c YESHWANTRAO LAXMANRAO GHATGE & ANR. v. BABURAO BALA Y ADAV AND ORS. February 9, 1978 (N. L. UNTWALIA AND P. S. KAILASAM, JJ.J Limitation Act (Act IX), 1908-Section 28, and Articles 134, 134A, 1348, 142 and 144-EUect of Section 28.
Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950, S. 52A (as introduced by Bombay Act 23 of 1955) whether S. 52A, under which there is no lin1itation for recovery of the properties of a Public Trust in accordance with the Act would revive the ex- tinguished right to the property-Scope of S.52A.
Properties IA to 1 H \Vere either purcha.sed or endowed in the name o1 the deity Shri Vithal Rakhumai Dev by one Ambabai. One Pandurang Babaji Pawar was ~ppointed as the manager (Vahivatdar) and one Bala Appa Yadav was appointed as a servant of the deity.
On 1-6-1905, Ambabai executed a sa1e deed in respect of al! the suit properties except property 1 E in favour of Pan. durang and Bala. On 23-6-1907, Ambabai executed a second will reiterating
that Pandurang and Bala as the Yahivatdar and the servant respectively. After the death of Ambabai on 12-3-1910, the properties were partitioned. Pandurang got property at IC and Bala the rest.
Pandurang died on 13-2-1911 and there- after there were several transfers of the properties. The property at 1 E came in possession of plaintiff/appellant No. 1 who claimed to be the Vahivatdar and hereditary trustee of the deity.
Plaintiff No. 1 treated the property at 1 E as his own and sold it on 17-9-1947 to original defendant Nos. 2 and 3. The plain- tiffs instituted a suit in 1961 under section 50 and 51 of the Bomhay Public Trusts Act, 1950, attacking the sales made in the years 1905 and 1947 as being void and not binding on the deity. The trial Court treating the suit as one filed by the deity held that the properties were endowed to the deity; the sale deeds were obtained by undue influence, without legal necessity and were not for the benefit of the Devasthan and hence not binding on the devasthan; the purchasers' possession over the Jand sold was therefore void and adverse." The suit was however dismissed on the ground that it was barred by. limitation. In appeal, the finding of the trial Court in respect of property at 1 E alone was assailed without success.
Dismissing the appeal by special leave, the Court HELD : ( 1) The law of limitation fixing a period of limitation for the initiation of any suit or proceeding is a procedural law and not a substantive one. If the claim was not barred and the right to the property was not extin- guished when Section 52A came into force, then a snit h1stituted, thereafter could not be defeated under any of the Articles of the Limitation Act, 1908 or even of the new Limitation Act of 1963.
In express terms, Section 52A over- rides the provisions of the Limitation Act including the provisions in Section 28 ()f the Limitation Act, 1908. The overriding effect of Sec. 52A will have its play
and operation, on\y if, by the time it ca?1e into fi;>rce Section 28 had not extin- guished the right 10 the property in question. Sectti;:in 52A cannot have the effect of reviving an extinguished and lost claim and giving life to a dead horse. [917 D··FJ
·Mahant Biseshwar Dass v. Sashinath Jhan and Ors. A.l.R. 1943 Pat. 289 and Bairam Chunnilal and Ors. v. Durga Lal Shivnarain. A.LR. 196?. Madhya Pra- desh, 81; appro_yed. Mst. Allah Rakhi and Ors. v. Shah Mohammad Abdur
Rahim and Ors., A.LR. 1934 PC 77, referred to Dev Chavate and Anr. v. Ganesli Mahadeo Deshpande and Anr .• A. I. R. 1970 Bombay, 412, distinguished. '•i _/ .. ~ YESHWANTRAO v. BABURAO ( Untwalia, !.)
(2) The effect of Section 28 of the Limitation Act, 1908 is not only to bar the remedy but also to extinguish the right. [817 Bl (3) In the instant case, the effect o~ Se~tion 28 of. the. Limitation Act was that the right to the property was exttngu.1shed res~lhng 1n conferment of a ·title by adverse possession on the persons 1n possession ~f the co~cerned pro· perties.
Uy such ad.verse po~session .those. who had coqie in. poss~ss1.on _of these properties had acquired an 1ndefeas1ble title under the Indian L1m1tatlon Act, 1908 and the claim had become barred long before the year 1955, The lost right to this property long before 1947 could not be s~ved and revived 1n the year !955 or 1961 by Section 52A of the Bombay Publ:c Trust Act. [817 A, BJ CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 968 of 1968. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment dated 21-7-1966 of the Bombay High Court in Appeal No. 86of1966 m F.A. No. 102 of 1963. R. B, Datar and (Miss) Farhat Quadiri for the Appellant.
A.G. Ratnaparkhi for Respondents l(a) to l(c), 5, 6(a) to 6(g). Sharhad Manohar and Randhir Jain for Respondents Nos. 2-3. K. L. Hathi and M. N. Shroff for Respondent No. 7. The Judgment of the Conrt was delivered by
UNTWALIA, J. This is a plaintiffs' appeal by special leave. The Trial Court dismissed the suit and the Bombay High Court maintained the dismissal in appeal by the plaintiffs. The facts are a bit complicated. For the disposal of the . present appeal, only a few of them need be stated in a narrow compass. One Ambabai, wife of Chintamanrao Ghatge purchased lands mentioned at items lA to lE in the plaint on the 3rd of December, 1896 in the name of the deity Shri Vitthal Rakhumai Dev. Lands at lF, 1 G and lH were endowed by Ambabai to the deity by a deed of endowment exe- cuted in January or February 1905. Under this deed of endowment, one Pandurang Babaji Pawar was appointed as the Vehivatdar (Manager) and on·' Ba:a Appa Yadava was appointed as a servant of the deity. On the 1st of June, 1905, however, Ambabai executed a sale deed in respect of all the suit properties except property 1E in favour of Pandurang and Bala. On. the 23rd of June, 1907 Ambabai executed a second Wilt and in that also she reiterated that Pandurang was being appointed as
Vahivatdar and Bala a servant of the deity. Ambabai died on the 12th of March, 1910. After her death Pandurang and Bala partitioned the properties purchased by them by the sale deed dated 1-6-1905. Pandu- rang got property at 1 C and the rest went to Bala. Panduran!J died on the 13th of February, 1911. Thereafter his widow Radhabai sold the property at lC to one Chinto Deshpande. Chinto sold it to original def~~ant no .. 2 .. Property ~t lE came in possession of the original plamtiffs-plamt1ff no. 1 bemg Yeshwantrao Laxmanrao. He claimed to be a Manager and hereditary trustee of the deity. Original plaintiff no. 2 who died during the pendency of the suit anti on whose death his legal repr~entative was substituted claimed to be the hereditary Pujari of the deity. Property at lE had come in possession of the plaintiffs long time back and plaintiff no. 1 treated the said property as his own. ·C
. H SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1978] 2 S·C·R· There were several other transfers inter se between the defendants and ultimately in one form or the other defendants 1 to 6 came to hold one kind of interest or the other in the various suit properties. The plaintiffs instituted the suit in the year 1961 with the permission of the Charity Commissioner, Maharashtra defendant no. 7. The suit was instituted under sections 50 and 51 of the Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950-here- inafter called the Act, to recover possession of the suit properties from defendants I to 6. Property at lE have been sold by plaintiff no. 1 on the 17th of September, 1947 to original defendant nos. 2 and 3. The sales made in the year 1905 as also in the year 194 7 were attacked as being void and not binding on the deity. Although specifically the deity was not imjlleaded as a plaintiff in the suit, as observed by the District Judge, Sitara who tried the suit in the first instance, to all intents and purposes the suit was by the deity and the two plaintiffs. Defendants contested the suit on several grounds. ' Several issues were frameCI and tried by the learned District Judge. He held that the properties in suit were bequeathed by Ambabai to the deity. The sale deed dated 1-6-1905 was obtained by undue influence. It was without legal necessity and was not for the benefit of the· Devasthan. It was, therefore', held to be not binding on the Devasthan. The purchasers' possession oyer the land sold was, therefore, held to be void and adverse. Same were the findings of the Trial Court in respect of the property at IE. The suit was, how- ever, dismissed on the ground that it was barred by limitation. On appeal by the plaintiffs, only limited submissions were made by them in the High Court. The finding of the Trial Court that the respec- tive purchasers were in adverse possession of the properties at IA to lD and lF to lH was not attacked. The finding of the Trial Court, how- ever, in respect of property at IE was assailed but without success. The High Court dismissed the appeal.
Mr. R. B. Datar, learned counsel for the appellants put in great industry in arguing this appeal and took us to the various facts and facets of the case. Havirtg appreciated them all, the points which ultimately crystallized in argument are the following :-
(1) Section 52A was introduced in the Act by Bombay Act 23 of 1955 and in view of the said provision of law, there was no limitation for recovery of the properties of a Public Trust in accordance with the Act.
(2) A suit for .the recovery of the properties was not barred in the year 1955 when section 52A came into force. (3) That in any view of the matter, claim regarding IE of the property was obviously not barred in the year 1955 and
could not be held to be so in suit instituted in the year 1961 after coming into force of section 52A. Learned counsel for the respondents combated all the submissions made on behalf of the appellants .
In our judgment, there is no snbstance in any of the points urged on behalf of the appellant. The possession of the purchasers was ad\l•!rsc in respect of all the properties at lA to lD and JF to lH from the very YESHWANTRAO v. BABURAO ( Untwalia, J.)
81T beginning. By such adverse possession those who had come in posses- sion of these properties had acquired an indefeasible title under the Indian Limitation Act, 1908. It is not necessary to decide in this case as to which of the articles in the first Schedule of the said Limitation Act applied to this case. Whether it was Articles 134, 1341\., 134B, 142 or 144 the claim had become barred long, long before the year 1955. The effect of section 28 of the Limitation Act was that right to the pro- perty was extinguished resulting in conferment of a title by adverse pos- session on the persons in possession of the concerned properties. It is well-known that the effect of section 28 of the Limitation Act is not only to bar the remedy but also to. extinguish the right. The right to the pro- perty itself was dead and gone. It could not be revived by a provision like the one contained in section 52A of the Act.
Section 5 2A reads as follows : "Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Limita- tion Act, 1908, no suit against an assignee for valuable consi- deration of any iminovable property of the Public trust which has been registered or is deemed to have been registered under this. Act for the purpose o.f following in his hands, such pro- perty or the proceeds thereof, or for an account of such pro- J)J
perty or proceeds, shall be barred by any length of time." It is a well established proposition of law that the law of limitation fixing ./ a period of limitation for the initiation of any suit or proceeding is a procedural law and not a substantive one. Section 52A had, by no stretch of imagination, the effect of reviving an extinguished and lost claim and giving life to a dead horse. If the claim was not barred and the right to the property was not extinguished when Section 52A came into force, then a suit instituted thereafter could not be defeated under any of the Articles of the Limitation Act of 1908 or even of the new Limitation Act of 1963. In express terms it over-rides the provisions of the Limitation Act. includingJ the provision in section 28 of the Limi- tation Act, 1908. But then the over-riding effect of section 52A will have its play and operation, only if, by the time it came into force, sec- tion 28 had not extinguished the right to the property in question. Other- wise not. In Mahant Biseshwar Dass v. Sashinath Jhan and others(!) a Be{lch of the Patna High Court pointed out that where the right of the plaintiff had become barred by limitation before the Amending Act of 1929 was passed the mere institution of the suit after 1929 cannot have the efW:t of reviving that right. By the Amending Act of 1929 in sec- tion 10 of the Limitation Act it was provided that no suit instituted against a person in whom property had become vested in trust for any specific purpose or against his. legal representatives or assigns for the purposes mentioned in the section would be barred by any length of time. From the category of assigns, assigns for valuable consideration were left out. The question before the Patna High Court in the case referred to above was whether the amendment brought ;ibout in the year 1929 could revive a right which was extinguished, dead and gone prior to 1929. In that connection the answer given was in the negative. The (1) A.LR. 1943, Patna, 289.
c SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1978] 2 S·C·R· view so expressed in the Patna decision is perfectly sound and correct, and no decision to the contrary was brought to our notice. Under sec- tion 52A of the Bombay Act even assignees for valuable consideration have been roped in to save the suit from the bar of any period of limita- tion. But then on an application of the principle referred to about it is plain that section 52A could not have the effect of reviving an extin- guished right.
In Mt. Allah Rakhi and others v. Shah Mohammad Abdur Rahim and others(!) Sir Lord Lancelot Sanderson delivering the jndgment on behalf of the Board ruled that in regard to a suit brought on 29th Janu- ary, 1926 "the question whether it was then barred by limitation must depend upon the law of limitation which was applicable to the suit at that time." The provisions of the Amendment Act of 1929 which had come into force on the !st of January, 1929 were held to be inapplicable. Of course, even in the light of the old section it was held that the suit was not barred by limitation and the decree of the High Court was affirmed.
Krishnan J. in the case of Bairam Chunnilal and others v. Durgalal Shirnarain (') expressed a view identical to the one expressed by the Patna High Court (vide end of paragraph 36 page 86 column 10.
Mr. Datar placed reliance upon the decision of the Bombay High Court in Dev Chavata and another v. Ganesh Mahadeo Deshpande and another(') in order to take advantage of section 52A of the Act.' The ratio of the case has ot be appreciated In the background of the facts found therein. The principles of law as enunciated cannot be fully and squarely applied. But yet the decision, if we may say so with respect, b correct. This would be on the ·footing that the decision given by the Assistant Charity Commissioner under section 79 read with section 80 of the Act was conclusive and final.
He had exclusive jurisdiction to decide the question as to whether the suit land belonged to the trust. He had so decided it on November 5, 1954. The suit was filed on July 21, 1955. In that view, the High Court was right in holding that a suit filed under section 50 of the Act was not barred under section 52A be- cause the decision of the Assistant Charity Commissioner given In
1954 had declared the property to be a trust property and which deci- sion was final. For the reasons stated above, it is clear that the appellants could not take advantage of section 52A of the Act in respect of the proper- ties at lA to lD and IF to l G. Argument put forward by Mr. Datar to show that the claim was not barred in the year 1955 when section 52A came into force was absolutely devoid of any substance. It was against the stand taken in the High Court and does not merit any de- tailed discussion in our judgment.
Coming to property at IE now, we must confess at the outset that during the course of argument at one time, we thought that this pro- perty Mving been sold in the year 194 7 by plaintiff no. 1, the right to (1) A.l.R. 1934 Privy Council,177
(2) A.l.R. 1968 Madhya Pradesh, 81. (3) A.l.R. 1970 Bombay, 412. \ I- – r· YESHWANTRAO v. BABURAO ( Untwalia, J.) the property was not extinguished under section 28 of the Limitation Act in the year 1955. Therefore, although the suit was instituted in the year 1961, beyond 12 years of 1947, it would perhaps be saved under section 52A from the bar of limitation. But on a closer scrutiny and on appreciation of the argument of the other side in the light of the finding recorded by the High Court, we did not feel persuaded to give relief to the appellants even in regard to property at IE. The High Court has found that plaintiff no. I had acquired title to property lE by adverse possession long before 194 7. He dealt with this property as his own. Even when the trust was declared as a Public Trust by the Charity Commissioner in or about the year 1954, the property at IE was not shown as a trust property. The sale, therefore, in the year 1947 by plaintiff no. 1 conveyed a good title to the purchaser. The lost right to this property long before 194 7 could not be saved and revived in the year 1955 or 1961 by section 52A of the Act. We,
therefore, hold in agreement with the High Court that the suit was barred by limitation in regard to this property also. In the result, we dismiss this appeal, but in the circumstances make no order as to costs.
S.R. Appeal dismissed.