cannot be held to have Ghettiar
been wholly situated outside British India, with the v. result that the family must be deemed to be resident Commissioner of in British India within the meaning of section 4A (b) Income-ta•,
of the Income-tax Act. In this appeal, the appellant Ma.dra" has questioned the correctness of the High Court's Fa•I Ali J. decision :- Section 4A (b) runs thus:- "For the purposes of this Act-
A Hindu undivided family, firm or other association of persons is resident in British India unless the control and management of its affairs is situated wholly without British India."
It will be noticed that section 4A deals with " residence ", in the taxable territories, of (a) indi- viduals, (b) a Hindu undivided family, firm or other association of persons, and (c) a company. In each of
these cases, certain tests have been laid down, and the test with which we are concerned is that laid down in section 4A (b ). This provision appears to be based very largely on the rule which has been applied in
England to cases of corporations, in regard to which the law was stated thus by Lord Loreburn in De Beers v. Howe('). "A company cannot eat or sleep, but it can keep house and do business. We ought, therefore, to see
where it really keeps house and does business …… The decision of Chief Baron Kelly and Baron Huddleston in The Calcutta jute Mills v. Nicholson and The Cesena Sulphur Company v. Nicholson('), now thirty years
ago, involved the principle that a company resides for purposes of income-tax where its real business is carried· on. Those decisions have been acted upon ever since. I regard that as the true rule, and the real
business is carried on where the central management and control actually abideS"." It is clear that what is said in section 4A (b) of the Income-tax Act is what Lord Loreburn intended to
(1) 5 Tax C••· 198. (2; (18761 1 Ex. D. 428, S.C.R. convey by the words " where the central management !950 and control actually abides." h" ~~&~• The principles w ich are now well-established in
subbayya England and which will be found to have been very Ohettiar clearly enunciated in Swedish Central Railway Com- v. pany Limited v. Thompson(1), which is one of the Commissioner of 1 d ·
th b · t Income-tax ea mg cases on e su 1ec , are:- Madra•.' (1) that the conception of residence in the case of a fictitious "person ", such as a company, is as artificial Farl Ali J.
as the company itself, and the locality of the residence can only be determined by analogy, by asking where is the head and seat and directing power of the affairs of. the company. What these words mean have been
explained by Patanjali Sastri J. with very great clarity in the following passage where he deals with the meaning of section 4A (b) of the Income-tax Act:- "Control and management " signifies, in the present
context, the controlling and directive power, "the head and brain" as it is sometimes called, and "situated" implies the functioning of such power at a particular place with some degree of permanence, while "wholly"
would seem to recognize the possibility of the seat of such power being divided between two distinct and separated places." As a general rule, the control and management of a business remains in the hand of a person or a group of
persons, and the question to be asked is wherefrom the person or group of persons controls or directs the business. (2) Mere activity by the company in a place does not create residence, with the result that a company
may be "residing" in one place and doing a great deal of business in another. (3) The central management and control of a com- pany may be divided, and it may keep house and do business in more than one place, and, if so, it may
have more than one residence. (4) In case of dual residence, it is necessary to show that the company performs some of the vital organic Ill 9 T•x Oas. R73. [ 1950] functions incidental to its existence as such in both
the places, so that in fact there are two centres of V.~R.N M. t Subbayya managemen . Ghettiar It appears to us that these principles have to be v. kept in view in properly construing section 4A(b) of
Gommi,,fon.r afthe Act. The words used in this provision clearly Income.ta~. show firstly, that, normally, a Hindu undivided family Madras. will be taken to be resident in the taxable territories,
Fa•t Ali J. but such a presumption will not apply if the case can be brought under the second part cf the provision. Secondly, we take it that the word " affairs " must mean affairs which are relevant for the purpose of the
Income-tax Act and which have some relation to income. Thirdly, in order to bring the case under the exception, we have to ask whether the seat of the direction and control of the affairs of the family is
inside or outside British India. Lastly, the word " wholly " suggests that a Hindu undivided family may have more than one "residence" in the same way as a corporation may have. The question which now arises is what is the result
of the application of these principles to this case, and whether it can be held that the central control and management of the affairs.of the assessee's family has been shown to be divided in this case.
It seems to us that the mere fact that the assessee has a house at Kanadukathan, where his mother lives, cannot constitute that place the seat of control and management of the affairs of the family. Nor are we
inclined in the circumstances of the present case to attach much importance to the fact that the assessee had to stay in British India for 101 days in a parti- cular year. He was undoubtedly interested in the
litigation with regard to his family property as well as in the income-tax proceedings, and by merely coming out to India to take part in them, he cannot be said to have shifted the seat of management and control of the
affairs of his family, or to have started a second centre for such control arid management. The same remark must apply to the starting of two partnership busines- ses, as mere" activity " cannot be the test of residence.
S.C.R. It seems to us that the learned Judges of the High Court have taken rather a narrow view of the meaning of section 4A(b). because they seem to have proceeded v. v. R. N. M. Subbavya
on the assumption that merely because the assessee Chsttiar attended to some of the affairs of his family during his v. visit to British India in the part!cular year, he brought Oommissw•er of himself within the ambit of the rule.
On the other · focoms-tax, hand, it seems to us that the more correct approach to Madras. the case was made by the Appellate Assistant Com- Faz! Ali J. missioner of Income-tax in the following passage which
occurs in his order dated the 24th February, 1944 :- " During a major portion of the accounting period (year ending 12th April, 1942) the appellant was con- trolling the businesses in Burma and Saigon and there
is no evidence that such control was exercised only from Colombo. No correspondence or other evidence was produced which would show that any instructions were issued from Colombo as regards the management of the
affairs in British India especially as it was an un- authorized clerk who was looking after such affairs. The presumption therefore is that whenever he came to British India the appellant was looking after these
affairs himself and exercising control by issuing instruc- tions …………… It has been admitted that there are affairs of the family in British India. Has it been definitely established in this case that the control and
management of such affairs has been only in Colombo? I have to hold it has not been established for the reasons already ~tated by me." There can be no doubt that the onus of proving facts
which would bring his case within the exception, which is provided by the latter part of section 4A (b), was on the assessee. The appellant was called upon to adduce evidence to show that the control and management of
the affairs of the family was situated wholly outside the taxable territories, but the correspondence to which the Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax refers and other material evidence which might have shown that
normally and as a matter of course the affairs in India were also being controlled from Colombo were not pro- duced. The position therefore is this. On the one [1950] hand, we have the fact that the head and karta of the
assessee's family who controls and manages its affairs v. v. R. N. M. permanently lives in Colombo and the family is domi-. Subbayya Oh•ttiar ciled in Cey Ion. On the other hand, we have cert am
v. acts done by the karta himself in British India, which, Oommisaioner o[though not conclusive by themselves to establish the · In"me-ta>, existence of more than one centre of control for the Madras.
affairs of the family~ are by no means irrelevant to the Faz! Ali J. matter in issue and therefore cannot be completely ruled out of consideration in determining it. In these circumstances, and in the absence of the material evi-
dence to which reference has been made, the finding of the Assistant Commissioner, that the onus of proving such facts as would bring his case within the exception had not been discharged by the assessee and tlie nor-
mal presumption must be given effect to, appears to us to be a legitimate conclusion. In this view, the appeal must be dismissed with costs, but we should like to observe that as this case has to be decided mainly with reference to the question of onus of proof, the
decision in this appeal must be confined to the year of assessment to which this case relates, and it would be open to the appellant to show in future years by proper evidence that the seat of control and manage-
ment of the affairs of. the family is wholly outside British India. Mukherjea J. MuKHERJEA J.-1 agree with my learned brother, :f:azl Ali J., both in his reasoning and in his conclu-
s10n. d kh CHANDRASEKHARA AIYAR J.-I concur in the 1'udg- Chan rase ara f Ai.yar 1. ment o my earned brother, Faz! Ah J. Appeal dismissed. Agent for the appellant : M. S. K. Sastri.
Agent for the respondent: P.A. Mehta.